ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades. Data is available from 1940 onwards. ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. This principle, called data assimilation, is based on the method used by numerical weather prediction centres, where every so many hours (12 hours at ECMWF) a previous forecast is combined with newly available observations in an optimal way to produce a new best estimate of the state of the atmosphere, called analysis, from which an updated, improved forecast is issued. Reanalysis works in the same way, but at reduced resolution to allow for the provision of a dataset spanning back several decades. Reanalysis does not have the constraint of issuing timely forecasts, so there is more time to collect observations, and when going further back in time, to allow for the ingestion of improved versions of the original observations, which all benefit the quality of the reanalysis product. ERA5 provides hourly estimates for a large number of atmospheric, ocean-wave and land-surface quantities. An uncertainty estimate is sampled by an underlying 10-member ensemble at three-hourly intervals. Ensemble mean and spread have been pre-computed for convenience. Such uncertainty estimates are closely related to the information content of the available observing system which has evolved considerably over time. They also indicate flow-dependent sensitive areas. To facilitate many climate applications, monthly-mean averages have been pre-calculated too, though monthly means are not available for the ensemble mean and spread. ERA5 is updated daily with a latency of about 5 days. In case that serious flaws are detected in this early release (called ERA5T), this data could be different from the final release 2 to 3 months later. In case that this occurs users are notified. The data set presented here is a regridded subset of the full ERA5 data set on native resolution. It is online on spinning disk, which should ensure fast and easy access. It should satisfy the requirements for most common applications. An overview of all ERA5 datasets can be found in this article. Information on access to ERA5 data on native resolution is provided in these guidelines. Data has been regridded to a regular lat-lon grid of 0.25 degrees for the reanalysis and 0.5 degrees for the uncertainty estimate (0.5 and 1 degree respectively for ocean waves). There are four main sub sets: hourly and monthly products, both on pressure levels (upper air fields) and single levels (atmospheric, ocean-wave and land surface quantities). The present entry is "ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present".

ERA5 (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis) is the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate covering the period from January 1940 to present. It is produced by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) at ECMWF and provides hourly estimates of a large number of atmospheric, land and oceanic climate variables. The data cover the Earth on a 31 kilometer (km) grid and resolve the atmosphere using 137 levels from the surface up to a height of 80 km. ERA5 includes an ensemble component at half the resolution to provide information on synoptic uncertainty of its products. ERA5.1 is a dedicated product with the same horizontal and vertical resolution that was produced for the years 2000 to 2006 inclusive to significantly improve a discontinuity in global-mean temperature in the stratosphere and uppermost troposphere that ERA5 suffers from during that period. Users that are interested in this part of the atmosphere in this era are advised to access ERA5.1 rather than ERA5. ERA5 and ERA5.1 use a state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction model to assimilate a variety of observations, including satellite and ground-based measurements, and produces a comprehensive and consistent view of the Earth's atmosphere. These products are widely used by researchers and practitioners in various fields, including climate science, weather forecasting, energy production and machine learning among others, to understand and analyse past and current weather and climate conditions.

ERA5 Monthly Aggregates - Latest Climate Reanalysis produced by ECMWF / Copernicus Climate Change Service

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset. ERA5 replaces its predecessor, the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

ERA5 MONTHLY provides aggregated values for each month for seven ERA5 climate reanalysis parameters: 2m air temperature, 2m dewpoint temperature, total precipitation, mean sea level pressure, surface pressure, 10m u-component of wind and 10m v-component of wind. Additionally, monthly minimum and maximum air temperature at 2m has been calculated based on the hourly 2m air temperature data. Monthly total precipitation values are given as monthly sums. All other parameters are provided as monthly averages.

ERA5 data is available from 1979 to three months from real-time. More information and more ERA5 atmospheric parameters can be found at the Copernicus Climate Data Store (https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/).

Provider's Note: Monthly aggregates have been calculated based on the ERA5 hourly values of each parameter.

