The Indian electric scooters and motorcycles market will stand at an estimated USD 681.3 million in 2024, advancing at a CAGR of 66.4% during 2024-2030.

The Indian electric scooter market showcases a diverse product portfolio tailored to a wide spectrum of consumer preferences and budgets. Scooters are available with varying battery capacities, voltage levels, drive types (hub motor, mid-drive, etc.), and functionalities catering to diverse end-uses, from personal commuting to last-mile delivery services. The market also offers a range of scooter categories, from basic commuter models to sophisticated, feature-rich options with advanced technologies. Recent developments include: In August 2023, TVS launched its X electric crossover scooter in India at an introductory price of Rs. 2.50 lakh. TVS X is a high-end electric scooter with advanced digital and interconnected features. The electric scooter is powered by a 4.4kWh battery pack that has an IDC-claimed range of 140 km., In July 2023, Ather 450X electric scooter became available with 100% on-road financing, with no down payment required. This move is aimed at making the Ather 450X more accessible to potential buyers and to drive up EV sales in India., In June 2023, TVS Motor Company announced a strategic partnership with food-delivery platform Zomato to accelerate eco-friendly transportation for short-distance deliveries. As part of this partnership, TVS Motor will deploy over 10,000 electric scooters over a course of two years, powered by its iQube electric scooter., In February 2023, Indian electric scooter manufacturer Ola Electric Mobility Pvt. plans to build the world's largest electric vehicle hub in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu with an investment of $920 million to localize the supply chain for cleaner transport.. Key drivers for this market are: Rising fuel prices: The rising cost of fuel has made electric scooters a more affordable alternative to traditional gasoline-powered scooters.

Government incentives: The Indian government's FAME II scheme provides subsidies for the purchase of electric vehicles, making them more affordable for consumers.. Potential restraints include: Range anxiety: Consumers are often concerned about the limited range of electric scooters compared to gasoline-powered scooters.

Lack of charging infrastructure: The lack of widespread charging infrastructure for electric scooters can be a deterrent for consumers.. Notable trends are: Development of high-performance batteries: Battery technology is rapidly evolving, leading to the development of high-performance batteries with increased range and durability.

Integration of smart features: Electric scooters are becoming increasingly integrated with smart features, such as GPS navigation, mobile connectivity, and voice control..

The India E-Scooter Market size is valued at USD 1 bn, shaped by market opportunities, industry report, and top players. Explore insights on market segmentation, CAGR, and future outlook.

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Low-Powered Electric Motorcycle And Scooter Market Size 2024-2028

The low-powered electric motorcycle and scooter market size is forecast to increase by USD 23.74 billion, at a CAGR of 17.96% between 2023 and 2028. Government incentives and regulations that promote use of EVs will drive the low-powered electric motorcycle and scooter market.

Major Market Trends & Insights

APAC dominated the market and accounted for a 86% growth during the forecast period.
By the Vehicle Type, the Electric scooters sub-segment was valued at USD 9.12 billion in 2022
By the Battery Type, the Lithium-ion battery sub-segment accounted for the largest market revenue share in 2022

Market Size & Forecast

Market Opportunities: USD 299.04 billion
Future Opportunities: USD 23.74 billion 
CAGR : 17.96%
APAC: Largest market in 2022

Market Summary

The market is poised for significant growth during the forecast period, driven by government incentives and regulations that promote the use of electric vehicles (EVs) and advances in battery technology. Despite the limited range of these vehicles, they offer an attractive alternative to traditional gasoline-powered motorcycles and scooters. Key technologies and applications, such as regenerative braking and lithium-ion batteries, are driving innovation in this market. Core service types or product categories include two-wheel electric vehicles with power outputs below 15 kW. Some of the key companies in this market include Honda, Yamaha, and Suzuki, among others.
Regulations, such as emissions standards and incentives for EV adoption, are shaping the market landscape. For instance, in Europe, the CO2 emissions standards for motorcycles are set to become stricter, pushing manufacturers to produce more electric models. In Asia, governments are offering subsidies for the purchase of electric two-wheelers to reduce traffic congestion and improve air quality. The market for low-powered electric motorcycles and scooters is evolving rapidly, presenting both opportunities and challenges. According to a recent study, the global electric two-wheeler market is projected to reach USD 50.7 billion by 2027, growing at a CAGR of 11.2% during the forecast period.
Related markets such as the electric bicycle and e-rickshaw markets are also experiencing similar growth trends. 

