ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades. Data is available from 1940 onwards. ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. This principle, called data assimilation, is based on the method used by numerical weather prediction centres, where every so many hours (12 hours at ECMWF) a previous forecast is combined with newly available observations in an optimal way to produce a new best estimate of the state of the atmosphere, called analysis, from which an updated, improved forecast is issued. Reanalysis works in the same way, but at reduced resolution to allow for the provision of a dataset spanning back several decades. Reanalysis does not have the constraint of issuing timely forecasts, so there is more time to collect observations, and when going further back in time, to allow for the ingestion of improved versions of the original observations, which all benefit the quality of the reanalysis product. ERA5 provides hourly estimates for a large number of atmospheric, ocean-wave and land-surface quantities. An uncertainty estimate is sampled by an underlying 10-member ensemble at three-hourly intervals. Ensemble mean and spread have been pre-computed for convenience. Such uncertainty estimates are closely related to the information content of the available observing system which has evolved considerably over time. They also indicate flow-dependent sensitive areas. To facilitate many climate applications, monthly-mean averages have been pre-calculated too, though monthly means are not available for the ensemble mean and spread. ERA5 is updated daily with a latency of about 5 days. In case that serious flaws are detected in this early release (called ERA5T), this data could be different from the final release 2 to 3 months later. In case that this occurs users are notified. The data set presented here is a regridded subset of the full ERA5 data set on native resolution. It is online on spinning disk, which should ensure fast and easy access. It should satisfy the requirements for most common applications. An overview of all ERA5 datasets can be found in this article. Information on access to ERA5 data on native resolution is provided in these guidelines. Data has been regridded to a regular lat-lon grid of 0.25 degrees for the reanalysis and 0.5 degrees for the uncertainty estimate (0.5 and 1 degree respectively for ocean waves). There are four main sub sets: hourly and monthly products, both on pressure levels (upper air fields) and single levels (atmospheric, ocean-wave and land surface quantities). The present entry is "ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present".

Subset of ERA5 reanalysis on the surface (single-levels) for atmospheric and land surface quantities

Subset of ERA5 reanalysis single-levels for ocean-wave quantities

After many years of research and technical preparation, the production of a new ECMWF climate reanalysis to replace ERA-Interim is in progress. ERA5 is the fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate, which started with the FGGE reanalyses produced in the 1980s, followed by ERA-15, ERA-40 and most recently ERA-Interim. ERA5 will cover the period January 1950 to near real time. ERA5 is produced using high-resolution forecasts (HRES) at 31 kilometer resolution (one fourth the spatial resolution of the operational model) and a 62 kilometer resolution ten member 4D-Var ensemble of data assimilation (EDA) in CY41r2 of ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System (IFS) with 137 hybrid sigma-pressure (model) levels in the vertical, up to a top level of 0.01 hPa. Atmospheric data on these levels are interpolated to 37 pressure levels (the same levels as in ERA-Interim). Surface or single level data are also available, containing 2D parameters such as precipitation, 2 meter temperature, top of atmosphere radiation and vertical integrals over the entire atmosphere. The IFS is coupled to a soil model, the parameters of which are also designated as surface parameters, and an ocean wave model. Generally, the data is available at an hourly frequency and consists of analyses and short (12 hour) forecasts, initialized twice daily from analyses at 06 and 18 UTC. Most analyses parameters are also available from the forecasts. There are a number of forecast parameters, for example mean rates and accumulations, that are not available from the analyses. Improvements to ERA5, compared to ERA-Interim, include use of HadISST.2, reprocessed ECMWF climate data records (CDR), and implementation of RTTOV11 radiative transfer. Variational bias corrections have not only been applied to satellite radiances, but also ozone retrievals, aircraft observations, surface pressure, and radiosonde profiles. Please note: DECS is producing a CF 1.6 compliant netCDF-4/HDF5 version of ERA5...

