The highest average temperature recorded in 2024 until November was in August, at 16.8 degrees Celsius. Since 2015, the highest average daily temperature in the UK was registered in July 2018, at 18.7 degrees Celsius. The summer of 2018 was the joint hottest since institutions began recording temperatures in 1910. One noticeable anomaly during this period was in December 2015, when the average daily temperature reached 9.5 degrees Celsius. This month also experienced the highest monthly rainfall in the UK since before 2014, with England, Wales, and Scotland suffering widespread flooding. Daily hours of sunshine Unsurprisingly, the heat wave that spread across the British Isles in 2018 was the result of particularly sunny weather. July 2018 saw an average of 8.7 daily sun hours in the United Kingdom. This was more hours of sun than was recorded in July 2024, which only saw 5.8 hours of sun. Temperatures are on the rise Since the 1960s, there has been an increase in regional temperatures across the UK. Between 1961 and 1990, temperatures in England averaged nine degrees Celsius, and from 2013 to 2022, average temperatures in the country had increased to 10.3 degrees Celsius. Due to its relatively southern location, England continues to rank as the warmest country in the UK.

England's highest monthly mean air temperatures are typically recorded in July and August of each year. Since 2015, the warmest mean temperature was measured in July 2018 at 18.8 degrees Celsius. On the other hand, February of that same year registered the coolest temperature, at 2.6 degrees Celsius. In April 2025, the mean air temperature was 10.3 degrees Celsius, slightly higher than the same month the previous year. The English weather England is the warmest region in the United Kingdom and the driest. In 2024, the average annual temperature in England amounted to 10.73 degrees Celsius – around 1.1 degrees above the national mean. That same year, precipitation in England stood at about 1,020 millimeters. By contrast, Scotland – the wettest region in the UK – recorded over 1,500 millimeters of rainfall in 2024. Temperatures on the rise Throughout the last decades, the average temperature in the United Kingdom has seen an upward trend, reaching a record high in 2022. Global temperatures have experienced a similar pattern over the same period. This gradual increase in the Earth's average temperature is primarily due to various human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, which lead to the emission of greenhouse gases. This phenomenon has severe consequences, including more frequent and intense weather events, rising sea levels, and adverse effects on human health and the environment.

The annual mean temperature in the United Kingdom has fluctuated greatly since 1990. Temperatures during this period were at their highest in 2022, surpassing ** degrees Celsius. In 2010, the mean annual temperature stood at **** degrees, the lowest recorded during this time. Daily temperatures Average daily temperatures have remained stable since the turn of the century, rarely dropping below ** degrees Celsius. In 2010, they dropped to a low of **** degrees Celsius. The peak average daily temperature was recorded in 2022 when it reached **** degrees. This was an increase of *** degree Celsius compared to the long-term mean, and the most positive deviation during the period of consideration. Highs and lows The maximum average temperature recorded across the UK since 2015 was in July 2018. This month saw a maximum temperature of **** degrees Celsius. In comparison, the lowest monthly minimum temperature was in February of the same year, at just minus *** degrees. This was an especially cold February, as the previous year the minimum temperature for this month was *** degrees.

There were around 15 rainy days in the United Kingdom in July 2024. A rainday is when one millimeter or more of rain occurs in a day. The highest number of rain days was recorded in December 2015, at 22.2 The fourth quarter was the wettestThe wettest periods of the year tend to be the start and the end. In 2023, the fourth quarter was the wettest, with an average of 419 mm of rainfall. October and December of that year recorded the highest monthly rainfall levels at 177 and 189 mm, respectively. Regional weatherDue to the United Kingdom’s geographical location and landscape, weather conditions can vary greatly. Scotland is, on average, the wettest country. Most rainfall is concentrated in the Scottish Highlands, as precipitation often occurs in mountainous regions. As rainfall comes in from the Atlantic, the northern and western parts of the UK are most susceptible to precipitation. This explains why England is the driest of all the regions, as rain deposits reduce as they move east.

The United Kingdom experienced an average of 1,242.1 millimeters of rainfall in 2024, a decrease of 5.8 percent in comparison to the previous year. While 2024 saw substantial rainfall, it did not surpass the thus-far peak of the century, with 1,373 millimeters of rain recorded in 2000. Regional variations and seasonal patterns Rainfall distribution across the UK is far from uniform, with Scotland and Wales consistently receiving the highest annual precipitation. In 2024, they recorded an average of 1,571.7 millimeters and 1,600.8 millimeters, respectively, significantly above the UK’s average. This disparity is largely due to both countries’ mountainous terrain, which is more susceptible to Atlantic weather systems. Seasonally, the wettest months in the UK typically occur in the winter, with the highest precipitation levels seen between November and February. Climate change impact on UK weather Climate change is influencing UK weather patterns, leading to warmer and wetter conditions overall. While annual rainfall fluctuates, there is a trend towards more extreme weather events. For example, 2020 and 2022 saw rain deviations from the long-term mean in the UK of more than 100 millimeters in February. As weather patterns continue to evolve, monitoring rainfall trends remains crucial for understanding and adapting to a changing climate.

