Explore the spatial patterns of the Human Development Index (HDI) to identify regional pat- terns and causal factors in the data. The GeoInquiry activity is available here.Educational standards addressed:APHG: VI:B2 Analyze spatial patterns of social and economic development – GNI per capita. APHG: VI:B1 Explain social and economic measures of development – HDI, Gender Inequali- ty Index (GII), Total Fertility Rate (TRF).APHG: VI:B6 Social and economic measures of development — Changes in fertilityand mortalityThis map is part of a Human Geography GeoInquiry activity. Learn more about GeoInquiries.

OVERVIEWThis site is dedicated to raising the level of spatial and data literacy used in public policy. We invite you to explore curated content, training, best practices, and datasets that can provide a baseline for your research, analysis, and policy recommendations. Learn about emerging policy questions and how GIS can be used to help come up with solutions to those questions.EXPLOREGo to your area of interest and explore hundreds of maps about various topics such as social equity, economic opportunity, public safety, and more. Browse and view the maps, or collect them and share via a simple URL. Sharing a collection of maps is an easy way to use maps as a tool for understanding. Help policymakers and stakeholders use data as a driving factor for policy decisions in your area.ISSUESBrowse different categories to find data layers, maps, and tools. Use this set of content as a driving force for your GIS workflows related to policy. RESOURCESTo maximize your experience with the Policy Maps, we’ve assembled education, training, best practices, and industry perspectives that help raise your data literacy, provide you with models, and connect you with the work of your peers.

The site suitability criteria included in the techno-economic land use screens are listed below. As this list is an update to previous cycles, tribal lands, prime farmland, and flood zones are not included as they are not technically infeasible for development. The techno-economic site suitability exclusion thresholds are presented in table 1. Distances indicate the minimum distance from each feature for commercial scale wind developmentAttributes: Steeply sloped areas: change in vertical elevation compared to horizontal distancePopulation density: the number of people living in a 1 km2 area Urban areas: defined by the U.S. Census. Water bodies: defined by the U.S. National Atlas Water Feature Areas, available from Argonne National Lab Energy Zone Mapping Tool Railways: a comprehensive database of North America's railway system from the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), available from Argonne National Lab Energy Zone Mapping Tool Major highways: available from ESRI Living Atlas Airports: The Airports dataset including other aviation facilities as of July 13, 2018 is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)/Bureau of Transportation Statistics's (BTS's) National Transportation Atlas Database (NTAD). The Airports database is a geographic point database of aircraft landing facilities in the United States and U.S. Territories. Attribute data is provided on the physical and operational characteristics of the landing facility, current usage including enplanements and aircraft operations, congestion levels and usage categories. This geospatial data is derived from the FAA's National Airspace System Resource Aeronautical Data Product. Available from Argonne National Lab Energy Zone Mapping Tool Active mines: Active Mines and Mineral Processing Plants in the United States in 2003Military Lands: Land owned by the federal government that is part of a US military base, camp, post, station, yard, center, or installation. Table 1 Wind Steeply sloped areas >10o Population density >100/km2 Capacity factor <20% Urban areas <1000 m Water bodies <250 m Railways <250 m Major highways <125 m Airports <5000 m Active mines <1000 m Military Lands <3000m For more information about the processes and sources used to develop the screening criteria see sources 1-7 in the footnotes. Data updates occur as needed, corresponding to typical 3-year CPUC IRP planning cyclesFootnotes:[1] Lopez, A. et. al. “U.S. Renewable Energy Technical Potentials: A GIS-Based Analysis,” 2012. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51946.pdf[2] https://greeningthegrid.org/Renewable-Energy-Zones-Toolkit/topics/social-environmental-and-other-impacts#ReadingListAndCaseStudies[3] Multi-Criteria Analysis for Renewable Energy (MapRE), University of California Santa Barbara. https://mapre.es.ucsb.edu/[4] Larson, E. et. al. “Net-Zero America: Potential Pathways, Infrastructure, and Impacts, Interim Report.” Princeton University, 2020. https://environmenthalfcentury.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf331/files/2020-12/Princeton_NZA_Interim_Report_15_Dec_2020_FINAL.pdf.[5] Wu, G. et. al. “Low-Impact Land Use Pathways to Deep Decarbonization of Electricity.” Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 7 (July 10, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab87d1.[6] RETI Coordinating Committee, RETI Stakeholder Steering Committee. “Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative Phase 1B Final Report.” California Energy Commission, January 2009.[7] Pletka, Ryan, and Joshua Finn. “Western Renewable Energy Zones, Phase 1: QRA Identification Technical Report.” Black & Veatch and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46877.pdf.[8]https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/geo/shapefiles/index.php?year=2019&layergroup=Urban+Areas[9]https://ezmt.anl.gov/[10]https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=fc870766a3994111bce4a083413988e4[11]https://mrdata.usgs.gov/mineplant/Credits Title: Techno-economic screening criteria for utility-scale wind energy installations for Integrated Resource Planning Purpose for creation: These site suitability criteria are for use in electric system planning, capacity expansion modeling, and integrated resource planning. Keywords: wind energy, resource potential, techno-economic, IRP Extent: western states of the contiguous U.S. Use Limitations The geospatial data created by the use of these techno-economic screens inform high-level estimates of technical renewable resource potential for electric system planning and should not be used, on their own, to guide siting of generation projects nor assess project-level impacts.Confidentiality: Public ContactEmily Leslie Emily@MontaraMtEnergy.comSam Schreiber sam.schreiber@ethree.com Jared Ferguson Jared.Ferguson@cpuc.ca.govOluwafemi Sawyerr femi@ethree.com