ERA5 to piąta generacja reanalizy klimatu globalnego ECMWF. Reanaliza łączy dane modelu z obserwacjami z całego świata w jeden kompletny i spójny zbiór danych. ERA5 zastępuje poprzednią wersję, czyli analizę ERA-Interim. ERA5 MONTHLY zawiera wartości zbiorcze dla każdego miesiąca w przypadku 7 parametrów reanalizy klimatu ERA5: temperatura powietrza na wysokości 2 m, temperatura punktu rosy na wysokości 2 m, łączna suma opadów, średnie ciśnienie na poziomie morza, składowa pozioma wiatru na wysokości 10 m i składowa pozioma wiatru na wysokości 10 m. Dodatkowo obliczono miesięczną minimalną i maksymalną temperaturę powietrza na wysokości 2 m na podstawie godzinowych danych o temperaturze powietrza na wysokości 2 m. Łączne wartości opadów miesięcznych są podawane jako sumy miesięczne. Pozostałe parametry są podawane jako średnie miesięczne. Dane ERA5 są dostępne od 1940 r. do 3 miesięcy wstecz w czasie rzeczywistym, a wersja w katalogu danych EE jest dostępna od 1979 r. Więcej informacji o dodatkowych parametrach atmosferycznych ERA5 można znaleźć w sklepie z danymi klimatycznymi Copernicus. Uwaga dostawcy: dane miesięczne zostały obliczone na podstawie wartości godzinowych ERA5 dla każdego parametru.

O ERA5 é a quinta geração da reanálise atmosférica do ECMWF do clima global. A reanálise combina dados de modelos com observações de todo o mundo em um conjunto de dados globalmente completo e consistente. O ERA5 substitui o antecessor, a reanálise ERA-Interim. O ERA5 MENSAL fornece valores agregados para cada mês para sete parâmetros de reanálise climática do ERA5:

ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. ERA5-Land uses as input to control the simulated land fields ERA5 atmospheric variables, such as air temperature and air humidity. This is called the atmospheric forcing. Without the constraint of the atmospheric forcing, the model-based estimates can rapidly deviate from reality. Therefore, while observations are not directly used in the production of ERA5-Land, they have an indirect influence through the atmospheric forcing used to run the simulation. In addition, the input air temperature, air humidity and pressure used to run ERA5-Land are corrected to account for the altitude difference between the grid of the forcing and the higher resolution grid of ERA5-Land. This correction is called 'lapse rate correction'.
The ERA5-Land dataset, as any other simulation, provides estimates which have some degree of uncertainty. Numerical models can only provide a more or less accurate representation of the real physical processes governing different components of the Earth System. In general, the uncertainty of model estimates grows as we go back in time, because the number of observations available to create a good quality atmospheric forcing is lower. ERA5-land parameter fields can currently be used in combination with the uncertainty of the equivalent ERA5 fields. The temporal and spatial resolutions of ERA5-Land makes this dataset very useful for all kind of land surface applications such as flood or drought forecasting. The temporal and spatial resolution of this dataset, the period covered in time, as well as the fixed grid used for the data distribution at any period enables decisions makers, businesses and individuals to access and use more accurate information on land states.

