Dataset Description Title: Electricity Market Dataset for Long-Term Forecasting (2018–2024)

Overview: This dataset provides a comprehensive collection of electricity market data, focusing on long-term forecasting and strategic planning in the energy sector. The data is derived from real-world electricity market records and policy reports from Germany, specifically the Frankfurt region, a major European energy hub. It includes hourly observations spanning from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2024, covering key economic, environmental, and operational factors that influence electricity market dynamics. This dataset is ideal for predictive modeling tasks such as electricity price forecasting, renewable energy integration planning, and market risk assessment.

Features Description Feature Name Description Type Timestamp The timestamp for each hourly observation. Datetime Historical_Electricity_Prices Hourly historical electricity prices in the Frankfurt market. Continuous (Float) Projected_Electricity_Prices Forecasted electricity prices (short, medium, long term). Continuous (Float) Inflation_Rates Hourly inflation rate trends impacting energy markets. Continuous (Float) GDP_Growth_Rate Hourly GDP growth rate trends for Germany. Continuous (Float) Energy_Market_Demand Hourly electricity demand across all sectors. Continuous (Float) Renewable_Investment_Costs Investment costs (capital and operational) for renewable energy projects. Continuous (Float) Fossil_Fuel_Costs Costs for fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas. Continuous (Float) Electricity_Export_Prices Prices for electricity exports from Germany to neighboring regions. Continuous (Float) Market_Elasticity Sensitivity of electricity demand to price changes. Continuous (Float) Energy_Production_By_Solar Hourly solar energy production. Continuous (Float) Energy_Production_By_Wind Hourly wind energy production. Continuous (Float) Energy_Production_By_Coal Hourly coal-based energy production. Continuous (Float) Energy_Storage_Capacity Available storage capacity (e.g., batteries, pumped hydro). Continuous (Float) GHG_Emissions Hourly greenhouse gas emissions from energy production. Continuous (Float) Renewable_Penetration_Rate Percentage of renewable energy in total energy production. Continuous (Float) Regulatory_Policies Categorical representation of regulatory impact on electricity markets (e.g., Low, Medium, High). Categorical Energy_Access_Data Categorization of energy accessibility (Urban or Rural). Categorical LCOE Levelized Cost of Energy by source. Continuous (Float) ROI Return on investment for energy projects. Continuous (Float) Net_Present_Value Net present value of proposed energy projects. Continuous (Float) Population_Growth Population growth rate trends impacting energy demand. Continuous (Float) Optimal_Energy_Mix Suggested optimal mix of renewable, non-renewable, and nuclear energy. Continuous (Float) Electricity_Price_Forecast Predicted electricity prices based on various factors. Continuous (Float) Project_Risk_Analysis Categorical analysis of project risks (Low, Medium, High). Categorical Investment_Feasibility Indicator of the feasibility of energy investments. Continuous (Float) Use Cases Electricity Price Forecasting: Utilize historical and projected price trends to predict future electricity prices. Project Risk Classification: Categorize projects into risk levels for better decision-making. Optimal Energy Mix Analysis: Analyze the balance between renewable, non-renewable, and nuclear energy sources. Policy Impact Assessment: Study the effect of regulatory and market policies on energy planning. Long-Term Strategic Planning: Provide insights into investment feasibility, GHG emission reduction, and energy market dynamics. Acknowledgment This dataset is based on publicly available records and market data specific to the Frankfurt region, Germany. The dataset is designed for research and educational purposes in energy informatics, computational intelligence, and long-term forecasting.