The global Spatial Information Service market, valued at $3360 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing urbanization, the proliferation of smart cities initiatives, and the rising adoption of location-based services across various sectors. A compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 12.8% from 2025 to 2033 signifies significant market expansion. Key growth drivers include the increasing demand for precise geospatial data for infrastructure development, precision agriculture, environmental monitoring, and disaster management. Furthermore, advancements in technologies such as cloud computing, AI, and IoT are enabling the development of sophisticated and efficient spatial information services, further fueling market expansion. The market is segmented by application (city, rural, others) and type (cloud-based, on-premises, others). Cloud-based solutions are witnessing higher adoption due to their scalability, cost-effectiveness, and accessibility. The North American market currently holds a substantial share, driven by strong technological advancements and robust government investments in geospatial technologies. However, the Asia-Pacific region is poised for significant growth, fueled by rapid urbanization and economic development in countries like China and India. While the market faces restraints such as data security concerns and the high cost of implementation for some solutions, the overall growth trajectory remains positive, presenting lucrative opportunities for established players like Esri, Hexagon AB, and Trimble, as well as emerging innovative companies. The competitive landscape is characterized by a blend of established players and emerging technology providers. Established companies leverage their extensive data libraries and experience to offer comprehensive solutions. New entrants are focusing on niche applications and innovative technologies, such as advanced analytics and AI-powered insights from geospatial data. The market is witnessing increased partnerships and collaborations to expand service offerings and tap into new market segments. Regional variations in market growth are primarily influenced by factors such as technological adoption rates, government regulations, and economic development. Future growth will likely be driven by the expanding use of spatial data analytics for improved decision-making across various industries, fostering a surge in demand for sophisticated and reliable spatial information services. Continued technological innovation and strategic partnerships will be crucial for success in this dynamic market.

