Graph and download economic data for Employment Cost Index: Wages and Salaries: Private Industry Workers: Manufacturing (ECIMANWAG) from Q1 2001 to Q2 2025 about ECI, salaries, workers, private industries, wages, private, manufacturing, industry, inflation, and USA.

This scatter chart displays inflation (annual %) against vulnerable employment (% of total employment). The data is about countries.

The table Employment hours earnings is part of the dataset Bureau of Labor Statistics Unemployment and Inflation, available at https://columbia.redivis.com/datasets/ymdq-1a9mgdxff. It contains 7900689 rows across 7 variables.

The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and May 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at *** percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at **** percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By January 2025, the rate dropped to **** percent, signalling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was ****** percent, up from ****** a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

This scatter chart displays vulnerable employment (% of total employment) against inflation (annual %) in Europe. The data is about countries.

In 2023, it was estimated that over 161 million Americans were in some form of employment, while 3.64 percent of the total workforce was unemployed. This was the lowest unemployment rate since the 1950s, although these figures are expected to rise in 2023 and beyond. 1980s-2010s Since the 1980s, the total United States labor force has generally risen as the population has grown, however, the annual average unemployment rate has fluctuated significantly, usually increasing in times of crisis, before falling more slowly during periods of recovery and economic stability. For example, unemployment peaked at 9.7 percent during the early 1980s recession, which was largely caused by the ripple effects of the Iranian Revolution on global oil prices and inflation. Other notable spikes came during the early 1990s; again, largely due to inflation caused by another oil shock, and during the early 2000s recession. The Great Recession then saw the U.S. unemployment rate soar to 9.6 percent, following the collapse of the U.S. housing market and its impact on the banking sector, and it was not until 2016 that unemployment returned to pre-recession levels. 2020s 2019 had marked a decade-long low in unemployment, before the economic impact of the Covid-19 pandemic saw the sharpest year-on-year increase in unemployment since the Great Depression, and the total number of workers fell by almost 10 million people. Despite the continuation of the pandemic in the years that followed, alongside the associated supply-chain issues and onset of the inflation crisis, unemployment reached just 3.67 percent in 2022 - current projections are for this figure to rise in 2023 and the years that follow, although these forecasts are subject to change if recent years are anything to go by.

This data package includes the underlying data, programs, documentation, and background notes for Another reason to raise the Fed’s inflation target: An employment and output boom, PIIE Policy Brief 21-19.

If you use the data, please cite as: Reifschneider, David, and David Wilcox, Another reason to raise the Fed’s inflation target: An employment and output boom, PIIE Policy Brief 21-19, August 2021, Peterson Institute for International Economics.

United States Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Covered Employment data was reported at 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 05 May 2025. United States Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Covered Employment data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Jun 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 259 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 50.117 % in 13 Jan 2025 and a record low of 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. United States Inflation Nowcast: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Covered Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Inflation: Headline.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Employment Services: Temporary Help Services (WPU46310101) from Mar 2009 to Jun 2025 about temporary help, services, commodities, employment, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

This scatter chart displays vulnerable employment (% of total employment) against inflation (annual %) in Oceania. The data is about countries.

This scatter chart displays inflation (annual %) against vulnerable employment (% of total employment) in Georgia. The data is about countries per year.

United States Core PCE Inflation Nowcast: sa: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Covered Employment data was reported at 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 % for 05 May 2025. United States Core PCE Inflation Nowcast: sa: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Covered Employment data is updated weekly, averaging 0.000 % from Apr 2019 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 320 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.818 % in 20 Mar 2023 and a record low of 0.000 % in 12 May 2025. United States Core PCE Inflation Nowcast: sa: Contribution: Labour Market: Unemployment Insurance: Covered Employment data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) Inflation: Core.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Commodity: Employment Services: Employment Placement Services (WPU461101) from Mar 2009 to Jun 2025 about services, commodities, employment, PPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Inflation Survey: Breakeven Inflation: 5-Year data was reported at 4.767 % in 12 May 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 6.256 % for 05 May 2025. United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Inflation Survey: Breakeven Inflation: 5-Year data is updated weekly, averaging 2.759 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 277 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.973 % in 14 Jun 2021 and a record low of 0.053 % in 12 Jul 2021. United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Inflation Survey: Breakeven Inflation: 5-Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Employment: Non Farm Payroll.

The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 (IRA) became law on August 8, 2022. Under the law, new qualifying renewable and/or carbon-free electricity generation projects constructed in certain areas of the US, called energy communities, are eligible for bonus worth an additional 10% to the value of the production tax credit or a 10 percentage point increase in the value of the investment tax credit. The IRA does not explicitly map or list these specific communities. Instead, eligible communities are defined by a series of qualifications:

a brownfield site,

a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) or non-metropolitan statistical area with either (a) 0.17% or greater employment or (b) 25% or greater local tax revenues related to the extraction, processing, transport, or storage of coal, oil, or natural gas; and an unemployment rate at or above the national average for the previous year, or

a census tract containing or adjacent to (a) a coal mine closed after December 31, 1999 or (b) a coal-fired electric generating unit retired after December 31, 2009.