Renewable energy holds a remarkable role in clean energy adaptation due to the much lower carbon footprint it releases compared to other fossil fuels. It also has a positive impact by slowing down the rate of climate change. The study has examined the links between renewable and non-renewable energy use, CO2 emissions and economic growth in developed, developing, and LDCs and Economies in Transition between 1990 and 2019 in 152 countries. Granger-causality has been used as the methodology to investigate the link between the variables. The findings of the existing studies on the relationship between the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and economic growth are inconsistent, indicating that there may or may not be a relationship between the two factors. Apart from having a few empirical studies so far have examined the link between the above-mentioned variables, analysis has yet to encompass all the regions in the four sub-groups discussed above. The results indicated that no Granger-causal relationship exists between GDP and REC outside of Economies in Transition. Additionally, the GDP and CO2 of all countries have a one-way relationship. Nevertheless, research indicates that GDP and CO2 have a bi-directional link in Economies in Transition, a uni-directional relationship in developing countries, and no meaningful association in developed and LDCs. Therefore, it is essential to emphasise actions to lower CO2 emissions and develop renewable energy while also stimulating the economy. Ultimately, more nations should choose renewable energy sources to build a more sustainable future.

China consumes by far the most electricity of any country in the world, with more than 8,000 terawatt-hours equivalent consumed in 2023. The United States ranked as the second-leading electricity consumer that year, with over 4,000 terawatt-hours consumed. India followed, but by a wide margin. Large population, high consumption? The world's top three electricity consumers constitute the countries with the largest population. India has the largest population with over 1.4 billion people, while consuming less than one fifth of the electricity of China. Meanwhile, countries such as Pakistan and Nigeria, which boasted the fifth and sixth-largest population size worldwide, did not rank among the top 20 electricity consumers. GDP and electricity consumption Countries with a high GDP per capita like the United States provide their residents greater average purchasing power. Countries with higher-income residents tend to be more urbanized, leading to higher electricity consumption. The U.S. stands among the ten-largest electricity consumers per capita in the world, with Iceland and Norway leading the ranking.

Thailand Data Center Power Market Size was valued at USD 456 Million in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 753 Million by 2032, growing at a CAGR of 6.4% from 2026 to 2032.

Thailand Data Center Power Market Drivers

Government Initiatives: Thailand's digital economy has expanded quickly under the Thailand 4.0 policy framework. According to the Digital Economy Promotion Agency (DEPA), Thailand's digital economy will be worth 727 billion baht (about $21.5 billion) in 2023, accounting for almost 17% of the GDP and rising at a rate of 10.4% per year. The government intends to grow this to 25% of GDP by 2027. The Thailand Board of Investment (BOI) has also created specific incentives for data center investments, including tax breaks of up to eight years for projects worth more than one billion baht. Since adopting these incentives, the BOI has authorized about 15 billion baht (roughly $444 million) in data center investments from 2021 to 2023.

Increase in Internet Use and Mobile Connectivity: Thailand's internet penetration is expected to reach 85.3% in 2023, with over 60 million users, as reported by the National Broadcasting and Telecommunications Commission (NBTC). Thai internet users spend an average of 9 hours and 38 minutes online daily, making it one of the highest rates globally. Mobile data consumption has also seen a significant increase, with mobile data traffic rising from 16 exabytes in 2021 to over 25 exabytes in 2023, marking a 56% growth over two years. This surge in internet and mobile data usage is driving up the demand for data center electricity capacity, as more infrastructure is required to support this growing digital landscape.

Renewable Energy Integration in Data Centres: Thailand's Ministry of Energy has set lofty renewable energy objectives under the Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP), seeking to boost renewable energy's proportion of the entire energy mix to 30% by 2037. The Energy Regulatory Commission reported that power consumption from data centers in Thailand is expected to reach 240 megawatts by 2025, with an annual growth rate of roughly 12%. The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) reports that more than 25% of new data center projects in Thailand include on-site renewable energy generation, predominantly solar PV, with an average capacity of 2-5 megawatts per installation. This tendency is projected to intensify as Thailand imposes stronger environmental laws on energy-intensive businesses.

Egypt Power EPC Market size was valued at USD 714.67 Billion in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 941.08 Billion by 2031, growing at a CAGR of 3.5% from 2024 to 2031.