ERA5-Land is a reanalysis dataset providing a consistent view of the evolution of land variables over several decades at an enhanced resolution compared to ERA5. ERA5-Land has been produced by replaying the land component of the ECMWF ERA5 climate reanalysis. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. Reanalysis produces data that goes several decades back in time, providing an accurate description of the climate of the past. ERA5-Land uses as input to control the simulated land fields ERA5 atmospheric variables, such as air temperature and air humidity. This is called the atmospheric forcing. Without the constraint of the atmospheric forcing, the model-based estimates can rapidly deviate from reality. Therefore, while observations are not directly used in the production of ERA5-Land, they have an indirect influence through the atmospheric forcing used to run the simulation. In addition, the input air temperature, air humidity and pressure used to run ERA5-Land are corrected to account for the altitude difference between the grid of the forcing and the higher resolution grid of ERA5-Land. This correction is called 'lapse rate correction'.
The ERA5-Land dataset, as any other simulation, provides estimates which have some degree of uncertainty. Numerical models can only provide a more or less accurate representation of the real physical processes governing different components of the Earth System. In general, the uncertainty of model estimates grows as we go back in time, because the number of observations available to create a good quality atmospheric forcing is lower. ERA5-land parameter fields can currently be used in combination with the uncertainty of the equivalent ERA5 fields. The temporal and spatial resolutions of ERA5-Land makes this dataset very useful for all kind of land surface applications such as flood or drought forecasting. The temporal and spatial resolution of this dataset, the period covered in time, as well as the fixed grid used for the data distribution at any period enables decisions makers, businesses and individuals to access and use more accurate information on land states.

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate covering the period from January 1940 to present. It is produced by the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) at ECMWF and provides hourly estimates of a large number of atmospheric, land and oceanic climate variables. The data cover the Earth on a 31km grid and resolve the atmosphere using 137 levels from the surface up to a height of 80km. ERA5 includes an ensemble component at half the resolution to provide information on synoptic uncertainty of its products. ERA5.1 is a dedicated product with the same horizontal and vertical resolution that was produced for the years 2000 to 2006 inclusive to significantly improve a discontinuity in global-mean temperature in the stratosphere and uppermost troposphere that ERA5 suffers from during that period. Users that are interested in this part of the atmosphere in this era are advised to access ERA5.1 rather than ERA5. ERA5 and ERA5.1 use a state-of-the-art numerical weather prediction model to assimilate a variety of observations, including satellite and ground-based measurements, and produces a comprehensive and consistent view of the Earth's atmosphere. These products are widely used by researchers and practitioners in various fields, including climate science, weather forecasting, energy production and machine learning among others, to understand and analyse past and current weather and climate conditions.

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 4 to 7 decades. Currently data is available from 1950, split into Climate Data Store entries for 1950-1978 (preliminary back extension) and from 1979 onwards (final release plus timely updates, this page). ERA5 replaces the ERA-Interim reanalysis.

Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. This principle, called data assimilation, is based on the method used by numerical weather prediction centres, where every so many hours (12 hours at ECMWF) a previous forecast is combined with newly available observations in an optimal way to produce a new best estimate of the state of the atmosphere, called analysis, from which an updated, improved forecast is issued. Reanalysis works in the same way, but at reduced resolution to allow for the provision of a dataset spanning back several decades. Reanalysis does not have the constraint of issuing timely forecasts, so there is more time to collect observations, and when going further back in time, to allow for the ingestion of improved versions of the original observations, which all benefit the quality of the reanalysis product.

ERA5 provides hourly estimates for a large number of atmospheric, ocean-wave and land-surface quantities. An uncertainty estimate is sampled by an underlying 10-member ensemble at three-hourly intervals. Ensemble mean and spread have been pre-computed for convenience. Such uncertainty estimates are closely related to the information content of the available observing system which has evolved considerably over time. They also indicate flow-dependent sensitive areas. To facilitate many climate applications, monthly-mean averages have been pre-calculated too, though monthly means are not available for the ensemble mean and spread.

ERA5 is updated daily with a latency of about 5 days (monthly means are available around the 6th of each month). In case that serious flaws are detected in this early release (called ERA5T), this data could be different from the final release 2 to 3 months later. So far this has not been the case and when this does occur users will be notified.

The data set presented here is a regridded subset of the full ERA5 data set on native resolution. It is online on spinning disk, which should ensure fast and easy access. It should satisfy the requirements for most common applications.

An overview of all ERA5 datasets can be found in this article. Information on access to ERA5 data on native resolution is provided in these guidelines.

Data has been regridded to a regular lat-lon grid of 0.25 degrees for the reanalysis and 0.5 degrees for the uncertainty estimate (0.5 and 1 degree respectively for ocean waves). There are four main sub sets: hourly and monthly products, both on pressure levels (upper air fields) and single levels (atmospheric, ocean-wave and land surface quantities).