ERA5 เป็นการวิเคราะห์ชั้นบรรยากาศของสภาพภูมิอากาศทั่วโลกอีกครั้งรุ่นที่ 5 ของ ECMWF การวิเคราะห์ใหม่จะรวมข้อมูลโมเดลเข้ากับข้อมูลที่สังเกตได้ทั่วโลกเป็นชุดข้อมูลที่สมบูรณ์และสอดคล้องกันทั่วโลก ERA5 จะมาแทนที่ ERA-Interim ซึ่งเป็นรุ่นก่อนหน้า ERA5 รายวันแสดงค่ารวมของแต่ละวันสำหรับพารามิเตอร์การทบทวนสภาพภูมิอากาศ ERA5 7 รายการ ได้แก่ อุณหภูมิอากาศ 2 เมตร อุณหภูมิจุดน้ำค้าง 2 เมตร ปริมาณน้ำฝนทั้งหมด ความดันเฉลี่ยระดับน้ำทะเล ความดันผิวดิน องค์ประกอบ u ของลมที่ระดับ 10 เมตร และองค์ประกอบ v ของลมที่ระดับ 10 เมตร นอกจากนี้ ระบบยังคำนวณอุณหภูมิอากาศต่ำสุดและสูงสุดรายวันในระดับความสูง 2 เมตรโดยอิงตามข้อมูลอุณหภูมิอากาศระดับความสูง 2 เมตรรายชั่วโมง ค่าปริมาณน้ำฝนทั้งหมดรายวันจะแสดงเป็นยอดรวมรายวัน พารามิเตอร์อื่นๆ ทั้งหมดจะแสดงเป็นค่าเฉลี่ยรายวัน ข้อมูล ERA5 มีตั้งแต่ปี 1979 จนถึง 3 เดือนที่ผ่านมาจากแบบเรียลไทม์ ดูข้อมูลเพิ่มเติมและพารามิเตอร์ชั้นบรรยากาศ ERA5 อื่นๆ ได้ที่ Copernicus Climate Data Store หมายเหตุของผู้ให้บริการ: ระบบคำนวณข้อมูลรวมรายวันตามค่ารายชั่วโมงของ ERA5 ของพารามิเตอร์แต่ละรายการ

ERA5 ist die fünfte Generation der ECMWF-Atmosphärischen Reanalyse des globalen Klimas. Bei der Neuanalyse werden Modelldaten mit Beobachtungen aus der ganzen Welt zu einem weltweit vollständigen und konsistenten Datensatz kombiniert. ERA5 ersetzt seinen Vorgänger, die ERA-Interim-Reanalyse. ERA5 DAILY enthält für jeden Tag aggregierte Werte für sieben ERA5-Klimareanalyseparameter: …

ERA5 הוא הדור החמישי של ניתוח האטמוספרה מחדש של ECMWF לגבי האקלים הגלובלי. ניתוח נתונים מחדש משלב נתונים מהמודל עם תצפיות מרחבי העולם, ויוצר מערך נתונים מלא ועקבי ברחבי העולם. ERA5 מחליף את קודמו, ניתוח מחדש של ERA-Interim. ERA5 DAILY מספק ערכים מצטברים לכל יום בשבעה פרמטרים של ניתוח מחדש של האקלים ב-ERA5: …

developed by C3S at ECMWF

This dataset contains ERA5 initial release (ERA5t) model level analysis parameter data. ERA5t is the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) ERA5 reanalysis project initial release available upto 5 days behind the present data. CEDA will maintain a 6 month rolling archive of these data with overlap to the verified ERA5 data - see linked datasets on this record. This dataset contains a limited selection of all available variables and have been converted to netCDF from the original GRIB files held on the ECMWF system. They have also been translated onto a regular latitude-longitude grid during the extraction process from the ECMWF holdings. For a fuller set of variables please see the linked Copernicus Data Store (CDS) data tool, linked to from this record.

Surface level analysis and forecast data to complement this dataset are also available. Data from a 10 member ensemble, run at lower spatial and temporal resolution, were also produced to provide an uncertainty estimate for the output from the single high resolution (hourly output at 31 km grid spacing) 'HRES' realisation producing data in this dataset.

