China consumes by far the most electricity of any country in the world, with almost 9,000 terawatt-hours equivalent consumed in 2024. The United States ranked as the second-leading electricity consumer that year, with over 4,000 terawatt-hours consumed. India followed, but by a wide margin. Production and consumption disparities China not only leads countries in electricity generation worldwide, it also dominates production, generating over 10 petawatt-hours annually. The United States follows with 4.6 petawatt-hours, significantly more than its consumption of 4,065 terawatt-hours. This disparity underscores the complex relationship between production and consumption, influenced by factors such as energy efficiency, export capabilities, and domestic demand. The global expansion of electricity networks, particularly in Central and Southern Asia, is driving increased production to meet growing access and demand. Shifting energy landscapes The United States, as the second-largest consumer, is experiencing a significant shift in its energy mix. Coal-based electricity has declined by nearly 65 percent since 2010, giving way to natural gas and renewable sources. This transition is evident in recent capacity additions, with renewable energy sources accounting for over 90 percent of new electricity capacity in 2024. The surge in renewable generation, particularly wind power, is reshaping the U.S. energy landscape and influencing consumption patterns. As renewable energy consumption is projected to more than double by 2050, the electricity market is adapting to these changing dynamics.

Over the past half a century, the world's electricity consumption has continuously grown, reaching approximately 27,000 terawatt-hours by 2023. Between 1980 and 2023, electricity consumption more than tripled, while the global population reached eight billion people. Growth in industrialization and electricity access across the globe have further boosted electricity demand. China's economic rise and growth in global power use Since 2000, China's GDP has recorded an astonishing 15-fold increase, turning it into the second-largest global economy, behind only the United States. To fuel the development of its billion-strong population and various manufacturing industries, China requires more energy than any other country. As a result, it has become the largest electricity consumer in the world. Electricity consumption per capita In terms of per capita electricity consumption, China and other BRIC countries are still vastly outpaced by developed economies with smaller population sizes. Iceland, with a population of less than half a million inhabitants, consumes by far the most electricity per person in the world. Norway, Qatar, Canada, and the United States also have among the highest consumption rates. Multiple contributing factors such as the existence of power-intensive industries, household sizes, living situations, appliance and efficiency standards, and access to alternative heating fuels determine the amount of electricity the average person requires in each country.

Electricity consumption in the United States totaled ***** terawatt-hours in 2023, one of the highest values in the period under consideration. Figures represent energy end use, which is the sum of retail sales and direct use of electricity by the producing entity. Electricity consumption in the U.S. is expected to continue increasing in the next decades. Which sectors consume the most electricity in the U.S.? Consumption has often been associated with economic growth. Nevertheless, technological improvements in efficiency and new appliance standards have led to a stabilizing of electricity consumption, despite the increased ubiquity of chargeable consumer electronics. Electricity consumption is highest in the residential sector, followed by the commercial sector. Equipment used for space heating and cooling account for some of the largest shares of residential electricity end use. Leading states in electricity use Industrial hub Texas is the leading electricity-consuming U.S. state. In 2022, the Southwestern state, which houses major refinery complexes and is also home to nearly ** million people, consumed over *** terawatt-hours. California and Florida trailed in second and third, each with an annual consumption of approximately *** terawatt-hours.

Analysis of ‘Power consumption in India(2019-2020)’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://www.kaggle.com/twinkle0705/state-wise-power-consumption-in-india on 28 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

Context

India is the world's third-largest producer and third-largest consumer of electricity. The national electric grid in India has an installed capacity of 370.106 GW as of 31 March 2020. Renewable power plants, which also include large hydroelectric plants, constitute 35.86% of India's total installed capacity. During the 2018-19 fiscal year, the gross electricity generated by utilities in India was 1,372 TWh and the total electricity generation (utilities and non-utilities) in the country was 1,547 TWh. The gross electricity consumption in 2018-19 was 1,181 kWh per capita. In 2015-16, electric energy consumption in agriculture was recorded as being the highest (17.89%) worldwide. The per capita electricity consumption is low compared to most other countries despite India having a low electricity tariff.