What will be the Size of the Low-Powered Electric Motorcycle And Scooter Market during the forecast period?

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How is the Low-Powered Electric Motorcycle And Scooter Market Segmented and what are the key trends of market segmentation?

The low-powered electric motorcycle and scooter industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2024-2028, as well as historical data from 2018-2022 for the following segments.

Vehicle Type

  Electric scooters
  Electric motorcycles


Battery Type

  Lithium-ion battery
  Lead acid battery
  Other batteries


Geography

  North America

    US


  Europe

    Spain


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Vehicle Type Insights

The electric scooters segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The market is experiencing significant growth, driven by the increasing demand for eco-friendly and cost-effective urban mobility solutions. Electric motorcycles and scooters account for a substantial market share due to their compact designs, lightweight chassis, and zero-emission operation. Motor efficiency optimization and battery cell technology advancements have led to extended ranges, mitigating range anxiety for consumers. Electric motor controllers, software-defined vehicles, and connectivity features enhance the user experience, while battery life extension and supply chain optimization improve overall market efficiency. Torque sensor technology and powertrain efficiency improvements enable better performance and responsiveness. Manufacturing processes have evolved to accommodate the production of electric motorcycles and scooters, making them increasingly accessible.

Lightweight chassis designs, urban mobility solutions, ride-sharing integration, and lighting systems integration further expand the market's appeal. Environmental impact assessments and motorcycle safety standards ensure the industry's sustainability and safety. Brushless DC motors, speed sensor technology, and throttle control systems provide improved power and control. Lithium-ion battery packs and regenerative braking systems contribute to the market's growth, with a focus on reducing energy consumption metrics. Display unit technology and over-the-air updates offer advanced features and convenience. ABS braking systems and electric scooter regulations ensure safety and compliance. According to rece

The global electric scooter sector has a good future, which is reflected in its expected growth from USD 38.4 billion in 2025 to USD 91.1 billion by 2035, with a CAGR of 9.1%. Fast development of technology like battery range, lightweight materials, and IoT connectivity together with government promotional schemes and urban mobility reforms have become the prime movers responsible for the upsurge of the market in different parts of the world.

Metric	Value
Industry Size (2025E)	USD 38.4 billion
Industry Value (2035F)	USD 91.1 billion
CAGR (2025 to 2035)	9.1%

Country-Wise Analysis

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
United States	8.5%

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
United Kingdom	8.7%

Region	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
European Union	9.3%

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
Japan	7.5%

Country	CAGR (2025 to 2035)
South Korea	9.1%

Competitive Outlook

Company Name	Estimated Market Share (%)
Yadea Group Holdings Ltd.	13-16%
Niu Technologies	10-13%
Hero Electric	9-12%
Ather Energy	7-10%
Ola Electric Mobility Pvt. Ltd.	6-9%
Other Companies (combined)	40-50%

In financial year 2023, the penetration rate of electric scooters in India was ** percent. The rate of penetration of electric scooters was predicted to increase considerably till 2030 reach the level to ** percent.

The market size of electric two-wheelers across India was projected to cross the ******million units mark in financial year 2027. The same year, the electric two-wheeler penetration rate in India would be around ***percent.

India Electric Scooter and Motorcycle Market is projected to register strong growth due to the government initiatives to adopt electric vehicle in India.

Ola Electric dominated the electric two-wheeler market in India, with a share of ** percent in financial year 2023. This was followed by Okinawa and Hero, having a share of ** percent and ** percent, respectively.

Explore the future of the India Electric Scooter and Motorcycle Market, size at USD 647 million in 2023, showcasing growth opportunities and key trends.