The average temperature across the United Kingdom presented a trend of continuous growth since 1961. During the first period, from 1961 to 1990, the country recorded an average temperature of 8.3 degrees Celsius. In the next period, from 1991 to 2020, the UK's average temperature increased by 0.8 degrees Celsius and increased further by 0.5 degrees Celsius between 2014 and 2023. In the latter year, figures remained at 10 degrees Celsius, 1.7 degrees warmer than the average recorded between 1961 and 1990, illustrating the effects of climate change. Nevertheless, 2022 was the warmest year in the United Kingdom.

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'''DEFINITION''' The CMEMS NORTHWESTSHELF_OMI_TEMPSAL_extreme_var_temp_mean_and_anomaly_obs OMI indicator is based on the computation of the 99th and the 1st percentiles from in situ data (observations). It is computed for the variable sea surface temperature measured by in situ buoys at depths between 0 and 5 meters. The use of percentiles instead of annual maximum and minimum values, makes this extremes study less affected by individual data measurement errors. The percentiles are temporally averaged, and the spatial evolution is displayed, jointly with the anomaly in the target year. This study of extreme variability was first applied to sea level variable (Pérez Gómez et al 2016) and then extended to other essential variables, sea surface temperature and significant wave height (Pérez Gómez et al 2018).

'''CONTEXT''' Sea surface temperature (SST) is one of the essential ocean variables affected by climate change (mean SST trends, SST spatial and interannual variability, and extreme events). In Europe, several studies show warming trends in mean SST for the last years. An exception seems to be the North Atlantic, where, in contrast, anomalous cold conditions have been observed since 2014 (Mulet et al., 2018; Dubois et al. 2018). Extremes may have a stronger direct influence in population dynamics and biodiversity. According to Alexander et al. 2018 the observed warming trend will continue during the 21st Century and this can result in exceptionally large warm extremes. Monitoring the evolution of sea surface temperature extremes is, therefore, crucial. The North-West Self area comprises part of the North Atlantic, where this refreshing trend has been observed, and the North Sea, where a warming trend has been taking place in the last three decades (e.g. Høyer and Karagali, 2016).

'''CMEMS KEY FINDINGS''' The mean 99th percentiles showed in the area present a range from 14ºC in the North West of the British Isles, 18-19ºC in the English Channel and North Sea to 20-21ºC in the Kattegat Sea. The standard deviation ranges from 0.6ºC in the English Channel and 0.8ºC in the North West of the British Isles to 1.2/1.5ºC in the buoys around Denmark. Results for this year show a general positive anomaly between +0.3ºC and +0.7ºC in the North West of the British Isles, English Channel and the Kattegat Sea, around their corresponding standard deviation and a higher positive anomaly (+1.7ºC) in Helgoland (North Sea) slightly above the standard deviation.

""Note: The key findings will be updated annually in November, in line with OMI evolutions.

'''DOI (product):''' https://doi.org/10.48670/moi-00274

The wettest months in the United Kingdom tend to be at the start and end of the year. In the period of consideration, the greatest measurement of rainfall was nearly 217 millimeters, recorded in December 2015. The lowest level of rainfall was recorded in April 2021, at 20.6 millimeters. Rainy days The British Isles are known for their wet weather, and in 2024 there were approximately 164 rain days in the United Kingdom. A rainday is when more than one millimeter of rain falls within a day. Over the past 30 years, the greatest number of rain days was recorded in the year 2000. In that year, the average annual rainfall in the UK amounted to 1,242.1 millimeters. Climate change According to the Met Office, climate change in the United Kingdom has resulted in the weather getting warmer and wetter. In 2022, the annual average temperature in the country reached a new record high, surpassing 10 degrees Celsius for the first time. This represented an increase of nearly two degrees Celsius when compared to the annual average temperature recorded in 1910. In a recent survey conducted amongst UK residents, almost 80 percent of respondents had concerns about climate change.

