Ireland, Italy, and Germany had some of the highest household electricity prices worldwide, as of March 2025. At the time, Irish households were charged around 0.45 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour, while in Italy, the price stood at 0.43 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. By comparison, in Russia, residents paid almost 10 times less. What is behind electricity prices? Electricity prices vary widely across the world and sometimes even within a country itself, depending on factors like infrastructure, geography, and politically determined taxes and levies. For example, in Denmark, Belgium, and Sweden, taxes constitute a significant portion of residential end-user electricity prices. Reliance on fossil fuel imports Meanwhile, thanks to their great crude oil and natural gas production output, countries like Iran, Qatar, and Russia enjoy some of the cheapest electricity prices in the world. Here, the average household pays less than 0.1 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. In contrast, countries heavily reliant on fossil fuel imports for electricity generation are more vulnerable to market price fluctuations.

Monthly average retail electricity prices by state from EIA (Residential, Commercial, All Sectors).

In the first half of 2023, the electricity prices for household end users (excluding taxes, levies, and VAT) in France increased by 0.03 euro cents per kilowatt-hour year-over-year. Therefore, the electricity price in the country peaked at 0.19 euro cents per kilowatt-hour.The prices include electricity/basic price, transmission, system services, meter rental, distribution and other services.Find more key insights for the electricity prices for household end users (excluding taxes, levies, and VAT) in countries like Czechia, Hungary, and Italy.

Indonesia Electricity: Average Price: Total data was reported at 1,123.010 IDR/kWh in 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 1,105.110 IDR/kWh for 2017. Indonesia Electricity: Average Price: Total data is updated yearly, averaging 628.140 IDR/kWh from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2018, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,123.010 IDR/kWh in 2018 and a record low of 154.280 IDR/kWh in 1994. Indonesia Electricity: Average Price: Total data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by State Electricity Company. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.RBH001: Average Price: Electricity.

A comprehensive dataset of average residential, commercial, and combined electricity rates in cents per kWh for all 50 U.S. states.

Indonesia Electricity: Average Price: Industrial data was reported at 1,085.300 IDR/kWh in 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 1,088.800 IDR/kWh for 2017. Indonesia Electricity: Average Price: Industrial data is updated yearly, averaging 621.320 IDR/kWh from Dec 1994 (Median) to 2018, with 25 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,142.720 IDR/kWh in 2015 and a record low of 137.750 IDR/kWh in 1994. Indonesia Electricity: Average Price: Industrial data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by State Electricity Company. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Indonesia – Table ID.RBH001: Average Price: Electricity.

Non-household electricity prices increased in Hungary, both for large- and small consumers. In the first half of 2023, customers with an annual consumption of *** to ***** megawatt hours paid a *** euro kilowatt hour price. Electricity generation  Hungary’s energy sector is mostly reliant on nuclear electricity generation, coal, and natural gas, as well as importing electricity from neighboring countries, such as Austria, Ukraine, and Slovakia. The total amount of electricity generated in Hungary in 2020 reached **** terawatt hours, marking a slight increase compared to the previous five years. Nuclear energy  The Paks Nuclear Power Plant, Hungary’s only nuclear power station, started operating in 1982 and has played a crucial role in the country’s energy supply ever since. The power plant has four nuclear reactors that generate approximately half of the country’s electricity. With the support of the Hungarian government, a contract has been signed for expanding the power plant with two further nuclear reactors. However, according to the findings of a survey conducted in 2020, over half of the country’s population was against the expansion.

Dataset comprising data from five day-ahead electricity markets:

Nord pool: The Nord pool day-ahead electricity market, one of the largest European power market. PJM: The zonal prices of the COMED area in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) market. EPEX-FR: The French day-ahead electricity market. EPEX-BE: The Belgian day-ahead electricity market. EPEX-DE: The German day-ahead electricity market. Each market contains 6 years of data (we consider a year to be 364 days to have an integer number of weeks). The specific dates are:

Nord pool: 01.01.2013 – 24.12.2018 PJM: 01.01.2013 – 24.12.2018 EPEX-FR: 09.01.2011 – 31.12.2016 EPEX-BE: 09.01.2011 – 31.12.2016 EPEX-DE: 09.01.2012 – 31.12.2017 Each dataset comprises historical prices and two relevant exogenous inputs based on day-ahead forecasts of price drivers. The day--ahead forecast representing other exogenous inputs are market dependent:

Nord pool: System load + Wind power generation. PJM: System load + Zonal load in the COMED area. EPEX-FR: System load + Generation in France EPEX-BE: System load in France + Generation in France EPEX-DE: Zonal load in the TSO Amprion zone + Aggregated Wind and Solar power generation All datasets are given using the local timezone:

Nord pool: Central European Time (CET) PJM: Eastern Time (ET) EPEX-FR: Central European Time (CET) EPEX-BE: Central European Time (CET) EPEX-DE: Central European Time (CET) For all five datasets, the daylight saving times (DST) are pre-processed by interpolating the missing values in Spring and averaging the values corresponding to the duplicated time indices in Autumn.

DISCLAIMER

We do not own the data, but we simply have gathered it so other researchers can easily test their methods on multiple day-ahead markets. The data has been gathered using the respective websites of each day-ahead market where these data are freely available. The websites we used to gather the data are:

Nord Pool: Nord pool website PJM: PJM website EPEX-FR: ENTSO-E transparency platform + RTE website (French TSO) EPEX-BE: ENTSO-E transparency platform + RTE website (French TSO) + Elia website (Belgian TSO) EPEX-DE: ENTSO-E transparency platform + Amprion TSO website + TenneT website + 50Hertz website

United States Electricity: Average Retail Price: EIA: Residential data was reported at 13.300 0.01 USD/kWh in Aug 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 13.130 0.01 USD/kWh for Jul 2018. United States Electricity: Average Retail Price: EIA: Residential data is updated monthly, averaging 8.590 0.01 USD/kWh from Jul 1976 (Median) to Aug 2018, with 434 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.300 0.01 USD/kWh in Aug 2018 and a record low of 3.600 0.01 USD/kWh in Jan 1977. United States Electricity: Average Retail Price: EIA: Residential data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Energy Information Administration. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.P002: Energy Price.

Electricity Price: Avg: AC: IC: Energy: Above 150000 MWh data was reported at 36.603 Ore/kWh in Dec 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 41.750 Ore/kWh for Jun 2019. Electricity Price: Avg: AC: IC: Energy: Above 150000 MWh data is updated semiannually, averaging 37.802 Ore/kWh from Jun 2017 (Median) to Dec 2019, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50.000 Ore/kWh in Dec 2018 and a record low of 33.000 Ore/kWh in Dec 2017. Electricity Price: Avg: AC: IC: Energy: Above 150000 MWh data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Sweden. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.P002: Electricity Price.

Norway Electricity Price: excl Taxes: Wholesale data was reported at 46.500 Ore/kWh in Sep 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 36.600 Ore/kWh for Jun 2018. Norway Electricity Price: excl Taxes: Wholesale data is updated quarterly, averaging 24.100 Ore/kWh from Mar 1998 (Median) to Sep 2018, with 83 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 49.300 Ore/kWh in Mar 2010 and a record low of 8.400 Ore/kWh in Jun 2000. Norway Electricity Price: excl Taxes: Wholesale data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Norway. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Norway – Table NO.P003: Electricity Price: Wholesale: by Type of Contract.

This table contains consumer prices for electricity and gas. Weighted average monthly prices are published broken down into transport rate, delivery rates and taxes, both including and excluding VAT. These prices are published on a monthly basis. The prices presented in this table were used to compile the CPI up to May 2023. Prices for newly offered contracts were collected. Contract types that are no longer offered, but have been in previous reporting periods, are imputed. The average can therefore diverge from the prices paid for energy contracts by Dutch households.

Data available from January 2018 up to May 2023.

Status of the figures: The figures are definitive.

Changes as of 17 July 2023: This table will no longer be updated. Due to a change in the underlying data and accompanying method for calculcating average energy prices, a new table was created. See paragraph 3.

Changes as of 13 February: Average delivery rates are not shown in this table from January 2023 up to May 2023. With the introduction of the price cap, the average energy rates (delivery rates) of fixed and variable energy contracts together remained useful for calculating a development for the CPI. However, as a pricelevel, they are less useful. Average energy prices from January 2023 up to May 2023 are published in a customized table. In this publication, only data concerning new variable contracts are taken into account

When will new figures be published? Does not apply.