Electric Scooter Market by Vehicle Type (Electric Motorcycles, E-Kick scooters & Bikes, Electric Mopeds), Power Output (Less Than 3.6kW, 3.6kW to 7.2kW), Battery Technology, Motor Type, Charging Type, End-user, and Geography - Global Forecast to 2031

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Electric Scooter Sharing market size will be USD 2142.5 million in 2025. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 17.00% from 2025 to 2033.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 857.00 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 15.2% from 2025 to 2033.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 642.75 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 492.78 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 19.0% from 2025 to 2033.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 107.13 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.4% from 2025 to 2033.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 42.85 million in 2025 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.7% from 2025 to 2033.
The Dockless electric scooter sharing services category led the Electric Scooter Sharing Market.

Market Dynamics of Electric Scooter Sharing Market

Key Drivers for Electric Scooter Sharing Market

Increased Urbanization Fuels Demand for Shared Mobility Solutions to Boost Market Growth

Increased Urbanization drives demand for shared mobility solutions as cities face challenges like traffic congestion, limited parking, and environmental concerns. Rising urban populations intensify the need for efficient, cost-effective, and sustainable transportation options. Shared mobility services, such as ride-hailing, car-sharing, and bike-sharing, address these challenges by optimizing vehicle utilization and reducing individual car ownership. Advances in mobile apps and IoT technology further enhance convenience, fueling consumer adoption. Governments promoting eco-friendly transport through incentives and regulatory support also accelerate growth. As urban centers expand, shared mobility solutions play a critical role in reshaping transportation ecosystems, offering accessibility and sustainability. For instance, in December 2023, Taiwanese company Gogoro debuted the Gogoro CrossOver GX250, a domestically made electric scooter, in India. For Indian riders, the business provides a customized smart scooter. Komatsu made a calculated effort to enter the Indian electric scooter market with the release of these models.

(Source: https://www.gogoro.com/news/gogoro-india-launch/)

Rising eco-consciousness drives electric scooter adoption worldwide

The growing global emphasis on environmental sustainability is a key driver propelling electric scooter adoption worldwide. Rising eco-consciousness has led consumers to seek greener transportation alternatives to reduce carbon emissions and combat climate change. Governments are supporting this shift with incentives such as subsidies, tax breaks, and investments in charging infrastructure. Additionally, increasing Urbanization and traffic congestion have amplified the demand for compact, eco-friendly personal mobility solutions. Technological advancements, including improved battery efficiency and extended ranges, further bolster electric scooter appeal. Together, these factors create a robust ecosystem fostering widespread adoption of electric scooters as a sustainable transportation choice.

Restraint Factor for the Electric Scooter Sharing Market

Maintenance, charging, and rebalancing expenses strain profitability

The Key restraints in the maintenance, charging, and rebalancing of systems stem from high operational costs that significantly impact profitability. These include frequent equipment servicing, expensive charging infrastructure, and labor-intensive processes for rebalancing. The complexity and costs associated with maintaining peak system efficiency and reliability can deter smaller players from entering the market. Additionally, the rising energy prices and the need for specialized staff further inflate operating expenses. As demand grows, businesses face challenges in optimizing these processes without compromising service quality, making cost-effective innovations critical for long-term sustainability and profitability in this competitive landscape.

Market Trends in Electric Scooter S...

Dive deep into the dynamics of India Electric Scooter Market, size at USD 700 million in 2023, showcasing industry trends and strategic insights.

In the India Electric Scooter and Motorcycle Market, at present, the Indian two-wheeler market is completely dominated by low-cost products.

The global folding e-scooter market size is projected to reach USD 659.8 million in 2024 and rise at USD 852.9 million by 2034. It will likely surge at a CAGR of 2.6% in the forecast period from 2024 to 2034.

