Introduction of a power generation price cap across Europe for combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants could result in a considerable decrease in European energy bills. In a price cap scenario, the total increase in European energy bills in 2022 compared to the previous year is estimated to total *** billion euros. Meanwhile, an increase in energy bills of more than *** billion euros is the estimated result when no price cap is introduced.

This table contains consumer prices for electricity and gas. Weighted average monthly prices are published broken down into transport rate, delivery rates and taxes, both including and excluding VAT. These prices are published on a monthly basis. The prices presented in this table were used to compile the CPI up to May 2023. Prices for newly offered contracts were collected. Contract types that are no longer offered, but have been in previous reporting periods, are imputed. The average can therefore diverge from the prices paid for energy contracts by Dutch households.

Data available from January 2018 up to May 2023.

Status of the figures: The figures are definitive.

Changes as of 17 July 2023: This table will no longer be updated. Due to a change in the underlying data and accompanying method for calculcating average energy prices, a new table was created. See paragraph 3.

Changes as of 13 February: Average delivery rates are not shown in this table from January 2023 up to May 2023. With the introduction of the price cap, the average energy rates (delivery rates) of fixed and variable energy contracts together remained useful for calculating a development for the CPI. However, as a pricelevel, they are less useful. Average energy prices from January 2023 up to May 2023 are published in a customized table. In this publication, only data concerning new variable contracts are taken into account

When will new figures be published? Does not apply.

Households in Great Britain will have their energy bills capped at 2,500 British pounds per year from October 2022 onwards, due to the measures introduced by the UK government in September of 2022. This will result in savings of around 1,050 for the average household, compared with the previous price cap, which was set to increase to 3,459 per year.

The UK inflation rate was 3.5 percent in April 2025, up from 2.6 percent in the previous month, and the fastest rate of inflation since February 2024. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the UK experienced seven months of double-digit inflation, which peaked at 11.1 percent in October 2022. Due to this long period of high inflation, UK consumer prices have increased by over 20 percent in the last three years. As of the most recent month, prices were rising fastest in the communications sector, at 6.1 percent, but were falling in both the furniture and transport sectors, at -0.3 percent and -0.6 percent respectively.
The Cost of Living Crisis High inflation is one of the main factors behind the ongoing Cost of Living Crisis in the UK, which, despite subsiding somewhat in 2024, is still impacting households going into 2025. In December 2024, for example, 56 percent of UK households reported their cost of living was increasing compared with the previous month, up from 45 percent in July, but far lower than at the height of the crisis in 2022. After global energy prices spiraled that year, the UK's energy price cap increased substantially. The cap, which limits what suppliers can charge consumers, reached 3,549 British pounds per year in October 2022, compared with 1,277 pounds a year earlier. Along with soaring food costs, high-energy bills have hit UK households hard, especially lower income ones that spend more of their earnings on housing costs. As a result of these factors, UK households experienced their biggest fall in living standards in decades in 2022/23. Global inflation crisis causes rapid surge in prices The UK's high inflation, and cost of living crisis in 2022 had its origins in the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the initial waves of the virus, global supply chains struggled to meet the renewed demand for goods and services. Food and energy prices, which were already high, increased further in 2022. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 brought an end to the era of cheap gas flowing to European markets from Russia. The war also disrupted global food markets, as both Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of cereal crops. As a result of these factors, inflation surged across Europe and in other parts of the world, but typically declined in 2023, and approached more usual levels by 2024.

The system marginal price (SMP) for electricity in South Korea stood at around ******South Korean won per kilowatt-hour as of March 2025. The South Korean government introduced the SMP ceiling system at the end of 2022, which limits the wholesale price at which Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) purchases electricity from power generation companies to protect energy consumers during times of price fluctuations. KEPCO is a public institution responsible for the distribution of electricity in South Korea. In the last 10 years, electricity consumed per capita in South Korea has seen a steady increase. Sustainable energy sources in South Korea South Korea imports over ** percent of its energy, which primarily originates from fossil fuels. But as demand continues to rise, the country needs to look for more sustainable options for residents to maintain the same standard of living. One such option is solar energy. Indeed, the government has already invested in solar energy, newly installing multiple megawatts worth of solar power generators yearly. Private solar power installations in South Korea The amount of solar power for private use in South Korea is likely to rise as more people look toward installing their own solar panels to meet their energy needs. Panels that can be attached to the outside railings of apartments as well as on building rooftops are available for private installation. The government has encouraged these efforts through subsidies.

The average annual domestic electricity bill in the United Kingdom saw an overall increase from 2014 to 2024 and boomed in 2023. In this period, households with an annual consumption of ***** kilowatt-hours saw bills rise from *** to ***** British pounds, including value-added tax. The household expenditure on electricity in the UK amounted to approximately **** billion current British pounds in 2023. Direct debit payments consistently cheaper In the period under consideration, the annual bill for an electricity consumption of ***** kilowatt-hours was consistently more expensive for consumers using standard credit as a method of payment, averaging ***** real British pounds in 2024. From 2016 onwards, consumers using the prepayment method paid less than standard credit consumers and, in 2022, their bill was the least expensive, at *** real British pounds. Electricity prices on the rise Household electricity prices in the UK have doubled in the past decade for both consumer groups. Despite the UK government setting a tariff cap to protect consumers, the UK’s power market was greatly impacted by the global energy crisis. In August 2022, electricity prices in Great Britain peaked at *** British pounds per megawatt-hour, over four times the price compared to August the following year.