In light of the recent COVID-19 situation, when everyone has been under lockdown for the months of April & May the impacts of the lockdown on economic activities have been faced by every sector in a positive or a negative way. With the electricity consumption being so crucial to the country, we came up with a plan to study the impact on energy consumption state and region wise.

The dataset is exhaustive in its demonstration of energy consumption state wise.

Content

Data is in the form of a time series for a period of 17 months beginning from 2nd Jan 2019 till 23rd May 2020. Rows are indexed with dates and columns represent states. Rows and columns put together, each datapoint reflects the power consumed in Mega Units (MU) by the given state (column) at the given date (row).

Acknowledgements

Power System Operation Corporation Limited (POSOCO) is a wholly-owned Government of India enterprise under the Ministry of Power. It was earlier a wholly-owned subsidiary of Power Grid Corporation of India Limited. It was formed in March 2009 to handle the power management functions of PGCIL.

The dataset has been scraped from the weekly energy reports of POSOCO.

Inspiration

Extensive research on power usage in the country is what inspired us to compile the dataset. We are making it public along with our research of the same. This is our first step towards independent data-based research. We are open to suggestions, compliments and criticism alike.

Do leave an upvote if you found the dataset helpful. It keeps me motivated to keep working hard :)

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

Global electricity generation has increased significantly over the past three decades, rising from less than 12,000 terawatt-hours in 1990 to over 30,000 terawatt-hours in 2024. During this period, electricity generation worldwide only registered an annual decline twice: in 2009, following the global financial crisis, and in 2020, amid the coronavirus pandemic. Sources of electricity generation The share of global electricity generated from clean energy sources –including renewables and nuclear power- amounted to almost 40 percent in 2024, up from approximately 32 percent at the beginning of the decade. Despite this growth, fossil fuels are still the main source of electricity generation worldwide. In 2024, almost 60 percent of the electricity was produced by coal and natural gas-fired plants. Regional differences Water, wind, and sun contribute to making Latin America and the Caribbean the region with the largest share of renewable electricity generated in the world. By comparison, several European countries rely on nuclear energy. However, the main electricity sources in the United States and China, the leading economic powers of the world, are respectively natural gas and coal.

Key information about China Electricity Production

• Electricity Production in China reached 846,240 GWh in Dec 2024, compared with 749,510 GWh in the previous month.
• Electricity Production data of China is updated monthly averaging at 189,206 GWh from Apr 1986 to Dec 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 907,420 GWh in Aug 2024 and a record low of 35,650 GWh in Apr 1986.

The United Kingdom’s electricity use has been declining since peaking at *** terawatt-hours in 2005. In 2024, the UK's electricity increased on the previous year, amounting to *** terawatt-hours. Electricity consumption in the UK typically follows a seasonal trend, peaking in the winter months. How electricity-intensive is the UK? Despite the continual decline in electricity consumption, the UK remains one of the largest electricity consumers in the world. In terms of per capita electricity consumption, however, the UK ranks low in comparison to other European countries such as Norway, Germany, and France. In 2023, it registered an average of ***** kilowatt-hours per person. The race towards a clean power mix In 2010, gas and coal accounted for roughly ** percent of the UK's power mix. Since then, alongside the EU Renewables Directive, the UK agreed and created its own National Renewable Energy Plan, to increase the use of renewable sources and decrease its fossil fuel dependence. In the past decade, the share of energy consumption in the UK attributable to renewable energy increased slightly, although it was still a small percentage out of the total in 2023.

Supplementary files for article Predicting future GB heat pump electricity demand To meet net zero carbon targets by 2050s, countries with cold winters, such as Great Britain (GB), will turn to low carbon domestic heating systems such as electric heat pumps. In this paper, a statistical model is developed using measured performance data from over 550 heat pumps installed in GB homes in 2012. The model is used to predict the additional load on the GB electricity generation and distribution infrastructure for various current and future (2050) climates, dwelling energy efficiencies and heat pump deployment scenarios. For a cold year in the 2020s, a 100% uptake of heat pumps in the existing GB dwelling stock gave a peak electricity demand for the heat pumps of 78 GW and an annual electricity demand of 189 TWh. When added to the other, existing electricity demand, this represents an increase in the GB peak electricity demand in excess of 100% and an annual electricity demand increase of around 60%. Making reasonable assumptions about heat pumps’ future efficiency and use, and the future climate and dwelling stock fabric efficiency, and assuming 80% heat pump uptake and no load shifting, the peak heat pump electricity demand for a cold year in the 2050s halved to 37 GW. By shifting demand for water and space heating the 2020s cold year peak demand reduced by 15%. The work provides a more robust estimate of future GB heat pump electricity demands than any previously available. The predicted future ramp rates, peak and annual total electricity demands, are lower than predicted by previous analysts.