Key Market Drivers:

Rapid Industrialization and Infrastructure Development: Egypt's rapid industrialization and infrastructural development have considerably contributed to its economic growth, with GDP expected to rise by 5.6% in 2021, aided by the industrial, construction, and Suez Canal sectors (Ministry of Planning and Economic Development). Egypt's Ministry of Electricity and Renewable Energy wants to invest USD 8 Billion to enhance electricity generation capacity by 2024, with the goal of diversifying power sources through new solar, wind, and natural gas plants.

Rising Demand for Electricity: Egypt's power demand increased by 4.9% year on year in 2021, hitting 217 terawatt-hours, driven by increased urbanization, industrial activity, and population expansion.

Renewable energy holds a remarkable role in clean energy adaptation due to the much lower carbon footprint it releases compared to other fossil fuels. It also has a positive impact by slowing down the rate of climate change. The study has examined the links between renewable and non-renewable energy use, CO2 emissions and economic growth in developed, developing, and LDCs and Economies in Transition between 1990 and 2019 in 152 countries. Granger-causality has been used as the methodology to investigate the link between the variables. The findings of the existing studies on the relationship between the consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy sources and economic growth are inconsistent, indicating that there may or may not be a relationship between the two factors. Apart from having a few empirical studies so far have examined the link between the above-mentioned variables, analysis has yet to encompass all the regions in the four sub-groups discussed above. The results indicated that no Granger-causal relationship exists between GDP and REC outside of Economies in Transition. Additionally, the GDP and CO2 of all countries have a one-way relationship. Nevertheless, research indicates that GDP and CO2 have a bi-directional link in Economies in Transition, a uni-directional relationship in developing countries, and no meaningful association in developed and LDCs. Therefore, it is essential to emphasise actions to lower CO2 emissions and develop renewable energy while also stimulating the economy. Ultimately, more nations should choose renewable energy sources to build a more sustainable future.

Consolidated Open Source Global Development Dataset (COSGDD)

Executive Summary

Motivation

Welcome to the Consolidated Open Source Global Development Dataset (COSGDD)!

The Consolidated Open Source Global Development Dataset (COSGDD) was created to address the growing need for accessible, consolidated, and diverse global datasets for education, research, and policy-making. By combining data from publicly available, open-source datasets, COSGDD provides a one-stop resource for analyzing key socio-economic, environmental, and governance indicators across the globe.

Streamlit Dashboard Link (The LIME explanation graph will take time to load) - https://cosgdd.streamlit.app/ Github Code Repo Link - https://github.com/AkhilByteWrangler/Consolidated-Open-Source-Global-Development-Dataset

Overview

Imagine having a magical map of the world that shows you not just the roads and mountains but also how happy people are, how much money they make, how clean the air is, and how fair their governments are. This dataset is that magical map - but in the form of organized data!

It combines facts and figures from trusted sources to help researchers, governments, companies, and YOU understand how the world works and how to make it better.

Why Does This Dataset Exist?

The world is complicated. Happiness doesn’t depend on just one thing like money; it’s also about health, fairness, relationships, and even how clean the air is. But these pieces of the puzzle are scattered across many places. This dataset brings everything together in one place, making it easier to:
- Answer big questions like:
- What makes people happy?
- Is wealth or freedom more important for well-being?
- How does urbanization affect happiness?
- Find patterns and trends across countries.
- Make smart decisions based on real-world data.

Who Should Use This Dataset?

This dataset is for anyone curious about the world, including:
- Researchers: Study connections between happiness, governance, and sustainability.
- Policy Makers: Design better policies to improve quality of life.
- Data Enthusiasts: Explore trends and patterns using statistics or machine learning.
- Businesses: Understand societal needs to improve Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR).

Description of Data

This dataset consolidates data from well-established sources such as the World Happiness Report, The Economist Democracy Index, environmental databases, and more. It includes engineered features to deepen understanding of well-being and sustainability.