The Gas Utilities industry comprises all stages required to deliver gas to end users in France, including generation, transmission, distribution and supply. France is almost entirely dependent on imports for its natural gas supply, cutting gas generation and transmission out of the supply chain. This means the industry is dominated by gas supply, though distribution also plays a key role in transporting gas from import terminals to end users. De-industrialisation has spurred a long-term decline in gas consumption in France, with decarbonisation efforts accelerating this downward trend in recent years. Despite falling consumption, revenue is forecast to expand at a compound annual rate of 12.3% over the five years through 2025, reaching €46 billion. Gas suppliers have been hit by volatility in global energy markets in recent years. Declining gas consumption and falling wholesale market prices spurred a slump in revenue during the pandemic, with a higher number of defaults on customer bills spurring also eating into profitability. Revenue bounced back in 2021 as geopolitical tensions spurred rapid growth in wholesale prices, leading to widespread tariff increases. Following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, a renewed surge in natural gas prices necessitated government intervention through the introduction of a tariff shield. While this limited revenue growth and constrained profitability in household and small business gas supply markets in 2022, the absence of a price cap for large energy users contributed to strong revenue growth. Although natural gas prices dropped by more than two-thirds in 2023, revenue remained well above 2021 levels, as ongoing uncertainty and the abolishment of regulated prices made companies reluctant to cut tariffs significantly. Natural gas prices continued to come down in 2024 and are showing signs of stabilising in 2025. However, this is yet to translate into widespread tariff reductions, owing to ongoing volatility in global commodity markets and a recent hike in GRDF’s distribution tariff. Still, revenue is forecast to decline by 8.4% in 2025.Over the five years through 2030, revenue is slated to fall at a compound annual rate of 0.2% to €45.6 billion. Intensified competition following the de-regulation of prices should limit the scope for significant tariff increases as natural gas prices continue to stabilise. In line with climate goals, gas consumption is set to drop 20% by 2030, weighing on growth prospects. The integration of renewable gases is set to continue to inflate distribution charges, while presenting opportunities for gas suppliers to target eco-conscious households and businesses.

The average gas price in Great Britain in May 2025 was 82.59 British pence per therm. This was seven pence higher than the same month the year prior and follows a trend of increasing gas prices. Energy prices in the UK Energy prices in the UK have been exceptionally volatile throughout the 2020s. Multiple factors, such as a lack of gas storage availability and the large share of gas in heating, have exacerbated the supply issue in the UK that followed the Russia-Ukraine war. This has also led to many smaller suppliers announcing bankruptcy, while an upped price cap threatened the energy security of numerous households. The United Kingdom has some of the highest household electricity prices worldwide. How is gas used in the UK? According to a 2023 survey conducted by the UK Department for Energy Security and Net Zero, 58 percent of respondents used gas as a heating method during the winter months. On average, household expenditure on energy from gas in the UK stood at some 24.9 billion British pounds in 2023, double the amount spent just two years prior.

The Non-Hazardous Waste Treatment and Disposal industry has faced many changes, including landfill site closures and new investment in treatment facilities. A dip in waste volumes plus government policies to boost recycling and waste treatment have elevated demand for non-hazardous waste treatment and disposal. Waste incineration generates useful by-products like electricity, steam and compost, elevating revenue and investment in energy from waste plants. Revenue is anticipated to fall at a compound annual rate of 0.4% to £4.2 billion over the five years through 2024-25, including estimated revenue growth of 0.6% in 2024-25. The average profit margin is expected to rise to 16.8%. Waste treatment and disposal services ensure waste handlers earn a living, especially from selling electricity to the grid. The move away from landfilling provides opportunities for EfW to sell electricity to the electricity grid. Energy prices surged in 2022-23, enhancing returns for waste incinerators and driving investment in these plants, expanding the average profit margin. Energy prices are cooling off in 2024-25 due to a fall in Ofgem’s price cap in July 2024, downing returns from burning waste for electricity. Energy prices remain high as of March 2025, reaching £143.40 per megawatts, making burning waste attractive for EfW operators. Revenue is projected to rise at a compound annual rate of 2.8% to £4.8 billion over the five years through 2029-30. Landfill closures are set to continue, limiting capacity, which will raise landfill taxes. Rising landfill taxes will push up costs for waste disposal, encouraging waste companies to focus on collecting recyclable waste. Players must adjust to more stringent environmental standards, so more waste will be diverted from landfills. Producing green energy will enhance the average profit margin for EfW operators because energy prices will remain high in the short term. Large companies are set to invest in new EfW plants.