The present entry is "ERA5 monthly mean data on single levels from 1979 to present".

This dataset contains daily histograms of wind speed at 100m ("WS100"), wind direction at 100 m ("WD100") and an atmospheric stability proxy ("STAB") derived from the ERA5 hourly data on single levels [1] accessed via the Copernicus Climate Change Climate Data Store [2]. The dataset covers six geographical regions (illustrated in regions.png) on a reduced 0.5 x 0.5 degrees regular grid and covers the period 1994 to 2023 (both years included). The dataset is packaged as a zip folder per region which contains a range of monthly zip folders following the convention of zarr ZipStores (more details here: https://zarr.readthedocs.io/en/stable/api/storage.html). Thus, the monthly zip folders are intended to be used in connection with the xarray python package (no unzipping of the monthly files needed).Wind speed and wind direction are derived from the U- and V-components. The stability metric makes use of a 5-class classification scheme [3] based on the Obukhov length whereby the required Obukhov length was computed using [4]. The following bins (left edges) have been used to create the histograms:Wind speed: [0, 40) m/s (bin width 1 m/s)Wind direction: [0,360) deg (bin width 15 deg)Stability: 5 discrete stability classes (1: very unstable, 2: unstable, 3: neutral, 4: stable, 5: very stable)Main Purpose: The dataset serves as minimum input data for the CLIMatological REPresentative PERiods (climrepper) python package (https://gitlab.windenergy.dtu.dk/climrepper/climrepper) in preparation for public release).References:[1] Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horányi, A., Muñoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Thépaut, J-N. (2023): ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 (Accessed Nov. 2024)[2] Copernicus Climate Change Service, Climate Data Store, (2023): ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1940 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS), DOI: 10.24381/cds.adbb2d47 (Accessed Nov. 2024)'[3] Holtslag, M. C., Bierbooms, W. A. A. M., & Bussel, G. J. W. van. (2014). Estimating atmospheric stability from observations and correcting wind shear models accordingly. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 555, p. 012052). IOP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/555/1/012052[4] Copernicus Knowledge Base, ERA5: How to calculate Obukhov Length, URL: https://confluence.ecmwf.int/display/CKB/ERA5:+How+to+calculate+Obukhov+Length, last accessed: Nov 2024

Note: a new time-series dataset from ERA5 has been published — this one won't be updated/maintained anymore

Country averages of meteorological variables generated using the R routines available in the package panas based on the Copernicus Climate Change ERA5 reanalyses. The time-series are at hourly resolution and the included variables are:

2-meter temperature (t2m),

snow depth (snow_depth),

mean sea-level pressure (mslp),

runoff,

surface solar radiation (ssrd),

surface solar radiation with clear-sky (ssrdc),

temperature at 850hPa (t850),

total precipitation (total_prec),

zonal (west-east direction) wind speed at 10m (u10) and 100m (u100),

meridional (north-sud) wind speed at 10m (v10) and 100m (v100),

dew point temperature (dew)

The original gridded data has been averaged considered the national borders of the following countries (European 2-letter country codes are used, i.e. ISO 3166 alpha-2 codes with the exception of GB->UK and GR->EL): AL, AT, BA, BE, BG, BY, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, DZ, EE, EL, ES, FI, FR, HR, HU, IE, IS, IT, LT, LU, LV, MD, ME, MK, NL, NO, PL, PT, RO, RS, SE, SI, SK, UA, UK.

The unit measures here used are listed in the official page: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/era5-hourly-data-on-single-levels-from-2000-to-2017?tab=overview