Core Features

• Happiness Metrics:
  • Life Ladder: Self-reported happiness scores.
• Economic Indicators:
  • Log GDP per capita: Log-transformed measure of wealth.
  • Tax Revenue: Government revenue as a share of GDP.
• Social Indicators:
  • Social support: Proportion of people with reliable social networks.
  • Freedom to make life choices: Self-reported freedom levels.
• Environmental Metrics:
  • Total Emissions: Aggregated greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Renewables Production: Share of renewable energy production.
• Governance Indicators:
  • Democracy_Index: Quantitative measure of democratic governance.
  • Rule_of_Law_Index: Assessment of the legal system’s strength.
• Engineered Features:
  • Freedom_Index: Combines wealth and freedom.
  • Generosity_Per_Dollar: Normalized generosity against GDP.
  • Environmental_Bonus: Evaluates environmental efficiency relative to economic output.
  • See full documentation for more.

Core Columns

1. Country

• Unit: Country name as a string.
• Source: Sourced from all contributing datasets (e.g., World Happiness Report, UN datasets).
• Significance:
  Identifies the geographic region for the data. Essential for country-specific analyses, comparisons, and aggregations.

2. Year

• Unit: Year as an integer (e.g., 2024).
• Source: Included across all datasets.
• Significance:
  Indicates the time frame of the data. Vital for studying trends, changes over time, and time-series modeling.

Happiness Metrics

3. Life Ladder

• Unit: Scale from 0 (worst possible life) to 10 (best possible life).
• Source: World Happiness Report.
• Significance:
  Captures subjective well-being based on self-reported happiness. A central measure for studying the quality of life globally.

4. Log GDP per Capita

• Unit: Logarithmic transformation of GDP per capita in constant international dollars.
• Source: World Happiness Report, based on World Bank data.
• Significance:
  Provides a no...

Dependent variable Carbon dioxide CE CO2 emissions measured as metric tons per capita Independent variables Environmental regulation ER Ratio of total wastewater discharge to total industrial output value Ratio of sulfur dioxide emission to total industrial output value Comprehensive utilization rate of industrial solid waste Renewable energy technology innovation RET Number of renewable energy patents Number of wind power patents Solar Photovoltaic Patents Marine Energy Patents Control variables Economic growth Pgdp Total output (total GDP, i.e., total output of social goods and services)/total population Urbanization URB % of total population Industrialization IND % of GDP Industrial structure upgrade ISU Ratio of added value of tertiary sector to added value of secondary sector

Explore the Saudi Arabia World Development Indicators dataset , including key indicators such as Access to clean fuels, Adjusted net enrollment rate, CO2 emissions, and more. Find valuable insights and trends for Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, China, and India.