The Geographic Information System (GIS) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing adoption across diverse sectors. The market, estimated at $25 billion in 2025, is projected to expand significantly over the forecast period (2025-2033), fueled by a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of approximately 8%. Key drivers include the rising demand for location-based services, the increasing use of GIS in urban planning and smart city initiatives, and the proliferation of readily available geospatial data. Furthermore, advancements in cloud computing, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics are enhancing GIS capabilities, leading to wider applications in environmental monitoring, disaster management, and precision agriculture. The government and utilities sector remains a dominant market segment, followed by the business sector, which is rapidly adopting GIS solutions for operational efficiency and strategic decision-making. Android-based GIS systems are currently the most prevalent, reflecting the widespread use of Android devices, although iOS and Windows-based systems maintain significant market shares. Competitive landscape analysis reveals key players such as Environmental Systems Research Institute (Esri), Hexagon, Pitney Bowes, and SuperMap actively innovating and expanding their market presence through strategic partnerships and technological advancements. Regional variations in market growth are expected, with North America and Europe maintaining leading positions due to high technological adoption rates and robust economies. However, Asia-Pacific is projected to witness the fastest growth in the coming years, driven by rapid urbanization, economic development, and increasing government investments in infrastructure projects. Restraints to market growth include the high initial investment costs associated with implementing GIS solutions and the need for specialized technical expertise. Nevertheless, the long-term benefits of GIS, encompassing improved efficiency, better decision-making, and enhanced resource management, are expected to overcome these barriers, resulting in sustained market expansion throughout the forecast period. The continuous development of user-friendly GIS software and services is further expected to fuel broader adoption across diverse user groups.

The Saudi Arabian geospatial analytics market, valued at approximately $400 million in 2025, is poised for significant growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.22% from 2025 to 2033. This robust expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, the Kingdom's ambitious Vision 2030 initiative, focused on economic diversification and infrastructure development, necessitates advanced geospatial technologies for effective urban planning, resource management, and infrastructure monitoring. Secondly, increasing government investments in smart city initiatives and digital transformation are fueling demand for sophisticated geospatial analytics solutions. Furthermore, the burgeoning oil and gas sector, along with the growing agriculture and transportation industries, rely heavily on geospatial data for optimized operations and resource allocation. The market's segmentation reveals strong growth across various end-user verticals, with the agriculture, utility & communication, and defense & intelligence sectors leading the charge. The adoption of cloud-based geospatial analytics platforms and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are emerging as major trends, enhancing the capabilities and efficiency of these solutions. However, market growth is not without its challenges. Data privacy concerns and the need for skilled professionals proficient in geospatial analytics technologies represent significant hurdles. Nevertheless, the long-term prospects remain positive, fueled by continued governmental support, private sector investment, and the inherent advantages of geospatial analytics in addressing critical national challenges related to sustainable development and economic growth. Key players like SAS Institute, Esri, and others are strategically positioning themselves to capitalize on this expanding market, offering a wide range of solutions tailored to the specific needs of Saudi Arabian businesses and government entities. The integration of advanced technologies within existing infrastructure is driving growth and adoption across sectors like construction, real estate and healthcare. Saudi Arabia Geospatial Analytics Market: A Comprehensive Report (2019-2033) This comprehensive report provides a detailed analysis of the burgeoning Saudi Arabia geospatial analytics market, offering invaluable insights for businesses, investors, and policymakers. The study period spans from 2019 to 2033, with 2025 serving as the base and estimated year. The market is projected to experience significant growth during the forecast period (2025-2033), driven by factors such as increasing government investment in infrastructure development, the adoption of smart city initiatives, and the rising demand for location-based services. This report meticulously analyzes market size, segmentation, trends, and future projections, providing a clear picture of this dynamic sector. Key players such as SAS Institute Inc, Esri Inc, and others, are profiled, offering a competitive landscape analysis. The report also assesses the impact of regulations and technological advancements on market growth. Furthermore, the report considers the substantial contributions from the Defense and Intelligence, Government, and Real Estate and Construction sectors to this burgeoning industry. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Potential restraints include: High Costs and Operational Concerns, Concerns related to Geoprivacy and Confidential Data. Notable trends are: Geovisualization is Expected to Hold Significant Share of the Market.