The script used to generate the files is available on github here

Please note: Please use ds633.0 to access RDA maintained ERA-5 data, see ERA5 Reanalysis (0.25 Degree Latitude-Longitude Grid) [https://rda.ucar.edu/datasets/ds633.0], RDA dataset ds633.0. This dataset is no longer being updated, and web access has been removed. After many years of research and technical preparation, the production of a new ECMWF climate reanalysis to replace ERA-Interim is in progress. ERA5 is the fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate, which started with the FGGE reanalyses produced in the 1980s, followed by ERA-15, ERA-40 and most recently ERA-Interim. ERA5 will cover the period January 1950 to near real time, though the first segment of data to be released will span the period 2010-2016. ERA5 is produced using high-resolution forecasts (HRES) at 31 kilometer resolution (one fourth the spatial resolution of the operational model) and a 62 kilometer resolution ten member 4D-Var ensemble of data assimilation (EDA) in CY41r2 of ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System (IFS) with 137 hybrid sigma-pressure (model) levels in the vertical, up to a top level of 0.01 hPa. Atmospheric data on these levels are interpolated to 37 pressure levels (the same levels as in ERA-Interim). Surface or single level data are also available, containing 2D parameters such as precipitation, 2 meter temperature, top of atmosphere radiation and vertical integrals over the entire atmosphere. The IFS is coupled to a soil model, the parameters of which are also designated as surface parameters, and an ocean wave model. Generally, the data is available at an hourly frequency and consists of analyses and short (18 hour) forecasts, initialized twice daily from analyses at 06 and 18 UTC. Most analyses parameters are also available from the forecasts. There are a number of forecast parameters, e.g. mean rates and accumulations, that are not available from the analyses. Improvements to ERA5, compared to ERA-Interim, include use of HadISST.2, reprocessed...

# ERA-NUTS (1980-2021)

This dataset contains a set of time-series of meteorological variables based on Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) ERA5 reanalysis. The data files can be downloaded from here while notebooks and other files can be found on the associated Github repository.

This data has been generated with the aim of providing hourly time-series of the meteorological variables commonly used for power system modelling and, more in general, studies on energy systems.

An example of the analysis that can be performed with ERA-NUTS is shown in this video.

Important: this dataset is still a work-in-progress, we will add more analysis and variables in the near-future. If you spot an error or something strange in the data please tell us sending an email or opening an Issue in the associated Github repository.

## Data
The time-series have hourly/daily/monthly frequency and are aggregated following the NUTS 2016 classification. NUTS (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) is a European Union standard for referencing the subdivisions of countries (member states, candidate countries and EFTA countries).

This dataset contains NUTS0/1/2 time-series for the following variables obtained from the ERA5 reanalysis data (in brackets the name of the variable on the Copernicus Data Store and its unit measure):

- t2m: 2-meter temperature (`2m_temperature`, Celsius degrees)
- ssrd: Surface solar radiation (`surface_solar_radiation_downwards`, Watt per square meter)
- ssrdc: Surface solar radiation clear-sky (`surface_solar_radiation_downward_clear_sky`, Watt per square meter)
- ro: Runoff (`runoff`, millimeters)

There are also a set of derived variables:
- ws10: Wind speed at 10 meters (derived by `10m_u_component_of_wind` and `10m_v_component_of_wind`, meters per second)
- ws100: Wind speed at 100 meters (derived by `100m_u_component_of_wind` and `100m_v_component_of_wind`, meters per second)
- CS: Clear-Sky index (the ratio between the solar radiation and the solar radiation clear-sky)
- HDD/CDD: Heating/Cooling Degree days (derived by 2-meter temperature the EUROSTAT definition.

For each variable we have 367 440 hourly samples (from 01-01-1980 00:00:00 to 31-12-2021 23:00:00) for 34/115/309 regions (NUTS 0/1/2).

The data is provided in two formats:

- NetCDF version 4 (all the variables hourly and CDD/HDD daily). NOTE: the variables are stored as `int16` type using a `scale_factor` to minimise the size of the files.
- Comma Separated Value ("single index" format for all the variables and the time frequencies and "stacked" only for daily and monthly)

All the CSV files are stored in a zipped file for each variable.

## Methodology

The time-series have been generated using the following workflow:

1. The NetCDF files are downloaded from the Copernicus Data Store from the ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present dataset
2. The data is read in R with the climate4r packages and aggregated using the function `/get_ts_from_shp` from panas. All the variables are aggregated at the NUTS boundaries using the average except for the runoff, which consists of the sum of all the grid points within the regional/national borders.
3. The derived variables (wind speed, CDD/HDD, clear-sky) are computed and all the CSV files are generated using R
4. The NetCDF are created using `xarray` in Python 3.8.

## Example notebooks

In the folder `notebooks` on the associated Github repository there are two Jupyter notebooks which shows how to deal effectively with the NetCDF data in `xarray` and how to visualise them in several ways by using matplotlib or the enlopy package.

There are currently two notebooks:

- exploring-ERA-NUTS: it shows how to open the NetCDF files (with Dask), how to manipulate and visualise them.
- ERA-NUTS-explore-with-widget: explorer interactively the datasets with [jupyter]() and ipywidgets.

The notebook `exploring-ERA-NUTS` is also available rendered as HTML.