ERA5 es el reanálisis atmosférico de quinta generación del clima global del ECMWF. El nuevo análisis combina los datos del modelo con observaciones de todo el mundo en un conjunto de datos completo y coherente a nivel global. ERA5 reemplaza a su predecesor, el reanálisis ERA-Interim. ERA5 DAILY proporciona valores agregados para cada día de siete parámetros de reanálisis climático de ERA5: …

This dataset provides daily surface meteorological data for the period from 1979 to present as input for agriculture and agro-ecological studies. This dataset is based on the hourly ECMWF ERA5 data at surface level and is referred to as AgERA5. Acquisition and pre-processing of the original ERA5 data is a complex and specialized job. By providing the AgERA5 dataset, users are freed from this work and can directly start with meaningful input for their analyses and modelling. To this end, the variables provided in this dataset match the input needs of most agriculture and agro-ecological models. Data were aggregated to daily time steps at the local time zone and corrected towards a finer topography at a 0.1° spatial resolution. The correction to the 0.1° grid was realized by applying grid and variable-specific regression equations to the ERA5 dataset interpolated at 0.1° grid. The equations were trained on ECMWF's operational high-resolution atmospheric model (HRES) at a 0.1° resolution. This way the data is tuned to the finer topography, finer land use pattern and finer land-sea delineation of the ECMWF HRES model. The data was produced on behalf of the Copernicus Climate Change Service.

ERA5 是 ECMWF 全球氣候再分析的第五代產品。再分析會將模型資料與全球各地的觀測資料結合，成為全球完整且一致的資料集。ERA5 取代了前身ERA-Interim 重分析資料。 ERA5 DAILY 會針對以下七個ERA5 氣候再分析參數，為每天提供匯總值：2 公尺空氣溫度、2 公尺露點溫度、總降雨量、平均海平氣壓、地表氣壓、10 公尺風速u 分量和10 公尺風速v 分量。此外，系統會根據每小時2 公尺的空氣溫度資料，計算 2 公尺的每日最低和最高空氣溫度。每日總降雨量值會以每日總和的形式提供。所有其他參數則以每日平均值提供。 ERA5 資料可追溯至1979 年，並在即時資料的前三個月內提供。如需更多資訊和更多ERA5 大氣參數，請前往哥白尼氣候資料儲存庫。 供應者附註：每日匯總值是根據各參數的ERA5 每小時值計算而得。

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 4 to 7 decades. Currently data is available from 1950, split into Climate Data Store entries for 1950-1978 (preliminary back extension) and from 1979 onwards (final release plus timely updates, this page). ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. This principle, called data assimilation, is based on the method used by numerical weather prediction centres, where every so many hours (12 hours at ECMWF) a previous forecast is combined with newly available observations in an optimal way to produce a new best estimate of the state of the atmosphere, called analysis, from which an updated, improved forecast is issued. Reanalysis works in the same way, but at reduced resolution to allow for the provision of a dataset spanning back several decades. Reanalysis does not have the constraint of issuing timely forecasts, so there is more time to collect observations, and when going further back in time, to allow for the ingestion of improved versions of the original observations, which all benefit the quality of the reanalysis product.

ERA5 provides hourly estimates for a large number of atmospheric, ocean-wave and land-surface quantities. An uncertainty estimate is sampled by an underlying 10-member ensemble at three-hourly intervals. Ensemble mean and spread have been pre-computed for convenience. Such uncertainty estimates are closely related to the information content of the available observing system which has evolved considerably over time. They also indicate flow-dependent sensitive areas. To facilitate many climate applications, monthly-mean averages have been pre-calculated too, though monthly means are not available for the ensemble mean and spread.

ERA5 is updated daily with a latency of about 5 days (monthly means are available around the 6th of each month). In case that serious flaws are detected in this early release (called ERA5T), this data could be different from the final release 2 to 3 months later. So far this has not been the case and when this does occur users will be notified.

The data set presented here is a regridded subset of the full ERA5 data set on native resolution. It is online on spinning disk, which should ensure fast and easy access. It should satisfy the requirements for most common applications.

An overview of all ERA5 datasets can be found in this article. Information on access to ERA5 data on native resolution is provided in these guidelines.