Sweden Electricity Price: Avg: AC: HC: Energy: Between Above 15000 kWh data was reported at 63.081 Ore/kWh in Dec 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 65.422 Ore/kWh for Jun 2019. Sweden Electricity Price: Avg: AC: HC: Energy: Between Above 15000 kWh data is updated semiannually, averaging 58.041 Ore/kWh from Jun 2017 (Median) to Dec 2019, with 6 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 69.000 Ore/kWh in Dec 2018 and a record low of 47.000 Ore/kWh in Jun 2017. Sweden Electricity Price: Avg: AC: HC: Energy: Between Above 15000 kWh data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Statistics Sweden. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Sweden – Table SE.P002: Electricity Price.

India IN: Industry Electricity Price: USD per kWh data was reported at 0.390 USD/kWh in 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.400 USD/kWh for 2018. India IN: Industry Electricity Price: USD per kWh data is updated yearly, averaging 0.380 USD/kWh from Dec 2007 (Median) to 2019, with 13 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.400 USD/kWh in 2018 and a record low of 0.330 USD/kWh in 2010. India IN: Industry Electricity Price: USD per kWh data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data is categorized under Global Database’s India – Table IN.OECD.GGI: Environmental: Environmental Policy, Taxes and Transfers: Non OECD Member: Annual.

In the observed period, weighted average monthly electricity prices on the day-ahead market in Poland increased from ****** zloty/MWh in January 2018 to over ****** zloty/MWh (****** EUR/MWh) in July 2025. The record weighted average price occurred in August 2022, exceeding ***** zloty. Consumption of electricity in Poland Electricity is essential to modern life and vital to every country’s economy. Starting in 1990, the final annual electricity consumption reached a value of ***** terawatt-hours. It eventually grew to *** tWh in 2023, which happened to be a *** percent decrease compared to the previous year. Consumption of solar photovoltaic power has become popular recently, and the capacity of solar photovoltaic per inhabitant in Poland has also significantly increased, rising from just *** watts per inhabitant in 2013 to ***** W/inhab in 2023. In 2023, **** million customers in Poland used electricity with consumption lower than ** megawatt-hours. Electricity production from renewables Throughout the years, there have been different methods and sources of electricity production worldwide. Starting in 2012, the electricity production from solar photovoltaic power generated only *** gigawatt-hours. In 2023, Poland's electricity production volume from solar photovoltaic power reached a peak of over ** terawatt hours. Another source of electricity production was the wind. The production of electricity from wind steadily increased from **** gigawatt-hours in 2000 to ****** gigawatt-hours in 2023. Biogas and biomass also play a significant role in the production of electricity. In 2012, electricity production from biogas and biomass was the highest at around ****** gigawatt-hours. However, in 2022, the production decreased, reaching ***** GWh.

Italy IT: Electricity Price: NH: Between 20000 & 69999 MwH: excl VAT & Other Recoverable Taxes & Levies data was reported at 0.154 EUR/MWh in Jun 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.180 EUR/MWh for Dec 2023. Italy IT: Electricity Price: NH: Between 20000 & 69999 MwH: excl VAT & Other Recoverable Taxes & Levies data is updated semiannually, averaging 0.123 EUR/MWh from Jun 2008 (Median) to Jun 2024, with 33 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.298 EUR/MWh in Dec 2022 and a record low of 0.094 EUR/MWh in Jun 2018. Italy IT: Electricity Price: NH: Between 20000 & 69999 MwH: excl VAT & Other Recoverable Taxes & Levies data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Eurostat. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Italy – Table IT.Eurostat: Electricity Price: Non-Household Consumers.

Hungarian electricity consumers experienced a decrease in the price of electricity from 2020 to 2022, with the price falling to 0.07euros per kilowatt hour (kWh) in the first half of 2022. However, prices increased again to 0.09 euros by the second half of the year and remained at the same level in 2023. Energy in Hungary Hungary uses a diverse range of fuels to generate energy. Nuclear plays a significant role in the Hungarian energy industry, with energy derived from nuclear sources making up nearly half of the country’s energy mix. Hungary’s capacity to generate energy from renewable sources has increased significantly in recent years, climbing from 582 megawatts in 2008, to 3,002 megawatts in 2021. Average electricity prices across Europe When it comes to the average price of household electricity prices in Europe, Hungary has the second lowest prices, following the Netherlands. Hungarian households with an annual consumption of 2,500 kWh to 5,000 kWh could expect to pay 10.03 euro cents per kWh in 2021. In the first half of 2021, Germany had the highest electricity prices of all European countries.