## Additional files

In the folder `additional files`on the associated Github repository there is a map showing the spatial resolution of the ERA5 reanalysis and a CSV file specifying the number of grid points with respect to each NUTS0/1/2 region.

## License

This dataset is released under CC-BY-4.0 license.

Raster of hourly estimates of climate variables for Greece, 2017-2018. The estimates, which form the ERA5 Reanalysis data, are based on vast amounts of historical observations. From ECMWF through the Copernicus Climate Change Service. Prepared by Athena Research Center for use in the i4SEA project.

The data was downloaded from ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present on May 16, 2019. It covers the years 2017-2018 and a rectangular region encompassing Greece. The climate variables contained are:

10m u-component of wind (10u)

10m v-component of wind (10v)

2m dewpoint temperature (2d)

2m temperature (2t)

Mean sea level pressure (msl)

Mean wave direction (mwd)

Mean wave period (mwp)

Sea surface temperature (sst)

Significant height of combined wind waves and swell (swh)

Surface pressure (sp)

Total precipitation (tp)

Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information 2019. Neither the European Commission nor ECMWF is responsible for any use that may be made of the Copernicus information or data it contains.

Abstract

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather for the past 8 decades. The full dataset is available from 1940 onwards at https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=overview. This version only contains hourly measures of solar radiation, temperature and wind speeds, as well as monthly measures for sea surface temperature for 1950-2020.

Methodology

Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset using the laws of physics. This principle, called data assimilation, is based on the method used by numerical weather prediction centres, where every so many hours (12 hours at ECMWF) a previous forecast is combined with newly available observations in an optimal way to produce a new best estimate of the state of the atmosphere, called analysis, from which an updated, improved forecast is issued. Reanalysis works in the same way, but at reduced resolution to allow for the provision of a dataset spanning back several decades. Reanalysis does not have the constraint of issuing timely forecasts, so there is more time to collect observations, and when going further back in time, to allow for the ingestion of improved versions of the original observations, which all benefit the quality of the reanalysis product.

ERA5 provides hourly estimates for a large number of atmospheric, ocean-wave and land-surface quantities. An uncertainty estimate is sampled by an underlying 10-member ensemble at three-hourly intervals. Ensemble mean and spread have been pre-computed for convenience. Such uncertainty estimates are closely related to the information content of the available observing system which has evolved considerably over time. They also indicate flow-dependent sensitive areas. To facilitate many climate applications, monthly-mean averages have been pre-calculated too, though monthly means are not available for the ensemble mean and spread.

Usage

Downloaded Using: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/reanalysis-era5-single-levels?tab=form

These datasets contains ERA-5 data for the entirety for CONUS for the following temporal resolutions and fields:

Hourly Resolution Data

The following fields are available at an hourly resolution.

1. solar_radiation - Surface solar radiation downwards

2. temperature - 2m temperature

3. wind_speeds - 100m u-component of wind and 100m v-component of wind

Note:- Within each field xxxx.nc denotes the hourly data for xxxx year. The data span from 1950-2020.

###Monthly Resolution Data###

1. sst - Available at two resolutions.

preliminary_sst --%3E Data from 1950-1978.

sst --%3E Data from 1979-2020.

Additionally the sst field contains Sea Surface Temperature across the globe.

This dataset contains ERA5 surface level analysis parameter data. ERA5 is the 5th generation reanalysis project from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) - see linked documentation for further details. This dataset contains a limited selection of all available variables and have been converted to netCDF from the original GRIB files held on the ECMWF system. They have also been translated onto a regular latitude-longitude grid during the extraction process from the ECMWF holdings. For a fuller set of variables please see the linked Copernicus Data Store (CDS) data tool, linked to from this record.

Model level analysis and surface forecast data to complement this dataset are also available. Data from a 10 member ensemble, run at lower spatial and temporal resolution, were also produced to provide an uncertainty estimate for the output from the single high resolution (hourly output at 31 km grid spacing) 'HRES' realisation producing data in this dataset.

The ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis of the covers 1979 to 2 months behind the present month. This follows on from the ERA-15, ERA-40 rand ERA-interim re-analysis projects.