As of 2023, China was the largest producer of electricity globally by a significant margin with over *** petawatt-hours generated, followed by the United States with *** petawatt-hours. Both countries generated a considerable amount more than the next highest producer, India, where almost *** petawatt-hours were produced. Coal and natural gas remain the primary sources of energy worldwide, maintaining a high global reliance on fossil-based fuels. For instance, natural gas was the largest source of electricity generation in the U.S. in 2023, followed by renewables.

Global expansion of electricity networks Energy networks have been undergoing expansion and modernization to tackle challenges such as the climate crisis and a growing global population through electrification. As a result of this, there has been significant growth in electricity access, with almost *** million more people gaining access to energy networks worldwide in 2022, of which ** million were in Central and Southern Asia. With increased electricity access, a growth in electricity production will become necessary.

Transitioning towards renewables Use of both coal and renewable electricity has grown worldwide, particularly in the European Union and China, where the largest year-on-year change in coal and renewable generation was recorded in 2023. As part of its increase in power generation, China has the largest share of clean electricity capacity installed by country worldwide, amounting to approximately **** terawatts.

The size of the Saudi Arabia Power Market was valued at USD XX Million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD XXX Million by 2032, with an expected CAGR of 5.80% during the forecast period. Saudi Arabia's power market is one of the largest and most rapidly evolving in the Middle East, driven by the country’s ambitious plans to diversify its energy sources and reduce its reliance on oil. The power sector in Saudi Arabia is dominated by state-owned entities, with the Saudi Electricity Company (SEC) being the key player. Traditionally reliant on oil and natural gas for electricity generation, the country is making a concerted push towards renewable energy, with goals to generate 50% of its power from renewable sources by 2030, as part of its Vision 2030 initiative. Solar and wind energy are central to this strategy, with numerous large-scale projects in development. The government has also been working to modernize the power grid and improve energy efficiency across the sector. To attract private investment, Saudi Arabia is increasingly liberalizing its electricity market, introducing independent power producers (IPPs) and offering competitive bidding for new projects. These changes are aimed at increasing competition, driving innovation, and lowering electricity costs. Recent developments include: November 2022: ACWA Power signed an agreement with Water and Electricity Holding Company (Badeel) to build the world's largest single-site solar-power plant in Al Shuaibah, Mecca province. The plant was projected to have a generation capacity of 2,060 MW and commissioned in 2025., December 2022: The development of 10 new renewable energy projects was announced by Saudi Arabia. According to reports, the new renewable energy projects aimed to increase the power produced by solar and wind sources while lowering the usage of fossil fuels, particularly oil, to produce electricity. The announced renewable energy projects would have a combined power generation capacity of 7 GW. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's General Authority of Statistics reports that the nation intends to produce a staggering 15.1 TWh of renewable energy by 2024.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing Diversification of Energy Sources from Oil and Gas to Cleaner Energy Sources4., Supportive Government Policies for Increasing Renewable Power Capacity. Potential restraints include: The Unstable Geopolitics of the Country. Notable trends are: Thermal Power Source to Dominate the Market.