Alaska Energy Authority Power Cost Equalization (PCE) program by community. The power cost equalization program supports rural Alaskans who live in areas where energy costs are significantly higher than urban areas in meeting the cost of electricity."AEA determines eligibility of community facilities and residential customers and authorizes payment to the electric utility. Commercial customers are not eligible to receive PCE credit. Participating utilities are required to reduce each eligible customer’s bill by the amount that the State pays for PCE. RCA determines if a utility is eligible to participate in the program and calculates the amount of PCE per kWh payable to the utility. More information about the RCA may be found at www.state.ak.us/rca."(AEA, 2017)Source: Alaska Energy AuthorityThis data has been visualized in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) format and is provided as a service in the DCRA Information Portal by the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development Division of Community and Regional Affairs (SOA DCCED DCRA), Research and Analysis section. SOA DCCED DCRA Research and Analysis is not the authoritative source for this data. For more information and for questions about this data, see: AEA Power Cost Equalization

Alaska communities' Fire Department contact information.The Alaska Fire Department Contact Directory has a main update annually after the registration period, which are due every January 31st. The directory continues to be updated with on-going updates throughout the year. The last update was September 13, 2018This is not a list of currently registered Alaskan fire departments. This directory lists all departments that have contacted the Division of Fire and Life Safety with the most current information we have on file for the department.Source: Alaska Department of Public SafetyThis data has been visualized in a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) format and is provided as a service in the DCRA Information Portal by the Alaska Department of Commerce, Community, and Economic Development Division of Community and Regional Affairs (SOA DCCED DCRA), Research and Analysis section. SOA DCCED DCRA Research and Analysis is not the authoritative source for this data. For more information and for questions about this data, see: Alaska Fire Departments.

Analysis of ‘California Electric Substations’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from https://catalog.data.gov/dataset/7b7a4c02-e254-4f86-997d-dc55ef656b85 on 27 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

The California Energy Commission (CEC) Electric Substation geospatial data layer has been created to display the locations of substations in California. It contains point features representing transmission substations and some distribution substations in California. These substations are fed by electric transmission lines and are used to step-up and step-down the voltage of electricity being carried by the lines, or simply to connect together various lines and maintain reliability of supply. These substations can be located on the surface within fenced enclosures, within special purpose buildings, on rooftops (in urban environments), or underground. A substation feature is also used to represent a location where one transmission line "taps" into another. When used in association with the CEC Power Plant and CEC Electric Transmission Lines geospatial data layers, viewers can analyze the geographic relationships with the substation across utilities, counties and state.

The data has been gathered from two sources - internal CEC data and the Department of Homeland Security's - Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data (HIFLD). The CEC data was created from a project spanning many years and was previously updated in 2016. The data was derived from utility companies and USGS topographic map. Some of the data was rectified from GE and Platts substation geospatial data. The sources for the substation point digitizing are including sub-meter resolution of Digital Globe, Bing, Google, ESRI and NAIP aerial imageries, with scale at least 1:10,000. Occasionally, USGS Topographic map, Google Street View and Bing Bird's Eye are used to verify the precise location of a facility.

The substation data, as one of the CEC's California Energy Infrastructure spatial data will be used to:

1. Support the CEC/STEP/Strategic Transmission Planning and Corridor Designation Office in corridor study and transmission line siting;

2. Support the CEC staffs' various analysis by providing general geographic reference information;

3. Enhance communication between and among government agencies on emergency management, resource management, economic development, and environmental study;