Data has been regridded to a regular lat-lon grid of 0.25 degrees for the reanalysis and 0.5 degrees for the uncertainty estimate (0.5 and 1 degree respectively for ocean waves). There are four main sub sets: hourly and monthly products, both on pressure levels (upper air fields) and single levels (atmospheric, ocean-wave and land surface quantities).

The present entry is "ERA5 monthly mean data on single levels from 1979 to present".

Monthly global-mean and European-mean surface air temperature anomalies relative to 1981-2010, from January 1979 to August 2019. Data source: ERA5. Credit: Copernicus Climate Change Service/ECMWF.

See https://climate.copernicus.eu/surface-air-temperature-august-2019 for more information.

This dataset contains ERA5.1 surface level analysis parameter data for the period 2000-2006 from 10 member ensemble runs. ERA5.1 is the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) ERA5 reanalysis project re-run for 2000-2006 to improve upon the cold bias in the lower stratosphere seen in ERA5 (see technical memorandum 859 in the linked documentation section for further details). Ensemble means and spreads are calculated from these 10 member ensemble, run at a reduced resolution compared with the single high resolution (hourly output at 31 km grid spacing) 'HRES' realisation, for which these data have been produced to provide an uncertainty estimate. This dataset contains a limited selection of all available variables and have been converted to netCDF from the original GRIB files held on the ECMWF system. They have also been translated onto a regular latitude-longitude grid during the extraction process from the ECMWF holdings. For a fuller set of variables please see the linked Copernicus Data Store (CDS) data tool, linked to from this record. Note, ensemble standard deviation is often referred to as ensemble spread and is calculated as the standard deviation of the 10-members in the ensemble (i.e., including the control). It is not the sample standard deviation, and thus were calculated by dividing by 10 rather than 9 (N-1). See linked datasets for ensemble mean and ensemble spread data. The main ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis of the covers 1979 to 2 months behind the present month. This follows on from the ERA-15, ERA-40 rand ERA-interim re-analysis projects. An initial release of ERA5 data, ERA5t, are also available upto 5 days behind the present. A limited selection of data from these runs are also available via CEDA, whilst full access is available via the Copernicus Data Store.

Overview: era5.copernicus: air temperature daily averages from 2000 to 2020 resampled with CHELSA to 1 km resolution Traceability (lineage): The data sources used to generate this dataset are ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present (Copernicus Climate Data Store) and CHELSA monthly climatologies. Scientific methodology: The methodology used for downscaling follows established procedures as used by e.g. Worldclim and CHELSA. Usability: The substantial improvement of the spatial resolution together with the high temporal resolution of one day further improve the usability of the original ERA5 Land time series product which is useful for all kind of land surface applications such as flood or drought forecasting. The temporal and spatial resolution of this dataset, the period covered in time, as well as the fixed grid used for the data distribution at any period enables decisions makers, businesses and individuals to access and use more accurate information on land states. Uncertainty quantification: The ERA5-Land dataset, as any other simulation, provides estimates which have some degree of uncertainty. Numerical models can only provide a more or less accurate representation of the real physical processes governing different components of the Earth System. In general, the uncertainty of model estimates grows as we go back in time, because the number of observations available to create a good quality atmospheric forcing is lower. ERA5-land parameter fields can currently be used in combination with the uncertainty of the equivalent ERA5 fields. Data validation approaches: Validation of the ERA5 Land ddataset against multiple in-situ datasets is presented in the reference paper (Muñoz-Sabater et al., 2021). Completeness: The dataset covers the entire Geo-harmonizer region as defined by the landmask raster dataset. However, some small islands might be missing if there are no data in the original ERA5 Land dataset. Consistency: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. Positional accuracy: 1 km spatial resolution Temporal accuracy: Daily maps for the years 2020-2020. Thematic accuracy: The raster values represent minimum, mean, and maximum daily air temperature 2m above ground in degrees Celsius x 10.

Overview: ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past.

Air temperature (2 m): Temperature of air at 2m above the surface of land, sea or in-land waters. 2m temperature is calculated by interpolating between the lowest model level and the Earth's surface, taking account of the atmospheric conditions.

