Luxembourg had the highest per capita GHG emissions in the EU-27 in 2022, at 12.5 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e/cap). This was almost double the EU-27 average that year. By comparison, Malta and Sweden had the lowest per capita emissions in 2022, at less around four tCO₂e/cap. Per capita emissions reductions Nearly all EU-27 member states have experienced per capita emissions reductions over the past three decades. Luxembourg's per capita emissions, for example, have fallen by more than 60 percent when compared to 1990 levels. Overall, average EU-27 per capita emissions have dropped by roughly 35 percent since 1990. Who is the EU's largest GHG emitter? In terms of overall emissions, Germany is by far the biggest GHG polluter in the EU-27, having generated some 750 MtCO₂e in 2022. This was almost equal to the combined emissions produced by France and Italy that year.

The average for 2020 based on 27 countries was 5.54 metric tons. The highest value was in Luxembourg: 12.46 metric tons and the lowest value was in Malta: 3.13 metric tons. The indicator is available from 1990 to 2020. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

Per capita total net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the European Union (EU-27) decreased by roughly 1.5 percent in 2022, to some 7.25 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO₂e/cap). Overall, EU per capita GHG emissions have fallen by approximately 35 percent since 1990. Luxembourg had the highest per capita emissions in the EU in 2022, at 14.5 tCO₂e/cap.

The United States has one of the highest road transportation emissions per capita worldwide. The average American emitted roughly 4,500 kilograms of CO2 from road transport in 2018, which was slightly more than in neighboring Canada. The U.S. emits the largest volume of CO2 emissions from road transportation worldwide, followed by China. However, China's emissions per capita are considerably lower than in the U.S.. Low income countries, such as those is South Asia and Africa, have far lower road transportation emissions per capita than in higher income countries. For example, per capita road transportation emissions in Eritrea averaged 63 kg CO2/capita in 2018. This was approximately 70 times less than the per capita emissions in the U.S..

This data-set contains all data resources, either directly downloadable via this platform or as links to external databases, to execute the generic modeling tool as described in D5.4

• 0 generic model
  file: d5.4-generic-model_february-2020.pdf
  Report with methodology and source code for the generic model
• 1.1 COPERNICUS
  https://land.copernicus.eu/local/urban-atlas/urban-atlas-2012?tab=download.%20
  The European Urban Atlas provides reliable, inter-comparable, high-resolution land use and land cover data for 800 Functional Urban Area (FUA) for the 2012 reference year in EEA39 countries.
• 1.2a 1km grid shapefiles for NOx emissions in EU
  The shapefiles are: nox.dbf nox.prj nox.shp nox.shx
• 1.2b 1km grid shapefiles for PM10 emissions in EU
  The shapefiles are: pm10.dbf pm10.prj pm10.shp pm10.shx
• 2.1 Eurostat energy consumption data
  https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/database?p_p_id=NavTreeportletprod_WAR_NavTreeportletprod_INSTANCE_QAMy7Pe6HwI1&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&p_p_col_id=column-2&p_p_col_count=1
• 2.2 JODI gas consumption data
  https://www.jodidata.org/gas/database/data-downloads.aspx
  Complete data series for all products, flows and countries, from January 2009 to one month-old can be downloaded, for free, in a beta version of .csv format.
• 2.3 Meteo data UK
  https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/services/data/datapoint/datapoint-products
• 2.4 Meteo data NL
  https://www.knmi.nl/nederland-nu/klimatologie/daggegevens
• 2.5 hourly electricity load profiles
  https://data.open-power-system-data.org/time_series/
• 3.1 fleet data
  file: 200210_summary_fleet_2016.csv
  Summary of historical fleet for EU28+NO by age and vehicle type: Diesel, CNG, Petrol, Electric, PHEV, LPG
• 3.2 modal shares
  file: 200210_summary_shares.csv
  This data set holds the modal share of different modes, for EU cities at level of vehicle kilometers. Modes considered: bus car heavy duty truck >32t heavy duty truck 16-32t heavy duty truck 3_5-7_5t heavy duty truck 7_5-16t light duty truck metro/tram moped motorcycle passenger train slow mode van
• 3.3 emission factors
  file: 200212_summary_copert_ef.xlsx
  Emission factor for passenger cars (in g/km )from COPERT V, urban conditions. Data dimensions: 1. type: diesel, petrol, CNG, LPG, PHEV (in line with fleet data) 2. pollutant: NOx or PM 3. Peak/off-peak: (P/OP) 4. year of built: YOB
• 5.1 Crude death rates
  http://apps.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/mortality/causeofdeath_query/start.php
  the total number of deaths in a country per year per 1,000 people broken down by age cohort and sex
• 5.2 UN population data
  https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Standard/Population/
  the number of inhabitants at country level broken down by age cohort and sex the time a person has lived broken down by age cohort and sex, and country

Tackling London’s greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is a huge challenge. The impact of these emissions goes far beyond the city’s boundaries. From the electronics we buy and the food we eat to the clothes we wear, most are produced and transported globally.

The Mayor, together with London Councils and ReLondon, has jointly commissioned Leeds University to develop a historic trend of consumption-based emissions for London. It uses the latest available data (running from 2001-2021) on average expenditure on different types of goods and services. This methodology aligns with equivalent national government datasets at the UK level.