These maps and data layers contain GIS data for coal mines, coal-fired power plants, fossil energy related employment, and brownfield sites. Each record represents a point, tract or metropolitan statistical area and non-metropolitan statistical area with attributes including plant type, operating information, GEOID, etc. The input data used includes:

Brownfields – Source: EPA. No analysis was performed on this data layer. However, tract polygon layers have a column denoting brownfield presence (0 for no brownfield site, 1 if the tract contains a brownfield somewhere within the polygon).

Eligible Employment MSAs (“Final_Employment_Qualifying_MSAs”) – Source: US Census County Business Patterns. MSAs and non-MSA regions with employment over 0.17% in the fossil fuel industry (defined here as NAICS codes 211, 2121, 213, 23712, 324, 4247, and 486) and unemployment greater than or equal to 3.9% (the average national unemployment rate in 2021, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics).

--Possibly Eligible MSAs (“FossilFuel_Employment_Qualifying_MSAs”) are MSA and non-MSA regions that meet or exceed the 0.17% employment in the fossil fuel industry threshold but do not exceed the unemployment threshold.

--Relevant columns include:

  a) SUM_nhgis0: Total employment in 2020.


  b) SUM_nhgis1: Total unemployment in 2020.


  c) P_Unemp: Percent unemployment in 2020.


  d) Q_Unemp: Boolean column indicating if the MSA or non-MSA’s unemployment rate is at or above the national average of 3.9%.


  e) FF_Qual: Boolean column indicating if the MSA or non-MSA had employment in the fossil fuel industry at or above 0.17% in the past 11 years.


  f) final_Qual: Boolean column indicating if an MSA or non-MSA qualifies for both unemployment rate and fossil fuel employment under the IRA.

Retired Power Plants – Source: EIA via HFLID. Qualifying power plants were selected by use of coal in at least one generator, and if they were retired (RET_DATE) on or after January 1, 2010. This data goes through December 2021.

--Adjacent tract data was derived by Cecelia Isaac using ESRI ArcGIS Pro.

Abandoned Coal Mines – Source: MSHA. Mines labeled “Abandoned”, “Abandoned and Sealed” or “NonProducing” between January 1, 2000 and September 2022.

--Adjacent tract data was derived by Cecelia Isaac using ESRI ArcGIS Pro.

5) US State Borders– Source: IPUMS NHGIS.

Also included here are polygon shapefiles for Onshore Wind and Solar Candidate Project Areas from Princeton REPEAT. These files have been updated to include columns related to the energy communities.

New columns include:

CoalPlantTract: Boolean column indicating if the CPA is within a tract that qualifies because of a retired coal plant.

CoalMineTract: Boolean column indicating if the CPA is within a tract that qualifies because of a closed coal mine.

FossilFuelEmp: Boolean column indicating if the CPA is within an MSA or non-MSA with greater than or equal to 0.17% employment in the fossil fuel industry.

UnempQualification: Boolean column indicating if the CPA is within an MSA or non-MSA with greater than or equal to 0.17% employment in the fossil fuel industry.

MSA_non_to: The code of the MSA or non-MSA area that contains the CPA.

P_Unemp: The percent unemployment of the MSA or non-MSA that contains the CPA in 2021.

Significantly more large companies than SMEs in Poland supported their employees during inflation in 2022. Micro companies were more likely than SMEs to offer employees paid overtime.

This scatter chart displays inflation (annual %) against vulnerable employment (% of total employment) in Italy. The data is filtered where the date is 2021. The data is about countries per year.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Offices of Lawyers: Labor and Employment Legal Services (PCU541110541110A) from Dec 2014 to Jun 2025 about legal, labor, services, employment, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Inflation Survey data was reported at 6.686 % in 12 May 2025. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8.402 % for 05 May 2025. United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Inflation Survey data is updated weekly, averaging 5.716 % from Jan 2020 (Median) to 12 May 2025, with 277 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 52.892 % in 28 Jun 2021 and a record low of 0.453 % in 31 May 2021. United States Non Farm Payroll Nowcast: sa: MoM: Contribution: Inflation Survey data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by CEIC Data. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.CEIC.NC: CEIC Nowcast: Employment: Non Farm Payroll.

Graph and download economic data for Producer Price Index by Industry: Professional Employer Organizations: Co-Employment Staffing (PCU5613305613301) from Jun 1994 to Jun 2025 about professional, employment, PPI, industry, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.