4. Provide illustration of critical infrastructure spatial data to the public or other agencies in hard copy format.

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The Energy Storage for Renewable Energy Grid Integration (ESRI) market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind power. Grid stability and reliability are paramount concerns as the world transitions towards cleaner energy, and ESRI solutions are crucial for addressing these challenges. The market is segmented by application (agriculture, construction, power & water utilities, real estate, journalism, cinematography, transportation, and energy sector) and battery type (Li-ion, lead-acid, and others). Li-ion batteries currently dominate due to their higher energy density and longer lifespan, but advancements in other technologies are expected to fuel competition. The substantial growth in renewable energy installations globally is a major market driver, creating a significant demand for effective energy storage solutions. Government policies promoting renewable energy adoption and stringent emission regulations further propel market expansion. However, high initial investment costs, limited lifespan of some battery technologies, and challenges related to grid integration and safety remain as restraints. Geographically, North America and Europe are currently leading the market due to early adoption and supportive policies, but the Asia-Pacific region is projected to experience the fastest growth in the coming years, fueled by rapid economic development and substantial renewable energy capacity additions in countries like China and India. This presents substantial opportunities for both established players and new entrants in the ESRI market. The forecast period (2025-2033) is expected to witness a significant expansion of the ESRI market, driven by several factors. Technological advancements leading to improved battery performance, reduced costs, and increased efficiency are expected to be key catalysts. Furthermore, the development of sophisticated grid management systems and smart grid technologies will enhance the integration of ESRI solutions. The increasing focus on microgrids and distributed energy resources will further propel market demand. Competition among battery manufacturers and system integrators is expected to intensify, leading to innovative solutions and price reductions. Market players are focusing on strategic partnerships and collaborations to expand their market reach and develop comprehensive ESRI solutions. While challenges related to battery recycling and environmental concerns remain, the overall outlook for the ESRI market is highly positive, suggesting significant growth opportunities throughout the forecast period.

The Growth Centers data on the Future Land Use Map were developed for the Division of Planning, RI Statewide Planning Program as part of an update to a state land use plan. These data are included in the Plan as Figure 121-02-(01), Future Land Use Map. The growth centers were an end product of a GIS overlay analysis of land suitability and scenario planning for future growth. Initially the factors for centers included 9 urban communities; Providence, East Providence, Pawtucket, Cranston, Central Falls, Warwick, West Warwick, Newport and Woonsocket as potential urban centers as opposed to identifying specific neighborhoods in those municipalities. Historical downtowns and traditional mixed-use central business cores in urban fringe / suburban communities were included as potential town centers, as well as, some of the historical village downtowns and some traditional mixed-use cores in rural communities. All communities in the State either include one or more existing or potential centers or are within the Urban Services Boundary on the map. The growth centers shown in these data were selected by the Statewide Planning staff, the Technical Committee and the State Planning Council through a series of discussions at public meetings, and comments received at public hearings and workshops in the final adoption of Land Use 2025 in 2006. Centers depicted on the Future Land Use 2025 map are illustrative of potential new centers that may be established. It is not a intended as a comprehensive inventory of existing centers. Other centers may be illustrated and or proposed in municipal comprehensive plans. Full descriptions of the methodology for the GIS analysis and scenario planning can be found within the Technical Appendix D to Land Use 2025, Geographic Analysis for Land Available and Suitable for Development for Land Use 2025. Land Use 2025: State Land Use Policies and Plan was published by the RI Statewide Planning Program on April 13, 2006. The Plan directs the state and communities to concentrate growth inside the Urban Services Boundary (USB) and within potential growth centers in rural areas. It establishes different development approaches for urban and rural areas. This Map has several purposes and applications: It is intended to be used as a policy guide for directing growth to areas most capable of supporting current and future developed uses and to direct growth away from areas less suited for development. Secondly, the Map is a guide to assist the state and communities in making land use policies. It is important to note the Map is a generalized portrayal of state land use policy. It is not a statewide zoning map. Zoning matters and individual land use decisions are the prerogative of local governments. Growth Centers are envisioned to be areas that will encourage development that is both contiguous to existing development with low fiscal and environmental impacts. They are intended to be compact developed areas (existing or new) containing a defined central core that accommodate community needs for residential and economic functions. Centers are intended to provide optimum use of land and services, and offer a choice of diverse housing stock, economic functions, and cultural and governmental uses. Density will vary greatly between centers subject to site constraints; however, it is intended that they will share the common characteristic of compact development that capitalizes on existing infrastructure. Centers should reflect traditional New England development patterns with a human scale of blocks, streets, open spaces that offer walkability and access to transit where available. In suburban areas, centers should be distinguished from surrounding sprawling development by a closer proximity between residential and non-residential uses. In rural areas, centers should be surrounded by natural areas, farmland, or open space, and may have a mixed-use and or commercial area in the core for neighborhood-scale goods and services. The land use element is the over arching element in Rhode Island's State Guide Plan. The Plan articulates goals, objectives and strategies to guide the current and future land use planning of municipalities and state agencies. The purpose of the plan is to guide future land use and to present policies under which state and municipal plans and land use activities will be reviewed for consistency with the State Guide Plan. The Map is a graphical representation of recommendations for future growth patterns in the State. The Map contains a USB that shows where areas with public services supporting urban development presently exist, or are likely to be provided, through 2025. Also included on the map are growth centers which are potential areas for development and redevelopment outside of the USB. These data will be updated when plan is updated or upon an amendment approved by the State Planning Council.