Crude Oil rose to 68.75 USD/Bbl on July 11, 2025, up 3.27% from the previous day. Over the past month, Crude Oil's price has risen 1.04%, but it is still 16.37% lower than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Crude Oil - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on July of 2025.

In 2024, natural gas prices for UK businesses with an annual consumption greater than 27,778 megawatt hours stood at 4.49 pence per kilowatt-hour, while for industries with lower annual consumption, prices were 5.64 pence per kilowatt-hour.

Low income households in Estonia may be required to use up to 25 percent of their income for energy bills in 2022, the highest share of any country in Europe. The rising inflation amid worsening energy supply issues are hitting the poorest particularly hard. In the United Kingdom, price caps (the maximum amount that energy suppliers are allowed to charge per annum) have already been raised significantly and are expected to increase further over the coming months. Here, households in the lowest 20th percentile could see around 15 percent of their income going towards covering electricity and heating costs.

On January 1, 2025, the largest volume of Russian crude oil shipments went to India, at around ******* metric tons per day based on a 30-day running average. Since the beginning of 2022, the shipments to the European Union (EU) and the United States have decreased significantly. Both the EU and the U.S. imposed sanctions on oil imports from Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The EU banned seaborne crude oil imports starting from December 5, 2022, while the U.S. banned all imports of oil and petroleum products from Russia on March 8, 2022. Existing deals had to be ended by April 22, 2022. Furthermore, the G7, the EU, and Australia imposed a price cap of 60 U.S. dollars per barrel from December 5, 2022, to reduce Russia's energy export revenue, which is one of its largest sources of income. Which countries started buying more oil from Russia? Faced with Western sanctions on Russian oil, Russia increased crude oil shipments to China, India, Turkey, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates. In fact, China contributed the most to Russia's oil export revenue since the war in Ukraine, at approximately *** billion euros as of January 2025. However, the oil price ceiling imposed in December 2022 could make it more difficult for Russia to export to non-Western countries, too. This is because the policy also applies to tankers that belong to the sanctioning countries, as well as those insured or financed by them. For instance, Russian oil cannot be transported to Turkey for a price above the market cap if it is insured by EU or United Kingdom (UK) companies. How much does Russia earn from oil exports? Crude oil has traditionally been the main source of fuel and energy export revenue of Russia. Between February 24, 2022, and January 30, 2025, Russia earned around *** billion euros from oil exports, including crude oil and refined products. Over the same period, EU countries paid around *** billion euros for Russian oil.

The Western Canadian Select (WCS) oil price has experienced significant fluctuations over the past two decades, reflecting the volatile nature of global oil markets. In 2024, the annual average WCS oil price reached ***** U.S. dollars per barrel, a slight increase from the previous year. This price movement is part of a broader trend in the oil industry, where prices have been influenced by various economic and geopolitical factors. What impacts oil prices? Oil prices have been on a rollercoaster ride since the early 2000s, with dramatic fluctuations observed in OPEC Reference Basket oils. For instance, the Saharan Blend from Algeria saw its price rise from about ** U.S. dollars per barrel in 2002 to over *** U.S. dollars a decade later, before settling at ***** U.S. dollars in 2023. These price swings have been driven by major events such as the 2008 global financial crisis, the 2020 coronavirus pandemic, and the 2022 energy supply crisis following the Russia-Ukraine war. The volatility in oil prices has had far-reaching impacts on global economies and energy markets as they impact manufacturers and consumers. How regionally important crudes can influence the global economy While WCS prices reflect trends in the North American market, other regional benchmarks provide insights into global oil dynamics. For example, Dubai Crude (Fateh), an important benchmark for Asia, averaged ***** U.S. dollars per barrel in 2023, down from ***** U.S. dollars the previous year. Similarly, Russia's Urals crude oil, a major export brand, saw its price fluctuate in response to global events and policy decisions, such as the price cap imposed by the G7, EU, and Australia in December 2022. These regional variations highlight the complex interplay of supply, demand, and geopolitical factors in shaping global oil prices.

The cost of UK ETS carbon permits (UKAs) was around *** GBP in February 2023, but prices have fallen considerably since then. Prices on January 16, 2025 were just ***** GBP, down ** percent from the same date the previous year. Formerly part of the EU ETS, the UK launched its own cap-and-trade system in 2021 following Brexit. Why has the UK’s carbon price fallen? Several factors have contributed to falling UK carbon prices, including mild winter weather and reduced power demand, as well as a surplus of carbon allowances on the market. While prices have recovered marginally from the record lows, they remain markedly below carbon prices on the EU ETS. The low cost of UK carbon permits has raised concerns that it could deter investment in renewable energy. Future of UK ETS The UK ETS covers emissions from domestic aviation and the industry and power sectors, amounting to some ** percent of the country’s annual GHG emissions. There are plans to expand the system over the coming years to cover CO₂ venting by the upstream oil and gas sector, domestic maritime emissions, and energy from waste and waste incineration. The UK is also looking to introduce a carbon border adjustment mechanism, which would place a carbon price on certain emissions-intensive industrial goods imported to the UK.