The data set contains the timeseries of long-period magnetotelluric data collected at 44 sites in Great Britain during the SWIMMR-SAGE project 2021-2023. At each site, five channels were recorded with a 1s sampling rate: The magnetic field components (north-south Bx, east-west By, and the vertical component Bz) were measured using a fluxgate magnetometer manufactured from Lemi, Lviv, Ukraine. The horizontal electric field (north-south Ex, east-west Ey) was recorded using non-polarizable electrodes. The installations were performed by BGS staff following the manufacturers guidelines and best practices. For each site, a folder containing the timeseries data and a pdf containing all relevant metadata are provided. Format: YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS BX BY BZ EX EY Magnetic values in units of nT (10^-9 T). Electric field values are in mV/km. A BGS open report has been published on the NERC Open Research Archive (NORA) describing the motivation, site selection and data collection. It is referenced in the metadata and can be found here: https://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/537960/

The annual number of rain days in the UK has fluctuated over the past three decades. In 2024, there were *** days in which * mm or more of rain fell. The year with the greatest number of rain days was 2000 when ***** days had at least * mm of rain. England is the driest country in the UK England is on average the driest country in the United Kingdom. In 2024, the country recorded an annual rainfall of **** mm. After England, Northern Ireland is the country that receives the least amount of rainfall across the UK. Wettest regions in Britain Despite Cardiff being the wettest city in the United Kingdom according to the Met Office, Scotland had received on average the largest volume of annual rainfall in the past 10 years. The northern and western regions of the UK – where rainfall is arriving from the Atlantic – tend to be the wettest in the country.

1) The Laboratory LINTE^2 is a large research infrastructure operated by the Faculty of Electrical and Control Engineering at Gdańsk University of Technology, to be found in Gdańsk, Poland (54.3690 N, 18.6130 E). 2) The measurements have been collected from a photovoltaic power plant located on the roof of the laboratory, having total capacity of 33 kWp. Electrical data have been gathered from three PV inverters (SMA Sunny Tripower type, indicated in the dataset by the suffixes: _inv#1, _inv#2, _inv#3), while data of weather conditions have been gathered from two meteorological stations (SMA Weather Station type, indicated in the dataset by the suffixes: _met#1, _met#2).3) Raw measurements have been collected in the SCADA system of the laboratory. The dataset has been prepared using a script in MATLAB software that has converted data from the SCADA data flies into CSV file(s). The script has also eliminated incorrect data (indicated as NaN ) that might have happened due to failures of power plant devices or the SCADA system.4) Date range of the dataset is from 1 Jan 2016 till 30 Sep 2021 (further additions of data are foreseen). The name of the file in the dataset indicates the date range of the dataset, using the following date format for the start and the end dates: yyyymmdd.5) Time step of the measurements is 30 minutes.6) The dataset is organized as follows:

Wind speed averages in the United Kingdom are generally highest in the first and fourth quarters of each calendar year – the winter months. Since 2010, the UK’s highest wind speed average was recorded in the first quarter of 2020, at 11.5 knots. During this period, 2010 was the only year that had the greatest wind speeds outside the winter months, with an average of 8.4 knots in the third quarter. In 2024, wind speeds ranged between a low of 7.9 knots in the third quarter and 9.4 knots in the first quarter. With few exceptions, UK wind speeds generally average at least eight knots annually. 2015 marked the year with the highest average wind speed in the UK (since the beginning of the reporting period in 2001), reaching an average of 9.4 knots. Wind power The UK has some of the best wind conditions in Europe for wind power. By 2023, there were 39 offshore wind farms operating across the UK, by far the most in Europe. Meanwhile, offshore wind power additions in the UK reached 1.14 gigawatts that same year. Quarterly rainfall Another weather phenomenon, UK rainfall also tends to be heaviest in the winter months. The average rainfall in the second quarter of 2024 was 254.5 millimeters, with figures in 2011 spiking to 738.6 millimeters. That year, precipitation levels in some parts of Scotland were the highest in one hundred years, while southern parts of England kept remarkably dry.

Between 2001 and 2024, the average rainfall in the United Kingdom varied greatly. In 2010, rainfall dropped to a low of 1,020 millimeters, which was a noticeable decrease when compared to the previous year. However, the following year, rainfall increased significantly to a peak of 1,889 millimeters. During the period in consideration, rainfall rarely rose above 1,500 millimeters. In 2024, the annual average rainfall in the UK surpassed 1,386 millimeters. Monthly rainfall On average, rainfall is most common at the start and end of the year. Between 2014 and 2024, monthly rainfall peaked in December 2015 at approximately 217 millimeters. This was the first of only two times during this period that the average monthly rainfall rose above 200 millimeters. This was a deviation from December’s long-term mean of some 134 millimeters. Rainfall highest in Scotland In the United Kingdom, rain is often concentrated around mountainous regions such as the Scottish Highlands, so it is no surprise to see that – on average – it is Scotland that receives the most rainfall annually. However, in 2024, Wales received the highest rainfall amounting to approximately 1,600 millimeters. Geographically, it is the north and west of the United Kingdom that receives the lion's share of rain, as it is more susceptible to rainfall coming in from the Atlantic.