The site suitability criteria included in the techno-economic land use screens are listed below. As this list is an update to previous cycles, tribal lands, prime farmland, and flood zones are not included as they are not technically infeasible for development. The techno-economic site suitability exclusion thresholds are presented in Table 1. Distances indicate the minimum distance from each feature for commercial scale solar development.Attributes:Steeply sloped areas: change in vertical elevation compared to horizontal distancePopulation density: the number of people living in a 1 km2 areaUrban areas: defined by the U.S. Census.8Water bodies: defined by the U.S. National Atlas Water Feature Areas, available from Argonne National Lab Energy Zone Mapping Tool9Railways: a comprehensive database of North America's railway system from the Federal Railroad Administration (FRA), available from Argonne National Lab Energy Zone Mapping ToolMajor highways: available from ESRI Living Atlas10Airports: The Airports dataset including other aviation facilities as of July 13, 2018 is part of the U.S. Department of Transportation (USDOT)/Bureau of Transportation Statistics' (BTS's) National Transportation Atlas Database (NTAD). The Airports database is a geographic point database of aircraft landing facilities in the United States and U.S. Territories. Attribute data is provided on the physical and operational characteristics of the landing facility, current usage including enplanements and aircraft operations, congestion levels and usage categories. This geospatial data is derived from the FAA's National Airspace System Resource Aeronautical Data Product. Available from Argonne National Lab Energy Zone Mapping ToolActive mines: Active Mines and Mineral Processing Plants in the United States in 200311Military Lands: Land owned by the federal government that is part of a US military base, camp, post, station, yard, center or installation.Table 1 Solar Steeply sloped areas >10o Population density >100/km2 Capacity factor <20% Urban areas <500 m Water bodies <250 m Railways <30 m Major highways <125 m Airports <1000 m Active mines <1000 m Military Lands <1000m For more information about the processes and sources used to develop the screening criteria see sources 1-7 in the footnotes. Data updates occur as needed, corresponding to typical 3-year CPUC IRP planning cycles.Footnotes:[1] Lopez, A. et. al. “U.S. Renewable Energy Technical Potentials: A GIS-Based Analysis,” 2012. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/51946.pdf[2] https://greeningthegrid.org/Renewable-Energy-Zones-Toolkit/topics/social-environmental-and-other-impacts#ReadingListAndCaseStudies[3] Multi-Criteria Analysis for Renewable Energy (MapRE), University of California Santa Barbara. https://mapre.es.ucsb.edu/[4] Larson, E. et. al. “Net-Zero America: Potential Pathways, Infrastructure, and Impacts, Interim Report.” Princeton University, 2020. https://environmenthalfcentury.princeton.edu/sites/g/files/toruqf331/files/2020-12/Princeton_NZA_Interim_Report_15_Dec_2020_FINAL.pdf.[5] Wu, G. et. al. “Low-Impact Land Use Pathways to Deep Decarbonization of Electricity.” Environmental Research Letters 15, no. 7 (July 10, 2020). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ab87d1.[6] RETI Coordinating Committee, RETI Stakeholder Steering Committee. “Renewable Energy Transmission Initiative Phase 1B Final Report.” California Energy Commission, January 2009.[7] Pletka, Ryan, and Joshua Finn. “Western Renewable Energy Zones, Phase 1: QRA Identification Technical Report.” Black & Veatch and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2009. https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy10osti/46877.pdf.[8] https://www.census.gov/cgi-bin/geo/shapefiles/index.php?year=2019&layergroup=Urban+Areas[9] https://ezmt.anl.gov/[10] https://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=fc870766a3994111bce4a083413988e4[11] https://mrdata.usgs.gov/mineplant/CreditsTitle: Techno-economic screening criteria for utility-scale solar photovoltaic energy installations for Integrated Resource PlanningPurpose for creation: These exclusion criteria are for use in electric system planning, capacity expansion modeling, and integrated resource planning.Keywords: solar, photovoltaic, resource potential, techno-economic, PV, IRPExtent: western states of the contiguous U.S.Use LimitationsThe geospatial data created by the use of these techno-economic screens inform high-level estimates of technical renewable resource potential for electric system planning and should not be used, on their own, to guide siting of generation projects nor assess project-level impacts. Confidentiality: PublicContactEmily Leslie Emily@MontaraMtEnergy.comSam Schreiber sam.schreiber@ethree.com Jared Ferguson Jared.Ferguson@cpuc.ca.gov Oluwafemi Sawyerr femi@ethree.com

