Abstract

The main aim and objectives of the census is to provide benchmark statistics and a comprehensive profile of the population and households of Niue at a given time. This information obtained from the census is very crucial and useful in providing evidence to decision making and policy formulation for the Government, Business Community, Local Communities or Village Councils, Non Government Organisations of Niue and The International Communities who have an interest in Niue and its people.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual/Person
• Members Oversea

Universe

All households in Niue and all persons in the household including those temporarily overseas and those absent for not more than 12 months.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The questionaire was published in English, a translated questionnaire was on hand when on demand by the respondent.

The questionnaire design differed slightly from the design of previous census questionnaires. As usual, government departments were asked to submit a list of questions on any specific topic they would like to add. Responses were not forthcoming in this census, although a few new questions were included.

There were two types of questionaires used in the census: the household questionaire and the individual questionnaire. An enumerator manual was prepared to assist the enumerators in their duties.

The questionnaire was pre-tested by the enumerators before they were to go out for field enumeration.

Cleaning operations

Census processing began as soon as questionaires were checked and coded. Forms were checked, edited and coded before being entered into the computer database.

Data processing was assisted by the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) using the computer software program CSPro for data entry and for generating tables. Tables were then exported to Excel for analysis.

Occupation and Industry were coded using the United Nations International Standard Classification of Occupation and International Standard Industrial Classification.

It is standard practice that as each area was completed the forms were first checked by the field supervisors for missing information and obvious inconsistencies. Omissions and errors identified at this stage were corrected by the enumerators.

The next stage was for the field supervisors to go through the completed forms again in the office to check in more detail for omissions and logical inconsistencies. Where they were found, the supervisors were responsible to take the necessary action.

Once the questionnaires had been thoroughly checked and edited, they were then coded in preparation for data processing.

Checking, editing and coding of the questionnaires in office were done after normal working hours as to ensure that the confidentiality of the survey is well observed.

Abstract

The Census is the official count of population and dwellings in Tonga, providing a ‘snapshot’ of the society and its most precious resource, its people, at a point in time. The official reference period of the census was midnight, the 30th of November, 2006.

The census provides a unique source of detailed demographic, social and economic data relating the entire population at a single point in time. Census information is used for policy setting and implementation, research, planning and other decision-making. The census is often the primary source of information used for the allocation of public funding, especially in areas such as health, education and social policy. The main users of this information are the government, local authorities, education facilities (such as schools and tertiary organizations), businesses, community organizations and the public in general.

The 2006 Census was taken under the authority of Section 8 of Statistical Act Chap. 53 of 1978 which empowers the Minister of Finance to make regulations necessary to conduct the population Census. This regulation was approved by the Cabinet and cited as Census Regulation 2006. The Census regulations also indicate that the Government Statistician would be responsible for the administration and completion of the Census. In addition, the regulations enabled the Statistics Department to carry out the necessary activities required to plan, manage and implement all the necessary Census activities.

Census planning and management

From a planning and management perspective, the Census had two main objectives. Firstly, it was to ensure that the process of collecting, compiling, evaluating, analyzing and disseminating of demographic, economic and social data was conducted in a timely and accurate manner. The development of procedures and processes for the 2006 Census of Population and Housing made use of the lessons learned in previous censuses, and built upon recommendations for improvements.

Secondly, it was a valuable opportunity for building the capacities of employees of the Statistics Department (SD), thus resulting in enhancing the image, credibility and reputation of the Department and at the same time, strengthening its infrastructure. Emphasis was placed on having a senior staff with a wide perspective and leadership qualities. Through the use of vision, planning, coordination, delegation of responsibility and a strong team spirit, the census work was conducted in an effective and efficient manner. Staffs at all levels were encouraged to have an innovative mindset in addressing issues. Incentives for other parties to participate, both within Statistics Department Tonga Tonga 2006 Census of Population and Housing viii and outside the government, were encouraged. As a result, the wider community including donors such as AusAID, the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) in Noumea, that provided the technical assistance and the general public, were able to support the census project.

Extensive and detailed planning is needed to conduct a successful census. Areas that required planning include: enumeration procedures and fieldwork, public communication, data processing and output systems, mapping and the design of census block boundaries, dissemination procedures, content determination and questionnaire development and training. These aspects, and how they interacted with each other, played a crucial role in determining the quality of all of the census outputs. Each phase therefore required careful, methodical planning and testing. The details of such activities, and their implementation and responsibilities were assigned to 5 subcommittees composed of staff members of the SD.

Organizational structure of the Census

A census organizational structure is designed to implement a number of interrelated activities. Each of these activities was assigned to a specific sub-committee. The census manuals provided guidelines on processes, organizational structures, controls for quality assurance and problem solving. The challenge for managers was developing a work environment that enabled census personnel to perform all these tasks with a common goal in mind. Each sub-committee was responsible for its own outputs, and specific decisions for specific situations were delegated to the lowest level possible. Problem situations beyond the scope of the sub-committee were escalated to the next higher level.

The organizational structure of the census was as follows: a) The Steering Committee (consisting of the Head of both Government and nongovernment organizations), chaired by Secretary for Finance with the Government Statistician (GS) as secretary. b) The Census Committee (consisted of all sub-committee leaders plus the GS, and chaired by the Assistant Government Statistician (AGS) who was the officer in charge of all management and planning of the Census 2006 operations. c) There were five Sub-committees (each sub-committee consisted of about 5 members and were chaired by their Sub-committee leader). These committees included: Mapping, Publicity, Fieldwork, Training and Data Processing. In this way, every staff member of the SD was involved with the census operation through their participation on these committees.

The census steering committee was a high level committee that approved and endorsed the plans and activities of the census. Policy issues that needed to be addressed were submitted to the steering committee for approval prior to the census team and sub-committees designation of the activities necessary to address the tasks.

Part of the initial planning of the 2006 Census involved the establishment of a work-plan with specific time frames. This charted all activities that were to be undertaken and, their impact and dependencies on other activities. These time frames were an essential part of the overall exercise, as they provided specific guides to the progress of each area, and alerted subcommittees’ team leaders (TL) to areas where problems existed and needed to be addressed. These also provided the SD staff with a clear indication of where and how their roles impacted the overall Census process.

Monitoring of the timeframe was an essential part of the management of the Census program. Initially, weekly meetings were held which involved the GS, AGS and team leaders (TL) of the Census committee. As the Census projects progressed, the AGS and TL’s met regularly with their sub-committees to report on the progress of each area. Decisions were made on necessary actions in order to meet the designated dates. Potential risks that could negatively affect the deadlines and actions were also considered at these meetings.

For the 5 sub-committees, one of their first tasks was to verify and amend their terms of reference using the “Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats” (SWOT) analysis methodology, as it applied to past censuses. Each committee then prepared a work-plan and listed all activities for which that particular sub-committee was responsible. This listing included the assignment of a responsible person, together with the timeline indicating the start and end dates required to complete that particular activity. These work-plans, set up by all the 5 sub-committees, were then used by the AGS to develop a detailed operational plan for all phases of the census, the activities required to complete these phases, start and end dates, the person responsible and the dependencies, - all in a Ghant chart format. These combined work-plans were further discussed and amended in the Census team and reported to the Steering committee on regular basis as required.

Geographic coverage

National coverage, which includes the 5 Divisions and both Urban and Rural Areas of Tonga.

Analysis unit

Individual and Households.

Universe

All individuals in private and institutional households.

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

The National Population Census was a complete enumeration census, hence no sampling procedure was employed. A Mapping Sub-committee was formed to ensure complete coverage of the country.

The Mapping Sub-committee

Led by Mr. Winston Fainga'anuku, this committee's mandate was to ensure that good quality maps were produced. The objective was to ensure that the maps provided complete coverage of the country, were designed to accommodate a reasonable workload of one census enumerator and, that geographic identifiers could be used for dissemination purposes by the PopGIS system. Collaborations with the Ministry of Land, Survey and Natural Resources (MLSNR) began in 2004 to ensure that digitized maps for Tonga could be used for 2006 Census. Mr. Fainga'anuku was attached to the MLSNR in April 2005 to assist 'Atelea Kautoke, Samuela Mailau, Lilika and others to complete the task of digitizing the maps for Tonga. In addition, frequent visits by Mr. Scott Pontifex from the Secretariat of the Pacific Community (SPC) in Noumea, assisted to ensure that quality digitized maps were prepared. SPC also assisted by lending its digitizer which was used in this mapping project. The staff of the Statistics Department (SD) visited household sites throughout Tongatapu and the main outer islands. This exercise was to redesign the Census Block boundaries by amalgamating or splitting existing census blocks to achieve an average of 50 households per census block. Various updates within the census block maps were made. These included the names of the head of household; roads and other landmarks to ensure that current and accurate information was provided to the enumerators. Reliable maps, both for enumerators and supervisors are necessary ingredients to assist in avoiding any under or over - counting during

Abstract

The recent global economic slowdown, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, created an urgent need for timely data to monitor the socioeconomic impacts of the pandemic. Tanzania is among other countries in the world which are affected by the recent global economic slowdown, caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, there is an urgent need for timely data to monitor and mitigate the socio-economic impacts of the crisis in the country. Responding to this need, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) and the Office of the Chief Government Statistician (OCGS), Zanzibar in collaboration with the World Bank and Research on Poverty Alleviation (REPOA) implemented a rapid household telephone survey called the Tanzania High-Frequency Welfare Monitoring Survey (HFWMS).

Thus, the main objective of the survey is to obtain timely data that is critical for evidence-based decision making aimed at mitigating the socio-economic impact of the downturn caused by COVID-19 pandemic by filling critical gaps of information that can be used by the government and stakeholders to help design policies to mitigate the negative impacts on its population.

Geographic coverage

National

Analysis unit

Households Individuals

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Phase one of the Tanzania High Frequency Welfare Monitoring Panel Survey (THFWMPS I) draws its sample from various previous face-to-face surveys, including the Mainland Household Budget Survey (HBS) 2017/18, the Zanzibar HBS 2019/20, and the National Panel Survey (NPS) 2014. The inclusion of telephone numbers from most participants of these surveys provides the foundation for the survey sample.

The target for monthly sample completion is approximately 3,000 households. The NPS serves as the primary sample frame, supplemented by the Mainland and Zanzibar HBS. For THFWMPS Phase II, the sample frame comprises respondents from Phase I who did not explicitly refuse to participate (2,200 households), alongside additional households from the 2021 Booster sample of NPS Wave 5 (NPS 5) households with available phone numbers.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Each survey round consists of one questionnaire - a Household Questionnaire administered to all households in the sample.

Baseline The questionnaire gathers information on demographics; employment; education; access to basic services; food security; TASAF; and mental health. The contents of questionnaire are outlined below:

• Cover: Household identifiers and enumerator identifiers.
• Interview Information: Details of call attempts, result and respondent of call attempt, interview consent, date and time of call back, phone numbers called, the information of the person that the listed phone number belongs to.
• Basic Information: Roster of members of the household, relationship to the household head, gender, age, relationship to head, reason for joining the household if new, and reason for leaving the household if left.
• Employment: Status and information of income-generating activities (wage work, family business and farming), reason for stopped working, reason for not able to perform activities as usual, and reason for reduced revenue from family business.
• Education: School attendance, type of school attended, learning activities of children at home, return to school, contact with children’s teachers during school closure.
• Access to Basic Services:Household’s access to staple food (maize grain, cassava, rice, and maize flour), medical treatment, and reasons for not being able to access the services.
• Food Security: Household’s food security status during the last 30 days.
• TASAF: Households access to the TASAF money, use of the money received, challenges encountered in accessing the funds.
• Mental Health: Information on 8 items pertaining to measuring mental health.
• Recontact: Data on how the household can be recontacted in the future.
• Interview Results: Result of interview including observation notes by enumerator regarding the interview, respondent and language of interview.

Round 2 The questionnaire gathers information on demographics; employment; non-farm enterprise; tourism; education; access to health services; and TASAF. The contents of questionnaire are outlined below:

• Cover: Household identifiers and enumerator identifiers.
• Interview Information: Details of call attempts, result and respondent of call attempt, interview consent, date and time of call back, phone numbers called, the information of the person that the listed phone number belongs to.
• Basic Information: Roster of members of the household, relationship to the household head, gender, age, relationship to head, reason for joining the household if new, and reason for leaving the household if left.
• Employment: Status and information of income-generating activities (wage work, family business and farming), reason for stopped working, and reason for not able to perform activities as usual.
• Non-farm Enterprise: Status and information of non-farm income-generating activities, reason for stopped operating, reason for not able to perform activities as usual, and reason for reduced revenue from family business.
• Tourism: Employment of household members in tourism sector, and who benefits from tourism.
• Education (selected members aged 4-18 years): School attendance, reason for not attending, grade attending, type of school, absence and reason for being absent.
• Access to Health Services: Women’s access to pre-natal/post-natal care, household’s access to preventative care and medical treatment, and reasons for not being able to access the services.
• TASAF: Households access to the TASAF money, use of the money received, challenges encountered in accessing the funds.
• Recontact: Data on how the household can be recontacted in the future.
• Interview Results: Result of interview including observation notes by enumerator regarding the interview, respondent and language of interview

Round 3 The questionnaire gathers information on demographics; employment (respondent and other household members); non-farm enterprise; credit; women savings; and shocks and coping. The contents of questionnaire are outlined below:

• Cover: Household identifiers and enumerator identifiers.
• Interview Information: Details of call attempts, result and respondent of call attempt, interview consent, date and time of call back, phone numbers called, the information of the person that the listed phone number belongs to.
• Basic Information: Roster of members of the household, relationship to the household head, gender, age, relationship to head, reason for joining the household if new, and reason for leaving the household if left.
• Employment (respondent): Status and information of income-generating activities (wage work, family business and farming), reason for stopped working, and reason for not able to perform activities as usual.
• Employment (other members): Status in employment (current and 2020), consistency of work in 2020, why currently not working, job search, change in jobs, actual job.
• Non-farm Enterprise: Status and information of non-farm income-generating activities, reason for stopped operating, reason for not able to perform activities as usual, and reason for reduced revenue from family business.
• Credit: Household’s debts status since the beginning of the coronavirus crisis; use of loan, ability to repay loan when their scheduled payment is due.
• Women Savings: Women having bank accounts to financial institutions and changes in their savings since the start of the pandemic.
• Shocks and Coping: Shocks that affected household since the baseline interview and their coping strategies.
• Recontact: Data on how the household can be recontacted in the future.
• Interview Results: Result of interview including observation notes by enumerator regarding the interview, respondent and language of interview.

Round 4 The questionnaire gathers information on demographics; employment; non-farm enterprise; digital technology; and income changes. The contents of questionnaire are outlined below:

• Cover: Household identifiers and enumerator identifiers.
• Interview Information: Details of call attempts, result and respondent of call attempt, interview consent, date and time of call back, phone numbers called, the information of the person that the listed phone number belongs to.
• Basic Information: Roster of members of the household, relationship to the household head, gender, age, relationship to head, reason for joining the household if new, and reason for leaving the household if left.
• Employment (respondent): Status and information of income-generating activities (wage work, family business and farming), reason for stopped working, and reason for not able to perform activities as usual.
• Non-farm Enterprise: Status and information of non-farm income-generating activities, reason for stopped operating, reason for not able to perform activities as usual, and reason for reduced revenue from family business.
• Income changes: Household’s sources of livelihood.
• Digital Technology: Household ownership of phones, computers and digital devices, access to internet and challenges in accessing internet
• Recontact: Data on how the household can be recontacted in the future.
• Interview Results: Result of interview including observation notes by enumerator regarding the interview, respondent and language of interview.

Round 5 The questionnaire gathers information on demographics;

Abstract

In the year 2000 a small team of social scientists from the Universities of Cape Town and Michigan collaborated on designing a survey with a special focus on labour market issues as a precursor to a Cape Area Panel Study with a special focus on youth planned for the year 2002. After much debate and taking due cognisance of time and budget constraints the team decided to target the magisterial district of Mitchell’s Plain within the Cape Metropole for the survey.

This decision was informed by data gleaned from the 1996 census which revealed that Mitchell’s Plain – demarcated a magisterial district in 1986 – contained almost thirty percent of the population in the Cape Metropolitan Council area. It straddled the two cities of Cape Town and Tygerberg and housed nearly 74% of the African and over 20% of the ‘coloured’ metropolitan population. It included the three established African townships of Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga as well as informal settlements such as Crossroads and Browns Farm. It also included Khayelitsha an African township proclaimed in the early 1980s with the first houses being built in 1986. The 1996 census had recorded high unemployment rates of over 44%, for Africans and over 20% for Coloured people.

Geographic coverage

The survey covers the magisterial district of Mitchell's Plain within the Cape Metropolitan area in South Africa. This includes the townships of Khayelitsha, Langa, Gugulethu and Nyanga and the informal settlements of Crossroads and Browns Farm.

Analysis unit

Households and individuals

Universe

The survey population of interest isl adults aged 18 years of age and older in households in every Enumeration Area in the Mitchell's Plain magisterial district. Before selecting Enumerator Areas, the survey excluded all non-residential and institutional Enumerator Areas (except for hostels) from the sample frame. Enumerator Areas were selected systematically to ensure that their probability of selection was proportionate to their population size. The Mitchell's Plain magisterial district consist of 1,486 populated Enumerator Areas (as defined in the 1996 Population Census). Dividing the target number of questionnaires (2,875) by the average number of adults per household (2.66), the survey determined to select 1,081 households.

A more detailed description of the universe for this survey can be found in the sampling method document available in the zipped folder under 'documentation'.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample is based on the 1996 Population Census which recorded a total population of 728 916 people in the Mitchell's Plain Magisterial district. The survey sampled households in the designated geographic area using a two-stage cluster sample. The first stage of this sample entails selecting clusters of households and the second stage entails the selection of the households themselves. For the clusters of households, the survey relied on the Enumerator Areas as defined by Statistics South Africa for the 1996 Population Census. Enumerator Areas are neighbourhoods of roughly 50 to 200 households and drawn up by the Chief Directorate of Demography at Statistics South Africa. This directorate is responsible for developing and maintaining a GIS system that provides the maps that are used for conducting the five-yearly national population census (Statistics South Africa, 2001:42-44). Although Enumerator Area boundaries do not cross municipal boundaries, they do not correspond to any other administrative demarcations such as voting wards. Enumerator Areas are designed to be homogeneous with respect to housing type and size. For example, Enumerator Area boundaries within the Mitchell's Plain Magisterial District do not usually cut across different types of settlements such as squatter camps, site and service settlements, hostels, formal council estates or privately built estates. Instead, each Enumerator Area is homogeneous with respect to any one of these housing types.

The method of selection used was that of Probability Proportional to Size (PPS), where size is measured as the number of households in each Enumerator Area (as defined by the 1996 Population Census). This method provides the most efficient way to obtain equal sub-sample sizes across two stages of selection, i.e. to select the Enumerator Areas and then select from each Enumerator Area a constant number of households for all Enumerator Areas in the sample. The sample is implicitly stratified by location and by housing type.

A more detailed description of the sampling method and procedure for this survey can be found in the sampling method document available in the zipped folder under 'documentation'.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The household questionnaire was aimed at establishing the household roster with the usual questions on age, gender and relationships. It was divided into two sections covering those aged 18 and older and those younger than 18. For the latter, a separate set of questions covering education, health and work status was included.

The adult questionnaire was aimed to fit the international standard approach on the labour force by allocating the labour market status of ‘employee’ to all those ‘at work’ (for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind). One of the innovative aspects of the survey was that respondents were asked about all income-earning activities. In other words, they were not allocated into particular labour market categories during the process of the interview.

The adult questionnaire was divided into 13 sections:

• Section A on education and other characteristics covered age, racial classification, educational attainment, language, religion and health. • Section B on migration covered place of origin, relocation and destination. • Section C on intergenerational mobility aimed at capturing parental influence on the respondent. • Section D on employment history aimed at capturing the respondent’s work history. • Section E on wage employment attempted to capture respondents working for a wage or salary whether full-time, part-time, in the formal sector or the informal sector including those who had more than one job. • Section F on unemployment included questions on job search • Section G on self-employment included a question on more than one economic activity and the frequency of self-employment. • Section H on non-labour force participants was aimed at refining work status. • Section I on casual work aimed to capture not only those in irregular/short term employment but also people who might have more than one job. • Section J on helping other people with their business for gain was aimed at identifying respondents who assist others from time to time but who might not regard themselves as ‘working’. • Section K on reservation wages attempted to establish the lowest wage at which a respondent would accept work. • Section L on savings, borrowing and grants and investment income attempted to capture income derived from sources other than work • Section M on perceptions of distributive justice posed a number of attitudinal questions.