Attributes	Description
Estimated Global Folding E-scooter Market Size (2024E)	USD 659.8 million
Projected Global Folding E-scooter Market Value (2034F)	USD 852.9 million
Value-based CAGR (2024 to 2034)	2.6%

Semi-annual Update on Folding E-scooter Market

Particulars	Value CAGR
H1	2.4% (2023 to 2033)
H2	2.5% (2023 to 2033)
H1	2.5% (2024 to 2034)
H2	2.6% (2024 to 2034)

Country-wise Analysis of Folding E-scooter Market

Countries	CAGR 2024 to 2034
India	3.9%
China	2.9%
United States	1.5%
Italy	1.7%
France	1.8%

Folding E-scooter Market Analysis by Top Investment Segments

Segment	Sealed Lead Acid Battery (Battery Type)
Value Share (2024)	45%

Segment	36V (Voltage)
Value Share (2024)	35%

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The electric two-wheeler motor market share in India is expected to increase by 2446.03 thousand units from 2021 to 2026, and the market’s growth momentum will decelerate at a CAGR of 32.28%.

This electric two-wheeler motor market in India research report provides valuable insights on the post COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. Furthermore, this report extensively covers electric two-wheeler motor market segmentation in India by product (in-wheel motor and mid-drive motor) and vehicle type (e-scooter and e-motorcycle). The electric two-wheeler motor market in India report also offers information on several market vendors, including Compage Automation Systems Pvt. Ltd., Dana Inc., EMF Innovations Pte Ltd., Entuple E-Mobility Pvt. Ltd., Konmos Technologies Pvt. Ltd., Physics Motors Technology Pvt. Ltd., Rotomotive Powerdrives India Ltd., SONA BLW Precision Forgings Ltd., Tata Sons Pvt. Ltd., and TSUYO Manufacturing Pvt. Ltd. among others.

What will the Electric Two-wheeler Motor Market Size in India be During the Forecast Period?

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Electric Two-wheeler Motor Market in India: Key Drivers, Trends, and Challenges

The increasing sales of electric two-wheelers in India is notably driving the electric two-wheeler motor market growth in India, although factors such as lack of operational infrastructure in India may impede the market growth. Our research analysts have studied the historical data and deduced the key market drivers and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the electric two-wheeler motor market industry in India. The holistic analysis of the drivers will help in deducing end goals and refining marketing strategies to gain a competitive edge.

Key Electric Two-wheeler Motor Market Driver in India

One of the key factors driving growth in the electric two-wheeler motor market in India is the increasing sales of electric two-wheelers in India. The demand for electric two-wheelers in India is growing at a fast pace. Companies such as Ola Electric, Simple Energy, Bounce Infinity, Tork Motors and Ultraviolette have entered the electric two-wheeler market in India. The two-wheeler market witnessed a 132% jump in the sales of electric two-wheelers in India in 2021 as compared to 2020. In 2021, the total number of electric two-wheelers sold in India were 2,33,977 as compared to 1,00,736 electric two-wheelers sold in 2020. The rising price of oil in the country is driving the demand for electric two-wheelers, which in turn is boosting the demand for electric two- wheeler motor market during the forecast period.

Key Electric Two-wheeler Motor Market Trend in India

The growing movement of multi-speed transmission in electric two-wheelers is a electric two-wheeler motor market trend in India that is expected to have a positive impact in the coming years. Until 2016, most of the electric two-wheeler, were using single-speed transmission technology. However, certain drivetrain manufactures, such as Ather Energy, have plans to develop multi-gear transmission as the single-speed transmission does not perform equally well at low as well as high speeds. Moreover, the multi-gear transmission would deliver greater efficiency as compared with single gear transmission on the suburban driving and in highways. However, for city driving, the single or dual-speed transmission will suffice. EVs with multi-gear transmission technology will have increased vehicle range in terms of distance traveled on one charge. In addition, it will also help in reducing the battery pack size. It will even improve the low-speed pull away and the high-speed driving. All these benefits will lead the OEMs to the adoption of multi-gear transmission in electric two-wheelers.