This data set consists of 83 digital maps that were produced by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) for the World Bank as part of a Global Farming Systems Study. The maps are distributed through the FAO-UN GeoNetwork Portal to Spatial Data and Information.

As part of the World Bank's review of its rural development strategy, the Bank sought the assistance of FAO in evaluating how farming systems might change and adapt over the next thirty years. Amongst other objectives, the World Bank asked FAO to provide guidance on priorities for investment in food security, poverty reduction, and economic growth, and in particular to identify promising approaches and technologies that will contribute to these goals. The results of the study are summarized in a set of seven documents, comprising six regional reports and a global overview. The global overview, which synthesizes the results of the six regional analyses as well as discussing global trends, cross-cutting issues and possible implementation modalities, presents an overview of the complete study. The global document is supplemented by two case study reports of development issues of importance to farming systems globally.

The six regions studied include:

East Asia Pacific East Europe and Central Asia Latin America and Caribbean Middle East and North Africa South Asia Sub-Saharan Africa

Map coverages for each region include the following:

Average precipitation Average temperature Elevation Irrigation intensity Land cover Length of growing period Livestock stocking density Major environmental constraints Major farming systems NOAA Satellite imagery (shaded relief imagery and ocean floor bathymetry) Permanent crop and arable land Rural population Slope Total population

The map coverages were prepared by FAO based on the following data sources:

Doll, P. and Siebert, S. 1999. A Digital Global Map of Irrigated Areas, Report No A9901, Centre for Environmental Systems Research, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany.

Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) Data and Maps 1999, Volume 1. World Worldsat Color Shaded Relief Image. Based on 1996 NOAA weather satellite images, with enhanced shaded relief imagery and ocean floor relief data (bathymetry) to provide a land and undersea topographic view. ESRI, Redlands, California, USA.

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Land and Water Development Division (AGL) with the collaboration of the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). 2000. Global Agro-Ecological Zones Study. FAO, Rome, Italy.

Gomes, R. 1999. Major Environmental Constraints for Agricultural Production Project. Based on FAOCLIM database, ARTEMIS NDVI imagery, and soil and terrain data provided by Soil Resources Management and Conservation Service. FAO-GIS. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Environment and Natural Resources Service, Rome, Italy.

Leemans, R. and Cramer, W. 1991. The IIASA Database for Mean Monthly Values of Temperature, Precipitation and Cloudiness on a Global Terrestrial Grid. Research Report RR-91-18. November 1991. International Institute of Applied Systems Analyses, Laxenburg, pp. 61.

Oak Ridge National Laboratory, LandScan Global Population 1998 Database. Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.

