The average market risk premium in Canada was *** percent in 2024. This means investors demanded an extra *** Canadian dollars on a 100 Canadian dollar investment. This extra cost should compensate for the risk of an investment based in Canada. What causes risk? As far as country-specific factors are concerned, macroeconomic trends can cause risk. For example, the inflation rate in relation to other countries can change the relative value of an investment. Lower inflation in Canada could weaken the Canadian dollar, reducing the value of Canadian assets in terms of another currency, such as the euro or U.S. dollar. The Canadian context As a country, Canada has a fairly high national debt. Some economists point to this as an increased default risk, since debt servicing can become costly. However, most investors agree that Canada, as an advanced economy, is creditworthy and not at risk of defaulting. A better measure is to look at Canada’s risk premium in the context of interest rates from other countries. These deposit rates can be used as a baseline for the market risk premium of other countries, though they do not include all the factors that have been used to calculate this statistic.

The average market risk premium in the United States remained at *** percent in 2025. This suggests that the returns that investors expected for their investrments remained the same as the previous year in that country, in exchange for the risk they are exposed to. This premium has hovered between *** and *** percent since 2011. What causes country-specific risk? Risk to investments come from two main sources. First, inflation causes an asset’s price to decrease in real terms. A 100 U.S. dollar investment with three percent inflation is only worth ** U.S. dollars after one year. Investors are also interested in risks of project failure or non-performing loans. The unique U.S. context Analysts have historically considered the United States Treasury to be risk-free. This view has been shifting, but many advisors continue to use treasury yield rates as a risk-free rate. Given the fact that U.S. government securities are available at a variety of terms, this gives investment managers a range of tools for predicting future market developments.

Canada CA: Risk Premium on Lending: Lending Rate Minus Treasury Bill Rate data was reported at 2.183 % pa in 2017. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.200 % pa for 2016. Canada CA: Risk Premium on Lending: Lending Rate Minus Treasury Bill Rate data is updated yearly, averaging 1.781 % pa from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2017, with 58 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.926 % pa in 1974 and a record low of 0.649 % pa in 1968. Canada CA: Risk Premium on Lending: Lending Rate Minus Treasury Bill Rate data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.World Bank.WDI: Interest Rates. Risk premium on lending is the interest rate charged by banks on loans to private sector customers minus the 'risk free' treasury bill interest rate at which short-term government securities are issued or traded in the market. In some countries this spread may be negative, indicating that the market considers its best corporate clients to be lower risk than the government. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.;International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics database.;;

Risk premium on lending of Canada went down by 0.76% from 2.20 % in 2016 to 2.18 % in 2017. Since the 8.74% surge in 2015, risk premium on lending reduced by 3.89% in 2017. Risk premium on lending is the interest rate charged by banks on loans to private sector customers minus the "risk free" treasury bill interest rate at which short-term government securities are issued or traded in the market. In some countries this spread may be negative, indicating that the market considers its best corporate clients to be lower risk than the government. The terms and conditions attached to lending rates differ by country, however, limiting their comparability.

Supplementary Data for peer-reviewed article published in Energy Economics. Paper published online November 27, 2024.Please cite the article in the Publication Citation as well as this reproducibility package.

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Reinsurance Market Size 2025-2029

The reinsurance market size is forecast to increase by USD 539.3 billion at a CAGR of 12.2% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth driven by the increasing demand for various insurance plans across industries and geographies. Macroeconomic factors, such as inflation, interest rates, and global economic trends, continue to influence reinsurance premiums, creating both opportunities and challenges for market participants. Additionally, the vulnerability of the reinsurance industry to cybercrimes is a pressing concern, with the potential for significant financial losses and reputational damage which can be prevented by cyber insurance.
As companies seek to capitalize on market opportunities and navigate these challenges effectively, it is essential to stay informed of emerging trends and risks. Strategic partnerships, innovation in risk modeling and mitigation, and a focus on cybersecurity are key areas of investment for companies looking to succeed in this dynamic market.

What will be the Size of the Reinsurance Market during the forecast period?

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The market encompasses various aspects, including concentration, evolution, reporting, structure, underwriting guidelines, accounting, claims processing, competition, compliance, challenges, trends, opportunities, regulatory framework, cycles, segmentation, reserves, litigation, fraud, dispute resolution, risk sharing, and pooling. Reinsurance concentration refers to the degree of market dominance by a few key players. The market's evolution reflects changes in its structure, driven by regulatory shifts and technological advancements. Reinsurance reporting requirements ensure transparency and efficiency in the market. Underwriting guidelines provide a standardized approach to assessing risk and pricing. Accounting and claims processing procedures ensure accurate financial reporting and timely payment of claims.
Competition in the market is driven by various factors, including regulatory compliance, risk management, and pricing strategies. Compliance with regulations is essential to maintaining market stability and trust. Challenges include increasing risks, such as natural disasters and cyber threats, and the need for effective risk management and mitigation strategies. Market trends include the use of technology to improve efficiency, risk diversification through captive insurance, and the growing importance of risk pooling and sharing. Opportunities exist in emerging markets and new product offerings, such as parametric insurance and cyber risk reinsurance. The regulatory framework provides a stable environment for market growth, but ongoing supervision is necessary to ensure market stability and address emerging risks.

How is this Reinsurance Industry segmented?

The reinsurance industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Non-life reinsurance
  Life reinsurance


Type

  Treaty Reinsurance
  Facultative Reinsurance
  Catastrophe Reinsurance
  Proportional Reinsurance


Distribution Channel

  Direct Writing
  Broker


Mode

  Online
  Offline


Risk Type

  Property
  Casualty
  Life & Health
  Specialty Risks


Geography

  North America

    US
    Canada
    Mexico


  Europe

    France
    Germany
    Italy
    Spain
    UK


  Middle East and Africa

    UAE


  APAC

    China
    India
    Japan
    South Korea


  South America

    Brazil


  Rest of World (ROW)

By Product Insights

The non-life reinsurance segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Non-life insurance, which encompasses property, body parts, skills, and assets coverage, is a renewable contract that offers protection against financial loss. The non-life the market is poised for growth as emerging regions, particularly Asia Pacific and Africa, exhibit a young demographic with a significant number of millennials. This demographic group, often in their 20s, has recently acquired new assets and seeks insurance to mitigate potential financial risks. Reinsurance plays a crucial role in the non-life insurance sector by providing capital relief, surplus relief, and risk transfer. Reinsurance capacity trends indicate an increasing focus on cyber risk, terrorism risk, and pandemic risk, necessitating advanced analytics and risk modeling.

Regulatory frameworks, such as Solvency II and insurance regulation, influence market dynamics. Reinsurance intermediaries facilitate risk mitigation strategies, including proportional and non-proportional reinsurance, excess of loss, and facultative reinsurance. Innovations like artificial intelligence and machine learning are revolutioniz

In 2024, the Bank of Montreal (BMO) and the Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) reported the highest total capital ratios among Canada’s five largest banks. BMO’s total capital ratio was **** percent, followed closely by CIBC at ** percent. The total capital ratio is the total capital held by a bank divided by its risk-weighted assets, compared to the common equity tier 1 (CET1) capital ratio, which is the ratio of tier 1 capital to its risk-weighted assets.

As of April 2020, over ** percent of Canadians aged 65 or older told Angus Reid that their personal financial situation was good or great during the COVID-19 outbreak . The coronavirus pandemic has resulted in supply chain disruptions, job losses, stock market dips, and increased the risk of recession worldwide.