This data for global, regional (EU-27), and country-specific (G20 member countries) energy and emission pathways required to achieve a defined carbon budget of under 450 Gt/CO2, developed to limit the mean global temperature rise to 1.5°C, over 50% likelihood. The data were calculated with the 1.5°C sectorial pathways of the One Earth Climate Model—an integrated energy assessment model devised at the University of Technology Sydney (UTS). The data consist of the following six zip-folder datasets (refer to Section 2 for an explanation of the data): 1. Appendix folder: Each file contains one worksheet, which summarizes the overall 1.5°C scenario. 2. Sector folder (XLSX): Each file contains one worksheet, which summarizes the industry sectors analysed. 3. Sector folder (CSV): The data contained are the same as those described in point 2. 4. Sector emissions folder: Each file contains one worksheet, which summarizes the total annual emissions for each industry sector. 5. Scope emissions folder (XLSX): Each file contains one worksheet, which summarizes the total annual emissions for each industry sector—with the additional specificity of emission scope. 6. Scope emissions folder (CSV): The data contained are the same as those described in point 5. Methods The data consist of the following six zipped dataset folders, each containing 21 separate files for each of the areas assessed. 1. Appendix zip folder: contains 21 XLSX files. Each file contains one worksheet, which summarizes the overall 1.5 °C scenario. This tab is called the ‘Appendix’ and contains: electricity generation (TWh/a), transport—final energy (PJ/a), heat supply and air conditioning (PJ/a), installed capacity (GW), final energy demand (PJ/a), energy-related CO2 emissions (million tons/a), and primary energy demand (PJ/a). 2. Sector zip folder (XLSX): contains 21 XLSX files. Each file contains one worksheet, which summarizes the industry sectors analysed. Key industry metrics are provided, such as the energy and carbon intensities of the GICS sectors analysed. Due to industry specificity—and the choice of methodology—the units of data vary between the different sectors. 3. Sector zip folder (CSV): contains 21 CSV files. The data contained are the same as those described in point 2. However, the data have been organized in a database layout and saved in the CSV file format, significantly improving data parsing. 4. Sector emission zip folder: contains 21 XLSX files. Each file contains one worksheet, which summarizes the total annual emissions (MtCO2/a) for each industry sector. 5. Scope emissions zip folder (XLSX): contains 21 XLSX files. Each file contains one worksheet, which summarizes the total annual emissions (MtCO2/a) for each industry sector—and specifies the emission scopes. This tab also provides an additional breakdown of emissions into the categories of CO2 and total GHG emissions. Two accounting methodologies are presented: (i) the OECM approach, which defines Scope 1 emissions as those related to heat and energy use; and (ii) the production-centric approach, which places the emission burden of other non-energy and Scope 3 emissions on the producer, because they are categorized as Scope 1 emissions. 6. Scope emissions zip folder (CSV): contains 21 CSV files. The data contained are the same as those described in point 5. However, the data have been organized in a database layout and saved in the CSV file format to improve data parsing. The six datasets are summarized in Table 1, with further information on the data presented in the following sub-sections. Table 1: Overview of the data files/datasets

Label

Name of data file/dataset

File types

Data repository and identifier (DOI or accession number)

Dataset 1

Appendix

XLSX

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj82

Dataset 2

Sector_XLSX

XLSX

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj82

Dataset 3

Sector_CSV

CSV

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj82

Dataset 4

Sector_Emission

XLSX

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj82

Dataset 5

Scope_Emission_XLSX

XLSX

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj82

Dataset 6

Scope_Emission_CSV

CSV

https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.cz8w9gj82

1.1. Description of data parameters The datasets contain the following scenario input parameters: 1. Market development: current and assumed development of the demand by sector, such as cement produced, passenger kilometers travelled, or assumed market volume in US$2015 gross domestic product (GDP). 2. Energy intensity—activity based: energy use per unit of service and/or product; for example, in megajoules (MJ) per passenger kilometer travelled (MJ/pkm), MJ per ton of steel (MJ/ton steel), aluminum, or cement. 3. Energy intensity—finance based: energy use per unit of investment in MJ per US$ GDP (MJ/$GDP) contributed by, for example, the forestry or agricultural sector. The dataset contains the following scenario output parameters: 4. Carbon intensity: current and future carbon intensities per unit of product or service; for example, in tons of CO2 per ton of steel produced (tCO2/ton steel) or grams of carbon dioxide per passenger kilometer (gCO2/pkm). 5. Scope 1, 2, and 3 emissions: datasets for each of the industry sectors and countries analysed. In addition to the emissions data, the deviations of the emissions from those of the year 2019 are provided. 6. Country scenarios: complete country scenario datasets of historical data (2012, 2015–2020) and future projections (2025–2050 in 5-year increments). Energy demand and supply data by technology, fuel, and sector are provided, including the overall energy and carbon emissions balance of the country analysed. 1.2. Geographic resolution: country data provided The dataset contains data for the following 21 countries and regions: · Regions: global, EU-27 · Countries: G20 member countries—Canada, USA, Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Germany, France, Italy, United Kingdom, Türkiye, Russian Federation, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, Indonesia, India, China, Japan, South Korea, and Australia 1.3. Sectorial resolution: industry sector data provided The dataset contains data for the following industry sectors: Agriculture & food processing, forestry & wood products, chemical industry, aluminum industry, construction and buildings, water utilities, textile & leather industry, steel industry, cement industry, transport sector (aviation: freight & passenger transport; shipping: freight & passenger transport; and road transport: freight & passenger transport). 1.4. Time resolution The scenario data are provided for the years 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2025, 2030, 2035, 2040, 2045, and 2050.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Solar Energy market size will be USD 95451.6 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.50% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 38180.6 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 28635.4 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 21953.8 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.5% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 4772.5 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.9% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 1909.0 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2024 to 2031.
The Photovoltaic Systems Technology held the highest Solar Energy market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of Soloar Energy Market

Key Drivers of Soloar Energy Market

Increase in energy demand to Increase the Demand Globally: The growth of the global solar energy market is primarily driven by the increasing energy demand due to a surge in population. As the global population continues to rise, especially in developing countries, the energy demand grows proportionally. Urbanization is also accelerating, with more people moving to cities, leading to greater energy needs across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. This rising energy demand is coupled with a growing emphasis on sustainable solutions due to environmental concerns. Solar energy, as a renewable and eco-friendly source, is well-suited to meet this demand without contributing to greenhouse gas emissions or depleting natural resources. Between 1990 and 2019, the world’s total energy supply (TES) increased by 68.2%, exceeding 600 EJ for the first time. This growth was largely driven by Asia, which accounted for 83.6% of the global increase during this period. China’s TES alone grew 4.5 times, making up over a fifth of the world’s TES by 2019. In 2022, solar PV generation saw a record increase of 270 TWh (up 26%), reaching nearly 1,300 TWh. https://unstats.un.org/unsd/energystats/pubs/documents/2022pb-web.pdf https://www.iea.org/energy-system/renewables/solar-pv

Countries Aiming to Achieve Green Energy Targets to Propel Market Growth: A global energy transition is urgently required to limit the increase in average global surface temperature to below 2°C. Consequently, the installation of renewable energy sources is expected to grow significantly in the coming years, driving market expansion. The shift from fossil fuels to low-carbon solutions will be crucial, as energy-related carbon dioxide emissions account for two-thirds of all greenhouse gases. Government initiatives and new energy targets aimed at promoting sustainable energy have positively influenced market growth. For example, Alberta has set a target for 30% of its electricity to be generated from renewable sources by 2030, with interim goals of 15% by 2022, 20% by 2025, and 26% by 2028. Canada’s current installed capacity includes 21.9 GW of wind energy, solar energy, and energy storage. In 2023, the industry added 2.3 GW of new capacity, including over 1.7 GW of new utility-scale wind, nearly 360 MW of new utility-scale solar, 86 MW of new on-site solar, and 140 MW / 190 MWh of energy storage. https://renewablesassociation.ca/by-the-numbers/ https://cleanenergycanada.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/RenewableCost_Report_CleaEnergyCanada_Feb2023.pdf

Key Restraint of Soloar Energy Market

High Investment and Lack of Infrastructure to Limit the Sales: The overall cost of solar PV systems is higher than that of traditional solar panels, which may limit their adoption in residential buildings with comparatively lower energy needs. For instance, installing 15 ground-mounted solar panels with a capacity of 300 watts each would cost approximately USD 14,625, with an additional USD 500 per panel for the mounting structure. This higher initial cost can lead to reduced utilizati...