Findings

London’s consumption-based emissions in 2021 were around 80 MtCO 2 e. They’ve fallen by 24 per cent since 2001, despite the city’s population increasing by 1.4 million over that time. This means emissions per head have reduced by 35 per cent (from 13.9 to 8.98 tCO 2 e per person).

The biggest drop in consumption-based emissions was between 2008 and 2009 during the global financial crisis, when households’ average spending decreased. Post 2009, emissions stabilised then steadily reduced from 2014 to 2020, bar a small increase from 2017-2018. This period of emissions reduction has been mainly driven by decarbonisation of the UK electricity sector.

The national context

London’s per capita consumption-based footprint is slightly lower than the UK average. It also follows a similar trend in reduction over the same period. However, at a sector level there are some cases where the per capita emissions for Londoners are different, for example:

• Transport – London’s use of transport is unlike any other region in the UK. Private transport emissions are much lower than any other region, and public transport emissions are the highest in the country. As a result, London has the lowest per capita transport emissions of any region and is lower than the UK average. However, London also has one of the highest per capita aviation emissions. Transport emissions were still unusually low in 2021 due to the ongoing impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
• Housing, water, electricity, gas, other fuels – Compared to other regions in the UK, Londoners spend less on heating and power. This is a function of increased household occupancy rather than lower energy bills and more efficient homes.
• Food and drink – Compared to other regions in the UK, Londoners spend less on meat, which contributes to a lower food footprint per capita.

The international context

The Mayor wants to recognise the full environmental impact of London’s consumption by publishing this data. We hope this will encourage more cities to publish their consumption-based emissions data so we can identify similarities and work together to bring these emissions down.

From 2010 to 2019, Estonia had the highest greenhouse gas emissions intensity of employment among all the Central and Eastern European countries. However, from 2020 to 2022, Poland became the country with the highest greenhouse gas emissions intensity in the CEE region, amounting to 20.9 metric tons of greenhouse emissions per employed person.

The United States is the largest contributor to global transportation carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, accouting for 21 percent of the global total in 2023. With 1.7 GtCO₂ produced that year, U.S. emissions from vehicles on land, sea and in the air were almost equal to the combined emissions of China and the European Union's transportation sector's. Per capita emissions In addition to being the biggest overall transportation polluter, the U.S. also has the highest per capita emissions among the sector’s biggest emitters. In 2023, the average American produced five tCO₂ from vehicle usage - roughly twenty times more than the average person in India. Per capita emissions were also high in neighboring Canada, where just over four tCO₂ were emitted per person. Transportation emissions trends While transportation emissions in North America and Europe have seen little change since the turn of the century, those in developing regions have grown rapidly. Transportation emissions in the Asia-Pacific region, for example, more than doubled between 2000 and 2023 to over two GtCO₂. Around half of the region’s emissions are produced in China, where transportation emissions have roughly quadrupled since 2000 owing to rapid economic growth.

The average lifecycle emissions of a Tesla Model 3/Y for personal use were the highest in China compared to the United States and Europe in 2023. In all three regions, grid charging had an considerably higher volume of grams of CO₂ equivalent emissions per mile driven (gCO₂e/mi) compared to solar charging. While the emissions from a grid-charged Tesla Model 3/Y reached 231 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent in China, it stood at 139 gCO₂e/mi and 116 gCO₂e/mi in Europe and the U.S., respectively. Much like grid-charged vehicles, emissions from solar-charged Tesla Model 3/Y vehicles are the lowest in the U.S., with 72 gCO₂e/mi, and the highest in China and Europe.

Einwohner von Katar verursachten im Jahr 2023 durchschnittlich rund 43 Tonnen Kohlenstoffdioxid. Im Vergleich dazu war der energiebedingte Pro-Kopf-CO₂-Ausstoß von US-Amerikanern mit rund 15 Tonnen weniger als halb so groß und von Deutschen mit rund sieben Tonnen Kohlenstoffdioxid deutlich geringer. Durchschnittlich entstanden im Jahr 2023 weltweit 4,7 Tonnen CO₂-Emissionen pro Kopf. Nimmt der CO₂-Verbrauch zu? Kohlenstoffdioxid ist ein Treibhausgas, das überwiegend bei der Verbrennung (beispielsweise von Steinkohle, Holz oder Erdgas) in Anlagen und Motoren entsteht. Die jährliche Menge an CO₂-Emissionen weltweit nimmt immer mehr zu - in den vergangenen rund sieben Jahren jedoch in einem deutlich geringeren Maße. Laut Prognose wird der Kohlenstoffdioxid-Ausstoß bis 2050 weiter zunehmen. Energiebedingte Emissionen als größter CO₂-Verursacher Energiebedingte CO₂-Emissionen entstehen bei der Umwandlung von Energieträgern, beispielsweise in Strom oder Wärme. Energiebedingte Emissionen sind der Sektor mit dem größten CO₂-Ausstoß in Deutschland. In Deutschland werden energiebedingte CO₂-Emissionen insbesondere durch Mineralölprodukte (z.B. Benzin und Kerosin), Erdgas und Braunkohle verursacht. Den weltweiten Vergleich der energiebedingten CO₂-Emissionen führt China an. Deutschland stößt im Vergleich über 90 Prozent weniger CO₂ aus.