Indicator, Access to clean fuels and technologies for cooking, rural (% of rural population), Access to electricity (% of population), Adjusted net enrollment rate, primary, female (% of primary school age children), Adjusted net national income (annual % growth), Adjusted savings: education expenditure (% of GNI), Adjusted savings: mineral depletion (current US$), Adjusted savings: natural resources depletion (% of GNI), Adjusted savings: net national savings (current US$), Adolescents out of school (% of lower secondary school age), Adolescents out of school, female (% of female lower secondary school age), Age dependency ratio (% of working-age population), Agricultural methane emissions (% of total), Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added (current US$), Agriculture, forestry, and fishing, value added per worker (constant 2015 US$), Alternative and nuclear energy (% of total energy use), Annualized average growth rate in per capita real survey mean consumption or income, total population (%), Arms exports (SIPRI trend indicator values), Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values), Average working hours of children, working only, ages 7-14 (hours per week), Average working hours of children, working only, male, ages 7-14 (hours per week), Cause of death, by injury (% of total), Cereal yield (kg per hectare), Changes in inventories (current US$), Chemicals (% of value added in manufacturing), Child employment in agriculture (% of economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in manufacturing, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in manufacturing, male (% of male economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in services (% of economically active children ages 7-14), Child employment in services, female (% of female economically active children ages 7-14), Children (ages 0-14) newly infected with HIV, Children in employment, study and work (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children in employment, unpaid family workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children in employment, wage workers (% of children in employment, ages 7-14), Children out of school, primary, Children out of school, primary, male, Claims on other sectors of the domestic economy (annual growth as % of broad money), CO2 emissions (kg per 2015 US$ of GDP), CO2 emissions (kt), CO2 emissions from other sectors, excluding residential buildings and commercial and public services (% of total fuel combustion), CO2 emissions from transport (% of total fuel combustion), Communications, computer, etc. (% of service exports, BoP), Condom use, population ages 15-24, female (% of females ages 15-24), Container port traffic (TEU: 20 foot equivalent units), Contraceptive prevalence, any method (% of married women ages 15-49), Control of Corruption: Estimate, Control of Corruption: Percentile Rank, Upper Bound of 90% Confidence Interval, Control of Corruption: Standard Error, Coverage of social insurance programs in 4th quintile (% of population), CPIA building human resources rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA debt policy rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA policies for social inclusion/equity cluster average (1=low to 6=high), CPIA public sector management and institutions cluster average (1=low to 6=high), CPIA quality of budgetary and financial management rating (1=low to 6=high), CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high), Current education expenditure, secondary (% of total expenditure in secondary public institutions), DEC alternative conversion factor (LCU per US$), Deposit interest rate (%), Depth of credit information index (0=low to 8=high), Diarrhea treatment (% of children under 5 who received ORS packet), Discrepancy in expenditure estimate of GDP (current LCU), Domestic private health expenditure per capita, PPP (current international $), Droughts, floods, extreme temperatures (% of population, average 1990-2009), Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Bachelor's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least completed lower secondary, population 25+, female (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least completed primary, population 25+ years, total (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, male (%) (cumulative), Educational attainment, at least Master's or equivalent, population 25+, total (%) (cumulative), Electricity production from coal sources (% of total), Electricity production from nuclear sources (% of total), Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment in industry (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment in services, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment to population ratio, 15+, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate), Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate), Energy use (kg of oil equivalent per capita), Export unit value index (2015 = 100), Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), Exports of goods, services and primary income (BoP, current US$), External debt stocks (% of GNI), External health expenditure (% of current health expenditure), Female primary school age children out-of-school (%), Female share of employment in senior and middle management (%), Final consumption expenditure (constant 2015 US$), Firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax officials (% of firms), Firms experiencing losses due to theft and vandalism (% of firms), Firms formally registered when operations started (% of firms), Fixed broadband subscriptions, Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people), Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP), Forest area (% of land area), Forest area (sq. km), Forest rents (% of GDP), GDP growth (annual %), GDP per capita (constant LCU), GDP per unit of energy use (PPP $ per kg of oil equivalent), GDP, PPP (constant 2017 international $), General government final consumption expenditure (current LCU), GHG net emissions/removals by LUCF (Mt of CO2 equivalent), GNI growth (annual %), GNI per capita (constant LCU), GNI, PPP (current international $), Goods and services expense (current LCU), Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Government Effectiveness: Percentile Rank, Lower Bound of 90% Confidence Interval, Government Effectiveness: Standard Error, Gross capital formation (annual % growth), Gross capital formation (constant 2015 US$), Gross capital formation (current LCU), Gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP), Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, male (% of relevant age group), Gross intake ratio in first grade of primary education, total (% of relevant age group), Gross national expenditure (current LCU), Gross national expenditure (current US$), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (constant LCU), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure (current US$), Households and NPISHs Final consumption expenditure, PPP (constant 2017 international $), Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure: linked series (current LCU), Human capital index (HCI) (scale 0-1), Human capital index (HCI), male (scale 0-1), Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12-23 months), Import value index (2015 = 100), Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), Incidence of HIV, ages 15-24 (per 1,000 uninfected population ages 15-24), Incidence of HIV, all (per 1,000 uninfected population), Income share held by highest 20%, Income share held by lowest 20%, Income share held by third 20%, Individuals using the Internet (% of population), Industry (including construction), value added (constant LCU), Informal payments to public officials (% of firms), Intentional homicides, male (per 100,000 male), Interest payments (% of expense), Interest rate spread (lending rate minus deposit rate, %), Internally displaced persons, new displacement associated with conflict and violence (number of cases), International tourism, expenditures for passenger transport items (current US$), International tourism, expenditures for travel items (current US$), Investment in energy with private participation (current US$), Labor force participation rate for ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate), Development

Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, China, India Follow data.kapsarc.org for timely data to advance energy economics research..