An initial release of ERA5 data (ERA5t) is made roughly 5 days behind the present date. These will be subsequently reviewed ahead of being released by ECMWF as quality assured data within 3 months. CEDA holds a 6 month rolling copy of the latest ERA5t data. See related datasets linked to from this record. However, for the period 2000-2006 the initial ERA5 release was found to suffer from stratospheric temperature biases and so new runs to address this issue were performed resulting in the ERA5.1 release (see linked datasets). Note, though, that Simmons et al. 2020 (technical memo 859) report that "ERA5.1 is very close to ERA5 in the lower and middle troposphere." but users of data from this period should read the technical memo 859 for further details.

ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF atmospheric reanalysis of the global climate. Reanalysis combines model data with observations from across the world into a globally complete and consistent dataset. ERA5 replaces its predecessor, the ERA-Interim reanalysis. ERA5 DAILY provides aggregated values for each day for seven ERA5 climate reanalysis parameters: 2m air temperature, 2m dewpoint temperature, total precipitation, mean sea level pressure, surface pressure, 10m u-component of wind and 10m v-component of wind. Additionally, daily minimum and maximum air temperature at 2m has been calculated based on the hourly 2m air temperature data. Daily total precipitation values are given as daily sums. All other parameters are provided as daily averages. ERA5 data is available from 1979 to three months from real-time. More information and more ERA5 atmospheric parameters can be found at the Copernicus Climate Data Store. Provider's Note: Daily aggregates have been calculated based on the ERA5 hourly values of each parameter.

Please note: Please use ds633.1 to access RDA maintained ERA-5 Monthly Mean data, see ERA5 Reanalysis (Monthly Mean 0.25 Degree Latitude-Longitude Grid), RDA dataset ds633.1. This dataset is no longer being updated, and web access has been removed. After many years of research and technical preparation, the production of a new ECMWF climate reanalysis to replace ERA-Interim is in progress. ERA5 is the fifth generation of ECMWF atmospheric reanalyses of the global climate, which started with the FGGE reanalyses produced in the 1980s, followed by ERA-15, ERA-40 and most recently ERA-Interim. ERA5 will cover the period January 1950 to near real time, though the first segment of data to be released will span the period 2010-2016. ERA5 is produced using high-resolution forecasts (HRES) at 31 kilometer resolution (one fourth the spatial resolution of the operational model) and a 62 kilometer resolution ten member 4D-Var ensemble of data assimilation (EDA) in CY41r2 of ECMWF's Integrated Forecast System (IFS) with 137 hybrid sigma-pressure (model) levels in the vertical, up to a top level of 0.01 hPa. Atmospheric data on these levels are interpolated to 37 pressure levels (the same levels as in ERA-Interim). Surface or single level data are also available, containing 2D parameters such as precipitation, 2 meter temperature, top of atmosphere radiation and vertical integrals over the entire atmosphere. The IFS is coupled to a soil model, the parameters of which are also designated as surface parameters, and an ocean wave model. Generally, the data is available at an hourly frequency and consists of analyses and short (18 hour) forecasts, initialized twice daily from analyses at 06 and 18 UTC. Most analyses parameters are also available from the forecasts. There are a number of forecast parameters, e.g. mean rates and accumulations, that are not available from the analyses. Together, the hourly analysis and twice daily forecast parameters form the basis of the monthly...

This dataset contains ERA5.1 surface level analysis parameter data for the period 2000-2006 from 10 member ensemble runs. ERA5.1 is the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECWMF) ERA5 reanalysis project re-run for 2000-2006 to improve upon the cold bias in the lower stratosphere seen in ERA5 (see technical memorandum 859 in the linked documentation section for further details). Ensemble means and spreads are calculated from these 10 member ensemble, run at a reduced resolution compared with the single high resolution (hourly output at 31 km grid spacing) 'HRES' realisation, for which these data have been produced to provide an uncertainty estimate. This dataset contains a limited selection of all available variables and have been converted to netCDF from the original GRIB files held on the ECMWF system. They have also been translated onto a regular latitude-longitude grid during the extraction process from the ECMWF holdings. For a fuller set of variables please see the linked Copernicus Data Store (CDS) data tool, linked to from this record.

Note, ensemble standard deviation is often referred to as ensemble spread and is calculated as the standard deviation of the 10-members in the ensemble (i.e., including the control). It is not the sample standard deviation, and thus were calculated by dividing by 10 rather than 9 (N-1). See linked datasets for ensemble mean and ensemble spread data.