The United Kingdom’s demand for electricity has been declining since 2005, standing at 318.65 terawatt-hours in 2024. Factors for this decrease include declining population growth in the country, energy efficiency regulations, energy-efficient lighting, and changing consumer habits. Domestic electricity consumption in the UK Households are the largest electricity end-users in the UK. In fact, domestic consumption is the only sector that registered year-over-year growth over the past few years, reaching 93 terawatt-hours in 2023. Nevertheless, the average domestic electricity consumption varied from region to region. Consumption was highest in the East, South East, and South West of England, each registering an average of more than 3,600 kilowatt-hours per household. Declining electricity generation in the UK Keeping up with the decline in demand, electricity generation in the UK has also been decreasing. In 2023, approximately 293 terawatt-hours were produced, the lowest output in at least three decades. Although electricity generation has been declining, renewable generation has increased significantly. As of 2023, renewables accounted for the largest electricity generation capacity in the UK, and that capacity is forecast to more than double by 2050. By 2025, the use of coal is expected to have been completely phased out.

Bitcoin's annualized footprint in electricity consumption reached an all-time high in early 2022, then believed to be higher than the power consumption of Finland. This is according to a source that tries to estimate the energy consumption of Bitcoin (BTC). It does by assuming that miner's costs and income are the same thing: The higher the miner's income, the more powerful machinery it can support. As of May 19, 2025, Bitcoin's energy consumption fell in between the consumption of Australia or the Netherlands. Note, however, there is no central authority where cryptominers report their figures to. Exponential growth As Bitcoin has a maximum supply, the closer the cryptocurrency gets to its limit of 21 million coins, the more effort it takes to mine. Not every cryptocurrency has a maximum supply. Bitcoin, however, stands out as more than 90 percent of all its coins have already been created. This exponential growth cycle indirectly impacts the overall size of the blockchain as well, as it currently grows less fast than it did several years ago. Which countries mine Bitcoin the most? According to the latest available estimates, the United States had a higher Bitcoin mining hashrate than China. This research - using IP addresses from hashers accessing certain Bitcoin mining pools, a method the source admits can lead to issues - was last held in 2022, however. It is generally assumed that the different electricity prices worldwide may impact the decision on where to mine for Bitcoin.

Solar power generation in India has increased considerably in the last few years. In 2024, the country produced roughly 133.81 terawatt-hours of electricity from solar energy. India aims to achieve a total solar capacity of 280 gigawatts by 2030. Solar potential in India India, blessed with about 300 sunny days yearly, experiences a significant influx of solar energy. This annual solar potential surpasses the collective energy output of all available fossil fuel reserves. In 2024, solar power comprised nearly 36 percent of India's renewable potential, marking a substantial shift toward a more sustainable and diverse energy mix. Solar power in Gujarat The Gujarat Renewable Energy Policy introduced by the state's government sets a target to generate 50 perent of renewable energy by 2030. As of March 2024, Gujarat was the leading state, with nearly 2.5 gigawatts of installed rooftop solar capacity.

From 2010 to 2022, global hydroelectric energy production experienced substantial growth, reaching approximately **** petawatt hours in 2022. Hydropower is one of the most widely used and reliable sources of renewable energy, utilizing mechanical structures, such as dams and watermills, to harness energy from the moving water. By 2023, the installed capacity of renewable power worldwide had surpassed four terawatts, with about **** terawatts of this capacity derived from hydropower. Major players in the global hydropower sector China dominates the global hydropower sector, with an installed capacity of ****** gigawatts as of 2023. In 2022 alone, China added ** gigawatts to its hydropower capacity. Brazil and the United States follow with ***** gigawatts and ****** gigawatts of installed capacity, respectively in 2023. These countries are also among the largest consumers of hydropower, with China consuming ***** exajoules, Brazil **** exajoules, Canada **** exajoules, and the United States **** exajoules. Employment in the hydropower sector is similarly heavily concentrated in China, accounting for approximately **** percent of the global workforce in this industry. Economic outlook and challenges The global hydropower market is expected to continue growing, with a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of *** percent projected between 2022 and 2030. This growth trajectory would see the market value increase from *** billion U.S. dollars in 2021 to an estimated ***** billion U.S. dollars by 2030. Despite the many benefits of hydropower, there are notable drawbacks. The construction of hydropower plants can cause significant environmental disruption, including the displacement of communities and wildlife habitats, alteration of water flow, and impacts on local ecosystems. Additionally, the high initial costs of building hydropower plants and their dependence on geographical and climatic conditions presents further challenges.