In Terms of Revenue, Seamless market was the Leading segment with 58.67% Share of total Oil Country Tubular Goods Market. In Terms of Revenue, Well Casing was the Leading segment with 34.06% Share of total Oil Country Tubular Goods Market. In Terms of Revenue, Onshore was the Leading segment with 58.13% Share of total Oil Country Tubular Goods Market. North America was the dominated region with 34.06% of total revenue market share. The mounting oil and gas industry drives the growth of the oil-country tubular goods market Oil and gas are non-renewable sources of energy. The world has showcased high dependence on oil and gas products to meet and fulfil a wide array of requirements right from personal, to residential, commercial, and industrial needs. Thus, increasing demand and dependency on oil and gas has been estimated which drives the growth of the oil and gas market. The increasing population and growing industrialization further drive the demand for oil and gas products.

According to the study, global petroleum consumption in 2018 was almost 100 million units of barrels per day.
According to U.S. Energy Information Administration in 2021, U.S. petroleum consumption averaged about 19.78 million barrels per day (b/d).

The oil and gas industry plays a vital role in the economy of the associated nations. As all nations are not blessed with oil and gas reservoirs, the blessed nation always has an upper hand when it comes to the distribution of oil and gas among other nations which is directly related to the national economy. Thus, several countries and oil and gas companies are directing themselves toward the exploration and extraction of oil and gas from conventional and unconventional oil resources which required advanced drilling and piping systems

According to American Petroleum Institute, the oil and gas industry’s total impact on US GDP was nearly $1.7 trillion, accounting for 7.9 percent of the national total in 2019 and it supports 10.3 million jobs in the United States

Further emerging trends such as the internet of things, AI, robotics, automation, big-data analytics, blockchain, and other technologies are expected to change the dimensions of oil and gas refineries. The rising deployment of advanced technology such as hydraulic horizontal drilling and fracturing technology is also boosting the growth of the Oil Country Tubular Goods market. Pipeline plays a significant role in the transport of natural gas right from the collection of products from the source to the shipment and storage of oil or liquefied natural gas (LNG). Thus, the mounting oil and gas industry drives the growth of the oil country tubular goods market. Restrain factor for Oil Country Tubular Goods Market

The world is dealing with several nature-related problems such as global warming, depletion of non-renewable resources, etc. Thus, in order to reduce the dependency on non-renewable resources like oil and gas, fossil fuels, etc. several government and nongovernment authorities are promoting the usage of alternative renewable energy sources. Moreover, owing to the high cost associated with exploration, production, import, and supply disruption of oil and gas, several governments are also taking demand restraint measures to reduce oil consumption in the country. As there is mounting usage and acceptance of renewable energy, a reduction in oil and gas consumption is been observed. Thus, the depletion of oil and gas reservoirs and reduced demand for oil and gas may act as a restraining factor for the oil country tubular goods market.

Key opportunity of Market.

Increased interest in offshore oil drilling ventures will create humongous growth opportunities.

Players in the global oil country tubular goods market will be set to reap tremendous revenue as a result of the increased interest of the global oil majors in offshore oil drilling ventures. These ventures involve the exploitation of petroleum reservoirs located beneath the surface of oceans rather than the conventional mainland reservoirs. In the last few years, offshore drilling schemes have gone skyrocketing at an outstanding rate. Most part of the discovered ocean is yet unknown and researchers opine that the top of oceans has tremendous amounts of crucial petroleum reserves. That is why an increased regional governments' as well as private operators' interest came to explore investing in off...