Key Electric Two-wheeler Motor Market Challenge in India

The lack of operational infrastructure in India will be a major challenge for the electric two-wheeler motor market in India during the forecast period. The lack of proper road infrastructure in India hampers the wide-scale expansion of EV charging infrastructure, as the availability of electricity on roads and highways is essential to set up an EV charging station. Individuals and freight operators using electric two-wheeler vehicles for commercial purposes limit their operations to major cities because the operational infrastructure required for setting up an EV charging station is available mostly in major cities, not in tier-2 and tier-3 cities. Governing bodies are developing charging stations in their respective regions to promote the use of electric two-wheelers for commercial purposes. However, most of them are slow-charging stations that require a considerable amount of time for charging a vehicle, which dissuades the use of electric two-wheelers for comme

The Asia Pacific Electric Two-Wheeler Market is segmented by Propulsion Type (Hybrid and Electric Vehicles) and by Country (China, India, Japan, South Korea). The report offers market size in both market value in USD and market volume in unit. Further, the report includes a market split by Vehicle Type, Vehicle Configuration, Vehicle Body Type, Propulsion Type, and Fuel Category.

The Indian two-wheeler market, valued at approximately ₹1.5 trillion (USD 18 billion) in 2025, is experiencing robust growth, projected to maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) exceeding 4% through 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key factors. Firstly, rising disposable incomes and increasing urbanization are driving demand, particularly among younger demographics. Secondly, the government's push for electric mobility, supported by incentives and infrastructure development, is significantly impacting the market, with a notable surge in electric two-wheeler sales. Technological advancements leading to improved fuel efficiency and enhanced features in ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) vehicles also contribute to the market's growth. However, challenges remain, including fluctuating fuel prices, concerns about charging infrastructure for EVs, and the overall economic climate. The market is segmented into ICE and Electric/Hybrid vehicles, with ICE still dominating but the EV segment exhibiting substantial growth potential. Key players such as Hero MotoCorp, Bajaj Auto, TVS Motor Company, and emerging EV companies like Ola Electric and Ather Energy are actively shaping the market landscape through aggressive product launches and strategic partnerships. The competitive landscape is intense, with both established manufacturers and new entrants vying for market share. Companies are focusing on innovation, offering diverse models catering to various consumer needs and preferences, from economical commuter bikes to premium performance motorcycles. The regional distribution of the market varies, with significant demand concentrated in urban and semi-urban areas. While the forecast suggests continued growth, potential restraints include supply chain disruptions, raw material price volatility, and regulatory changes impacting the automotive sector. However, the long-term outlook remains positive, driven by India's expanding middle class and the ongoing transition towards sustainable transportation. This dynamic market offers significant opportunities for established players and new entrants alike, provided they effectively navigate the challenges and capitalize on emerging trends. This in-depth report provides a comprehensive analysis of the India two-wheeler market, encompassing historical data (2019-2024), current estimations (2025), and future forecasts (2025-2033). The study delves into market dynamics, competitive landscapes, and emerging trends, offering invaluable insights for stakeholders across the electric two-wheeler market, ICE two-wheeler market, and the broader two wheeler industry in India. The base year for this analysis is 2025, with a focus on understanding the market's trajectory in the coming decade. This report is crucial for businesses involved in two wheeler manufacturing, two wheeler sales, and two wheeler financing in India. Recent developments include: August 2023: Ola Electric launched S1X for INR 79,999. Ola S1X will be offered in two battery capacities 2-kWh and 3-kWh. The 2-kWh variant will have a range of 91 km while the 3-kWh will have a 151 km range. The scooter has a 3.5-inch segmented display, the physical key unlocks and comes Without smart connectivity.August 2023: Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. announced that its board of directors approved the scheme of merger by absorption of Mahindra Heavy Engines Limited (MHEL) and Mahindra Two Wheelers Limited (MTWL) and Trringo.com Limited (TCL), wholly owned subsidiaries of the company, with the company and their respective shareholders.July 2023: Okinawa Autotech launched the new and advanced version of its ‘OKHI-90' electric scooter with an AIS-156 amendment 3 compliant battery pack, next-gen motor, and improved technology features.. Key drivers for this market are: Used Car Financing To Continue Solving Consumer Challenges In Indonesia. Potential restraints include: Trust And Transparency In Used Car Remained A Key Challenge For Consumers. Notable trends are: OTHER KEY INDUSTRY TRENDS COVERED IN THE REPORT.

The Electric Scooter and Motorcycle Market Report is Segmented by Vehicle Type (E-Scooter/Moped and E-Motorcycle), Battery (Lead-Acid, Lithium-Ion, and More), Power Output (Less Than 3. 6 KW, 3. 6 KW - 7. 2 KW, and More), Motor Type (Hub-Motor, Belt-Drive, and More), End-Use (Personal/Individual, Commercial and Corporate Fleets, and More), and Geography. The Market Forecasts are Provided in Terms of Value (USD) and Volume (Units).

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E-Scooter Market Size 2023-2027

The e-scooter market size is forecast to increase by 4.26 th units at a CAGR of 9.38% between 2022 and 2027.

The market is witnessing significant growth due to several key trends. One of the primary factors driving market growth is the declining prices of Li-ion batteries, making e-scooters more affordable for consumers. Another trend is the development of high-performance e-scooters, which offer longer battery life, faster charging times, and improved durability. However, the market also faces challenges such as the high costs and maintenance complexities associated with e-scooters. Despite these challenges, the market is expected to continue growing as e-scooters become increasingly popular as a convenient and eco-friendly transportation option. The market analysis report provides an in-depth examination of these trends and challenges, offering valuable insights for businesses looking to enter or expand in the market.

What will be the Size of the E-Scooter Market During the Forecast Period?

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The market is experiencing significant growth as demand for sustainable urban mobility solutions continues to rise. Motorized two-wheeler vehicles, including electric scooters and e-mopeds, offer zero-emissions transportation alternatives, bridging the carbon emission gap between conventional scooters and fossil fuel engines. The market is driven by tax rebates and incentives for e-vehicles, as well as the increasing importance of air quality and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Smart transportation infrastructure, such as renewable energy stations and smart charging systems, enables e-scooters to be powered by solar or other renewable energy sources, further reducing their carbon footprint. Lithium-ion batteries and advanced electronic systems, including LED lights and electronic braking systems, enhance the functionality and user experience of these vehicles.
Battery charging remains a critical component of the market, with innovations in smart charging and battery technology driving efficiency and sustainability. The market is expected to continue growing as the benefits of e-scooters as a cost-effective, eco-friendly, and convenient transportation option become increasingly apparent.

How is this E-Scooter Industry segmented and which is the largest segment?

The e-scooter industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in ' th units' for the period 2023-2027, as well as historical data from 2017-2021 for the following segments.

Product

  Retro
  Standing/self-balancing
  Folding


Geography

  APAC

    China
    Japan


  North America

    US


  Europe

    France


  South America



  Middle East and Africa

By Product Insights

The Retro segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The retro e-scooter segment of The market is experiencing steady growth, driven by its nostalgic appeal and affordability. Retro e-scooters, with their classic design, cater to consumers seeking a unique and enjoyable transportation experience. These e-scooters are popular among all age groups, particularly the elderly, due to their ease of use and maintenance. Government initiatives, such as subsidies for e-scooter purchases, further fuel the market's growth. Solar power and lithium-ion batteries are increasingly being integrated into retro e-scooters, making them eco-friendly and sustainable transport options. Electronic braking systems and LED lights enhance safety and functionality. The retro e-scooter segment continues to dominate the market, accounting for a significant market share, making it an attractive investment opportunity in the micro-mobility sector.

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The Retro segment accounted for 3315.87 th units in 2017 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Regional Insights

APAC is estimated to contribute 81% to the growth of the global market during the forecast period. Technavio's analysts have elaborately explained the regional trends and drivers that shape the market during the forecast period.

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The market in Asia Pacific (APAC) has witnessed significant growth, with China being the dominant player due to increasing urbanization and environmental concerns. The Chinese government's focus on sustainable urban mobility and smart transportation infrastructure has led to the adoption of e-scooters as an alternative fuel vehicle. In April 2019, the government established a clear distinction between e-scooters and electric motorcycles, requiring e-scooters to have a pedaling function and a maximum speed limit of 15 mph. This distinction, along with subsidies and tax rebates, has enc