The main ERA5 global atmospheric reanalysis of the covers 1979 to 2 months behind the present month. This follows on from the ERA-15, ERA-40 rand ERA-interim re-analysis projects. An initial release of ERA5 data, ERA5t, are also available upto 5 days behind the present. A limited selection of data from these runs are also available via CEDA, whilst full access is available via the Copernicus Data Store.

ERA5 hourly gridded data on single levels from 1979 to present. ERA5 is the fifth generation ECMWF reanalysis for the global climate and weather. ERA5 provides hourly estimates for a large number of atmospheric, ocean-wave and land-surface quantities. ERA5 is updated daily with a latency of about 5 days. In case that serious flaws are detected in this early release (called ERA5T), this data could be different from the final release 2 to 3 months later. Data has been regridded to a regular lat-lon grid of 0.25 degrees for the reanalysis and 0.5 degrees for the uncertainty estimate. This dataset is not intended for general public access since the original row dataset is freely distributed by ECMWF

Timeseries data used for the causal effect estimation of the paper "Stratocumulus adjustments to aerosol perturbations disentangled with a causal approach".

This dataset contains several cloud parameters and meteorological co-variates corresponding to the evolution of the South-East Atlantic stratocumulus deck for the time period January 2016 to December 2017 and the spatial domain [lon1,lon2,lat1,lat2]=[0, 10, -20, -10].

The processing code used to generate the timeseries data, as well as the analysis code are uploaded separately on Zenodo. The input raw satellite and reanalysis data for the processing code are from EUMETSAT (Copyright (c) (2020) EUMETSAT), NASA and COPERNICUS data (generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2022]).

Citations for the raw data sources:

Finkensieper, S., Meirink, J.-F., van Zadelhoff, G.-J., Hanschmann, T., Benas, N., Stengel, M., Fuchs, P., Hollmann, R., Kaiser, J., Werscheck, M.: CLAAS-2.1: CM SAF CLoud property dAtAset using SEVIRI - Edition 2.1. Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (2020). https://doi.org/10.5676/EUM_SAF_CM/CLAAS/V002_01

Huffman, G.J., Stocker, E.F., Bolvin, D.T., Nelkin, E.J., Tan, J.: GPMIMERG Final Precipitation L3 Half Hourly 0.1 degree x 0.1 degree V06. MD, Goddard Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center (GES DISC) (2019). https://doi.org/10.5067/GPM/IMERG/3B-HH/06.

Hersbach, H., Bell, B., Berrisford, P., Biavati, G., Horanyi, A., Munoz Sabater, J., Nicolas, J., Peubey, C., Radu, R., Rozum, I., Schepers, D., Simmons, A., Soci, C., Dee, D., Th ́ebaut, J.-N.: ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1959 to present. Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) (2018). https://doi.org/10.24381/cds.adbb2d47

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EOOffshore is a Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) funded project, which commenced in June 2020 in the School of Physics in University College Dublin (UCD). It presents a case study that demonstrates the utility of the Pangeo software ecosystem in the development of offshore wind speed and power density estimates, increasing wind measurement coverage of offshore renewable energy assessment areas in the Irish Continental Shelf (ICS) region. It has involved the creation of a new wind data catalog for this region, consisting of a collection of analysis-ready, cloud-optimized (ARCO) datasets featuring up to 21 years of available in situ, reanalysis, and satellite observation wind data products.

ERA5 is the fifth generation global reanalysis data set produced by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). It is a component of the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), where data products are publicly available in the C3S Climate Data Store. This particular catalog data set (eooffshore_ics_era5_single_level_hourly_wind.zarr.tar.gz) contains 2001-2021 products for the ICS region from the ERA5 hourly data on single levels from 1979 to present data set, which provides hourly data from 1979 to the present day, at single levels (atmospheric, ocean-wave and land surface quantities). Wind speed and direction have been calculated from the uX and vX variables, where X = 10 m and 100 m above sea level. This ERA5 data set was used in the EOOffshore project outputs presented (Scalable Offshore Wind Analysis With Pangeo) at the Meeting Exascale Computing Challenges with Compression and Pangeo 2022 EGU General Assembly session.

Description and example usage of the ERA5 data set in EOOffshore:

ERA5 Wind Data for Irish Continental Shelf region

Offshore Wind in Irish Areas Of Interest

Comparison of Offshore Wind Speed Extrapolation and Power Density Estimation

As requested by the ECMWF - Licence to Use Copernicus Products, this Zarr store was:

Generated using Copernicus Climate Change Service information [2001 - 2021]