Processing steps: The original hourly ERA5-Land data has been spatially enhanced from 0.1 degree to 30 arc seconds (approx. 1000 m) spatial resolution by image fusion with CHELSA data (V1.2) (https://chelsa-climate.org/). For each day we used the corresponding monthly long-term average of CHELSA. The aim was to use the fine spatial detail of CHELSA and at the same time preserve the general regional pattern and fine temporal detail of ERA5-Land. The steps included aggregation and enhancement, specifically: 1. spatially aggregate CHELSA to the resolution of ERA5-Land 2. calculate difference of ERA5-Land - aggregated CHELSA 3. interpolate differences with a Gaussian filter to 30 arc seconds 4. add the interpolated differences to CHELSA

The spatially enhanced daily ERA5-Land data has been aggregated on a weekly basis starting from Saturday for the time period 2016 - 2020. Data available is the weekly average of daily averages, the weekly minimum of daily minima and the weekly maximum of daily maxima of air temperature (2 m).

File naming: Average of daily average: era5_land_t2m_avg_weekly_YYYY_MM_DD.tif Max of daily max: era5_land_t2m_max_weekly_YYYY_MM_DD.tif Min of daily min: era5_land_t2m_min_weekly_YYYY_MM_DD.tif

The date in the file name determines the start day of the week (Saturday).

Pixel value: °C * 10 Example: Value 44 = 4.4 °C

The QML or SLD style files can be used for visualization of the temperature layers.

Coordinate reference system: ETRS89 / LAEA Europe (EPSG:3035) (EPSG:3035)

Spatial extent: north: 82:00:30N south: 18N west: 32:00:30W east: 70E

Spatial resolution: 1km

Temporal resolution: weekly

Time period: 01/01/2016 - 12/31/2020

Format: GeoTIFF

Representation type: Grid

Software used: GDAL 3.2.2 and GRASS GIS 8.0.0 (r.resamp.stats -w; r.relief)

Lineage: Dataset has been processed from original Copernicus Climate Data Store (ERA5-Land) data sources. As auxiliary data CHELSA climate data has been used.

Original ERA5-Land dataset license: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api/v2/terms/static/licence-to-use-copernicus-products.pdf

CHELSA climatologies (V1.2): Data used: Karger D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E, Linder, H.P., Kessler, M. (2018): Data from: Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas. Dryad digital repository. http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.5061/dryad.kd1d4 Original peer-reviewed publication: Karger, D.N., Conrad, O., Böhner, J., Kawohl, T., Kreft, H., Soria-Auza, R.W., Zimmermann, N.E., Linder, P., Kessler, M. (2017): Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas. Scientific Data. 4 170122. https://doi.org/10.1038/sdata.2017.122

Other resources: https://data.mundialis.de/geonetwork/srv/eng/catalog.search#/metadata/601ea08c-0768-4af3-a8fa-7da25fb9125b

Processed by: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, Germany (https://www.mundialis.de/)

Contact: mundialis GmbH & Co. KG, info@mundialis.de

This dataset provides a complete historical reconstruction for a set of indices representing human thermal stress and discomfort in outdoor conditions. This dataset, also known as ERA5-HEAT (Human thErmAl comforT) represents the current state-of-the-art for bioclimatology data record production. The dataset is organised around two main variables:

the mean radiant temperature (MRT) the universal thermal climate index (UTCI)

These variables describe how the human body experiences atmospheric conditions, specifically air temperature, humidity, ventilation and radiation. The dataset is computed using the ERA5 reanalysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts (ECMWF). ERA5 combines model data with observations from across the world to provide a globally complete and consistent description of the Earth’s climate and its evolution in recent decades. ERA5 is regarded as a good proxy for observed atmospheric conditions. The dataset currently covers 01/01/1940 to near real time and is regularly extended as ERA5 data become available. The dataset is produced by the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts.