The results for each candidate standing in all 73 seats in Greater London are available as an Excel file. The data is also presented as an interactive map below. The files includes election results from the last three parliamentary constituency elections between 2005 to 2015. The results presented here include turnout, majority and percentage of vote for each candidate that stood in the election that took place on 7 May 2015. Read the blog, The 2015 election – the numbers behind the result, which analyses some of the results. London Maps The London data is presented in this interactive Instant Atlas report. UK Maps Some interactive maps of the UK results have been created using Tableau.

The 1885 UK parliamentary constituencies for Ireland were re-created in 2017 as part of a conference paper delivered at the Southern Irish Loyalism in Context conference at Maynooth University. The intial map only included the territory of the Irish Free State and was created by Martin Charlton and Jack Kavanagh. The remaining six counties of Ulster were completed by Eoin McLaughlin in 2018-19, the combined result is a GIS map of all the parliamentary constituecies across the island of Ireland for the period 1885-1918. The map is available in both ESRI Shapefile format and as a GeoPackage (GPKG). The methodology for creating the constituencies is outlined in detail below.

Methodology

A map showing the outlines of the 1855 – 1918 Constituency boundaries can be found on page 401 of Parliamentary Elections in Ireland, 1801-1922 (Dublin, 1978) by Brian Walker. This forms the basis for the creation of a set of digital boundaries which can then be used in a GIS. The general workflow involves allocating an 1885 Constituency identifier to each of the 309 Electoral Divisions present in the boundaries made available for the 2011 Census of Population data release by CSO. The ED boundaries are available in ‘shapefile’ format (a de facto standard for spatial data transfer). Once a Constituency identifier has been given to each ED, the GIS operation known as ‘dissolve’ is used to remove the boundaries between EDs in the same Constituency. To begin with Walker’s map was scanned at 1200 dots per inch in JPEG form. A scanned map cannot be linked to other spatial data without undergoing a process known as georeferencing. The CSO boundaries are available with spatial coordinates in the Irish National Grid system. The goal of georeferencing is to produce a rectified version of the map together with a world file. Rectification refers to the process of recomputing the pixel positions in the scanned map so that they are oriented with the ING coordinate system; the world file contains the extent in both the east-west and north-south directions of each pixel (in metres) and the coordinates of the most north-westerly pixel in the rectified image.

Georeferencing involves the identification of Ground Control Points – these are locations on the scanned map for which the spatial coordinates in ING are known. The Georeferencing option in ArcGIS 10.4 makes this a reasonably pain free task. For this map 36 GCPs were required for a local spline transformation. The Redistribution of Seats Act 1885 provides the legal basis for the constituencies to be used for future elections in England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. Part III of the Seventh Schedule of the Act defines the Constituencies in terms of Baronies, Parishes (and part Parishes) and Townlands for Ireland. Part III of the Sixth Schedule provides definitions for the Boroughs of Belfast and Dublin.

The CSO boundary collection also includes a shapefile of Barony boundaries. This makes it possible code a barony in two ways: (i) allocated completely to a Division or (ii) split between two Divisions. For the first type, the code is just the division name, and for the second the code includes both (or more) division names. Allocation of these names to the data in the ED shapefile is accomplished by a spatial join operation. Recoding the areas in the split Baronies is done interactively using the GIS software’s editing option. EDs or groups of EDs can be selected on the screen, and the correct Division code updated in the attribute table. There are a handful of cases where an ED is split between divisions, so a simple ‘majority’ rule was used for the allocation. As the maps are to be used at mainly for displaying data at the national level, a misallocation is unlikely to be noticed. The final set of boundaries was created using the dissolve operation mentioned earlier. There were a dozen ED that had initially escaped being allocated a code, but these were quickly updated. Similarly, a few of the EDs in the split divisions had been overlooked; again updating was painless. This meant that the dissolve had to be run a few more times before all the errors have been corrected.

For the Northern Ireland districts, a slightly different methodology was deployed which involved linking parishes and townlands along side baronies, using open data sources from the OSM Townlands.ie project and OpenData NI.

As of July 2025, the political party that 18 to 24 year-old's in Great Britain would be most likely to vote for was the Labour Party, at 33 percent, with Labour also the most popular party among those aged 25 to 49. Reform UK was the most popular party for the 50 to 64 age group, with 29 percent of voters saying they would vote for them. For the oldest age group, the Reform was also the most popular, with 35 percent of over 65s intending to vote for them. Reform surge in the polls Since winning the last UK general election in July 2024, the ruling Labour Party have steadily become more unpopular among voters. After winning 33.7 percent of the vote in that election, the party was polling at 24 percent in April 2025, only slightly ahead of Reform UK on 23 percent. A right-wing populist party, Reform benefited from the collapse in support for the center-right Conservative Party in the last election, winning several seats at their expense. While the next UK general election is not due to be held until 2029, the government will be keen to address their collapsing approval ratings, in the face of Reform's rising support. Economic headaches for Labour in 2025 Although Labour inherited a growing economy, with falling inflation, and low unemployment from the Conservatives, the overall economic outlook for the UK is still quite gloomy. The country's government debt is around 100 percent of GDP, and without large tax rises and spending cuts, the government hopes to create a stronger, more resilient economy to reduce the deficit. While this is still a possibility, the UK's economic prospects for 2025 were recently slashed, with growth of one percent forecast, down from an earlier prediction of two percent. Although mainly due to external factors such as the threat of increasing tariffs, and general geopolitical instability, the UK's faltering economy will add further problems to the embattled government.

Boundary of polling districts, and location of polling stations in Wigan

Teh boundaries of the UK Parliamentary General Election Polling Districts in the City of London

This file contains the digital vector boundaries for European Electoral Regions in the United Kingdom, as at December 2018. The BUC boundaries are ultra generalised (500m) - clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark). Contains both Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

OSNI 50k DEAs as they were from 1993. Published here for OpenData. By download or use of this dataset you agree to abide by the LPS Open Government Data Licence.Please Note for Open Data NI Users: Esri Rest API is not Broken, it will not open on its own in a Web Browser but can be copied and used in Desktop and Webmaps

This dataset has been created for use in the paper "A Reinforcement Learning Algorithm for Fair Electoral Redistricting in Parliamentary Systems" which aims to propose a new method for electoral districting using a reinforcement-learning approach, based on a graph grouping algorithm proposed by Zhou et al. (2016) [1]. The code used for the project can be found on GitHub here.

The ward demographic data comes from the UK 2011 census and is provided by NOMIS, Scotland's Census and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. All electoral wards for England and Wales use the 2011 boundaries available from the ONS, Scotland uses the 2014 boundaries from Boundaries Scotland and Northern Ireland uses the 1993 boundaries from OpenDataNI (distributed under the Open Government License). Constituency demographic data is generated by combining the ward data into their respective constituencies.

Ward-level election results have then been generated using this demographic data with an ordinary least squares linear regression model, based on the constituency-level election results from the 2017 general election. The results in this dataset are not identical to the real election results but should remain sufficiently close to demonstrate many applications of the dataset itself. Below is the list of parties included in the dataset and their predicted seats: - Conservatives (321) - Labour (260) - SNP (33) - Liberal Democrats (13) - DUP (10) - Sinn Fein (7) - Plaid Cymru (3) - Green (1) - UKIP (0) - SDLP (0) - UUP (0) - Alliance (0) - Independents & Speaker (2)

All wards and constituencies are referred to using their ONS code, (England E05 / E14, Wales W05 / W06, Scotland S13 / S14, Northern Ireland N08 / N06), except for the City of London, which has been merged into one ward and uses the London borough boundaries (E09) due to the data available from the 2011 census.

[1] Zhou, Yangming, Jin-Kao Hao and Béatrice Duval (Dec. 2016). ‘Reinforcement learning based local search for grouping problems: A case study on graph coloring’. In: Expert Systems with Applications 64, pp. 412–422. doi: 10.1016/j.eswa.2016.07.047.

The OSNI Large-scale boundaries is a polygon dataset consisting of District Electoral Areasset in 2012. The data has been extracted from OSNI Largescale database and has been topologically cleansed and attributed to create a seamless dataset. This service is published for OpenData. By download or use of this dataset you agree to abide by the LPS Open Government Data Licence.Please Note for Open Data NI Users: Esri Rest API is not Broken, it will not open on its own in a Web Browser but can be copied and used in Desktop and Webmaps

This file contains the digital vector boundaries for County Electoral Division, in England, as at May 2023. The boundaries available are: (BFC) Full resolution - clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark).Contains both Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

REST URL of Feature Access Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/County_Electoral_Division_May_2023_Boundaries_EN_BFC/FeatureServerREST URL of WFS Server –https://dservices1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/services/County_Electoral_Division_May_2023_Boundaries_EN_BFC/WFSServer?service=wfs&request=getcapabilitiesREST URL of Map Server –https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/County_Electoral_Division_(May_2023)_Boundaries_EN_BFC/MapServer

This file contains the digital vector boundaries for European Electoral Regions in UK, as at December 2017. The boundaries are full resolution - clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark). Contains both Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.REST URL of ArcGIS for INSPIRE View Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/European_Electoral_Regions_(Dec_2017)_UK_BFC/MapServerREST URL of ArcGIS for INSPIRE Feature DownloadService – https://dservices1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/services/European_Electoral_Regions_December_2017_UK_BFC/WFSServer?service=wfs&request=getcapabilitiesREST URL of Feature Access Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/European_Electoral_Regions_Dec_2017_UK_BFC_2022/FeatureServer

Electoral Wards/Divisions are the key building blocks of UK administrative geography. They are the spatial units used to elect local government councillors in metropolitan and non-metropolitan districts, unitary authorities and the London boroughs in England; unitary authorities in Wales; council areas in Scotland; and district council areas in Northern Ireland.

The Wards and Electoral Divisions list contains 9,481 areas of the following constituent geographies:

• 7,218 Census Wards in England
• 453 Census Electoral Divisions in England
• 7 Census Merged Wards in England
• 582 Census Wards in Northern Ireland
• 353 Census Wards in Scotland
• 856 Census Electoral Divisions in Wales
• 12 Census Merged Wards in Wales

Please visit ONS Beginner's Guide to UK Geography for more info.

The boundaries are available as either extent of the realm (usually this is the Mean Low Water mark but in some cases boundaries extend beyond this to include off shore islands) or

clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark).

This file contains the names and codes for County Electoral Divisions in England as at 4 May 2017. (File Size - 192 KB)

Field Names – CED17CD, CED17NM Field Types – Text, Text Field Lengths – 9, 55 REST URL of Feature Access Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/County_Electoral_Division_May_2017_Names_and_Codes_for_England_2022/FeatureServer

This file contains the digital vector boundaries for European Electoral Regions in Great Britain as at 31 December 2016.

The boundaries available are:

This file contains the digital vector boundaries for County Electoral Division, in England, as at May 2024.The boundaries available are: (BFC) Full resolution - clipped to the coastline (Mean High Water mark).Contains both Ordnance Survey and ONS Intellectual Property Rights.

REST URL of Feature Access Service – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/CED_MAY_2024_EN_BFC_V3/FeatureServer

REST URL of WFS Server – https://dservices1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/services/CED_MAY_2024_EN_BFC_V3/WFSServer?service=wfs&request=getcapabilities

REST URL of MapServer – https://services1.arcgis.com/ESMARspQHYMw9BZ9/arcgis/rest/services/CED_MAY_2024_EN_BFC_V3/MapServer

For voting purposes, a county is divided into electoral divisions. In Wales, the voting area is the unitary authority electoral division; in Scotland, it is the unitary authority ward; and in England, it is the unitary authority ward or unitary authority electoral division.

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https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/products/boundary-line#technical

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Source:

https://osdatahub.os.uk/downloads/open/BoundaryLine

Licence:

Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

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Data identifying the location of all the wards/electoral divisions in Cambridgeshire and Peterborough. For more information, please see the ONS Geoportal website.

When using boundary data, please acknowledge the copyright and the source of the data by including the following attribution statements:

Contains National Statistics data © Crown copyright and database right (2016)

Contains OS data © Crown copyright and database right (2016)

For more details about licencing go to: https://www.ons.gov.uk/methodology/geography/licences

All data is correct as of download date: 17/10/2016

This dataset is part of the Geographical repository maintained by Opendatasoft. This dataset contains data for wards/electoral divisions in the United Kingdom.Electoral wards (and electoral divisions) are the key building blocks of UK administrative geography. They are the spatial units used to elect local government councillors in metropolitan and non-metropolitan districts, UAs and the London boroughs in England; UAs in Wales; council areas in Scotland; and local government districts (LGD) in Northern Ireland. Electoral wards are found in Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland and most of England. In the Isle of Wight and several of the UAs created as part of the Local Government Reorganisation in 2009, the equivalent areas are legally termed 'electoral divisions', although they are frequently referred to as wards. Wales changed to using the term 'electoral wards' instead of 'electoral divisions' in August 2013.The only part of the UK without electoral wards/divisions is the Isles of Scilly, which has its own council but no electoral zoning. For statistical purposes, however, ONS treats the islands' five parishes as electoral wards. Electoral wards/divisions (and the Scilly parishes) cover the whole of the UK; in addition, all higher administrative units are built from whole electoral wards/divisions. They are also used to constitute a range of other geographies such as the Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (NUTS) geographies, health geographies and Westminster parliamentary constituencies. Electoral ward/division boundary changes are usually enacted on the first Thursday in May each year, to coincide with the local government elections.Processors and tools are using this data.EnhancementsAdd ISO 3166-3 codes.Simplify geometries to provide better performance across the services.Add administrative hierarchy.

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A polling district is the subdivision of a parliamentary constituency for the purpose of a UK Parliamentary election. Polling districts are not maintained on a regular basis and have mostly been frozen since 2016. From May 2022, 63 areas will show amended polling districts.

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https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/products/boundary-line#technical

​

Source:

https://osdatahub.os.uk/downloads/open/BoundaryLine

Licence:

Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0.

https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/

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