A nation’s ability to maintain a lower level of environmental degradation is considered pivotal for achieving a robust living standard. This study evaluates the short- and long-term effects of Bangladesh’s GDP, energy consumption (ENC), food production index (FPI), and life expectancy at birth (LEB) on CO2 emission using time series data over the period 1990–2021. In doing so, the study uses an Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing model. The short-run disequilibrium behavior of the variables is also captured using the Error Correction Model (ECM). Then, the Granger causality test was applied to identify the causal relationship between variables. The outcome reveals a long-term relationship between variables. While ENC has a significant positive impact on CO2 emissions per capita, GDP per capita exhibits a significant negative impact. Additionally, if there is any departure from equilibrium, the rate of return to equilibrium is about 67.30%. The study also found a unidirectional causal relationship between CO2 emission per capita to GDP per capita and the bidirectional causal relationship between CO2 emission per capita and FPI. Building upon the obtained results, future efforts to promote living standards can be better achieved by matching the most suitable factors for their effective response to the environment. Therefore, the study suggests that the government should promote alternative energy sources like renewable energy, carbon pricing, energy-efficient technology, eco-friendly agricultural practices, higher economic growth, and life expectancy to reduce environmental deterioration and promote living standards simultaneously.

In the first quarter of 2025, the growth of the real gross domestic product (GDP) in China ranged at *** percent compared to the same quarter of the previous year. GDP refers to the total market value of all goods and services that are produced within a country per year. It is an important indicator of the economic strength of a country. Real GDP is adjusted for price changes and is therefore regarded as a key indicator for economic growth. GDP growth in China In 2024, China ranged second among countries with the largest gross domestic product worldwide. Since the introduction of economic reforms in 1978, the country has experienced rapid social and economic development. In 2013, it became the world’s largest trading nation, overtaking the United States. However, per capita GDP in China was still much lower than that of industrialized countries. Until 2011, the annual growth rate of China’s GDP had constantly been above nine percent. However, economic growth has cooled down since and is projected to further slow down gradually in the future. Rising domestic wages and the competitive edge of other Asian and African countries are seen as main reasons for the stuttering in China’s economic engine. One strategy of the Chinese government to overcome this transition is a gradual shift of economic focus from industrial production to services. Challenges to GDP growth Another major challenge lies in the massive environmental pollution that China’s reckless economic growth has caused over the past decades. China’s development has been powered mostly by coal consumption, which resulted in high air pollution. To counteract industrial pollution, further investments in waste management and clean technologies are necessary. In 2017, about **** percent of GDP was spent on pollution control. Surging environmental costs aside, environmental issues could also be a key to industrial transition as China placed major investments in renewable energy and clean tech projects. The consumption of green energy skyrocketed from **** exajoules in 2005 to **** million in 2022.

In 2020, the extractive industries, including oil and natural gas, accounted for the largest share of real gross domestic product (GDP) in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), representing just over ** percent. The wholesale and retail trade industries followed closely at approximately **** percent. Conventional versus renewable energy In the United Arab Emirates, extractive industries have long been the backbone of the domestic economy, contributing over *** billion UAE Dirham to the country’s GDP in 2020. The UAE has also been ranked among the global leaders in crude oil production. However, the country is diverging from such conventional energy sources for the sake of a more environmentally sustainable economy. The UAE is working towards ** percent of renewable energy by 2030, while the UAE Strategy 2050 further targets a contribution of ** percent of clean energy to the energy mix. Non-oil economic sectors on the rise Despite the availability of vast deposits of fossil fuels and the country’s historical dependency on these natural resources, the UAE has also been striving towards a more diversified economy. Among the country’s non-oil industries, tourism and hospitality have contributed significantly to domestic economic growth. The pandemic-delayed Dubai Expo 2020 has cushioned the initial shock of COVID-19, offering a worthwhile opportunity for recovery and growth for the UAE tourism-related industries.

As of 2023, renewable energy accounted for nearly ** percent of the total electricity capacity in Nigeria. The share experienced a steep decrease between 2016 and 2022. On the contrary, the total renewable energy capacity in Africa has been keeping an upward trend.