Slingenbergh, J. Livestock Distribution, Production and Diseases: Towards a Global Livestock Atlas. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), AGAH, Rome, Italy. (aka Global Livestock Production and Health Atlas (GLiPHA))

U.S. Geological Survey, EROS Data Center. 1996. GTOPO30 Digital Data Set. EDC, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, USA.

The ANZ Geospatial Analytics market, currently valued at approximately $0.68 billion in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.13% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by increasing adoption of advanced technologies like AI and machine learning within geospatial applications, coupled with rising demand for precise location-based insights across diverse sectors. Key drivers include the need for improved infrastructure planning and management (particularly in Australia and New Zealand's sprawling landscapes), precision agriculture advancements demanding sophisticated data analysis, and the expanding use of geospatial data for resource exploration and environmental monitoring. The market is segmented by type (Surface Analysis, Network Analysis, Geovisualization) and end-user vertical (Agriculture, Utility & Communication, Defense & Intelligence, Government, Mining & Natural Resources, Automotive & Transportation, Healthcare, Real Estate & Construction, Others). Australia and New Zealand's strong government investment in digital infrastructure and data initiatives further fuels this market growth. While data privacy concerns and the need for skilled professionals represent potential restraints, the overall outlook remains positive, indicating a significant market opportunity for established players like NGIS Australia, Alteryx, and Esri Australia, as well as emerging innovative companies in the region. The strong growth trajectory is expected to continue throughout the forecast period (2025-2033), propelled by the increasing integration of geospatial analytics into various business processes. Companies are leveraging these advanced analytics to optimize operations, enhance decision-making, and gain a competitive edge. The market's regional distribution likely reflects a higher concentration in Australia due to its larger economy and more developed infrastructure. However, New Zealand's growing adoption of technology and focus on sustainable development will also contribute to a notable market share. Competition is likely to intensify as new entrants and technology advancements reshape the market landscape. The continued investment in research and development by both established and emerging companies will likely further fuel the growth of innovative solutions and services within the ANZ Geospatial Analytics market. Recent developments include: January 2023: Ecopia AI (Ecopia) and Woolpert announced an expanded collaboration to map Australia's top metropolitan areas in 3D. The resulting vector maps will offer Woolpert's Asia-Pacific clients an accurate, detailed, and up-to-date foundational layer of geospatial data representing the dimensional world. As one of the leading geospatial services providers, Woolpert works with commercial and government organizations alike to map and analyze locations for strategic decision-making., September 2022: Wellington-based Geospatial data, technology, and analytics company Lynker Analytics announced that it had been selected by Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand in order to capture the building outlines from publicly owned aerial imagery over the next three years. Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand maintains a national open dataset of the building outlines extracted from multiple years of imagery captured through airborne sensors.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Demand for Geospatial Analytics in Smart City Development and Urban Planning, Integration of Advanced Technologies such as AI and ML in Geospatial Analytics Solutions. Potential restraints include: Growing Demand for Geospatial Analytics in Smart City Development and Urban Planning, Integration of Advanced Technologies such as AI and ML in Geospatial Analytics Solutions. Notable trends are: Agriculture Segment is Anticipated to Hold Significant Market Share.

The UAE geospatial analytics market, while lacking specific figures for the UAE alone, exhibits strong growth potential mirroring global trends. Considering a global market size of $0.3 billion in 2025 and a CAGR of 7.76%, we can project substantial expansion. The UAE's robust infrastructure development, strategic investments in smart city initiatives, and burgeoning digital economy create a fertile ground for geospatial technology adoption. Key drivers include the increasing need for precise land management, efficient resource allocation in sectors like agriculture and utilities, and advanced urban planning. The government's focus on digital transformation and smart city projects further fuels demand. Trends point towards increased integration of AI and machine learning for improved data analysis, the rise of cloud-based geospatial platforms enhancing accessibility and scalability, and growing adoption of IoT devices for richer data collection. While data scarcity currently poses a challenge, the market is expected to overcome this through increased public and private investment in data acquisition and processing. The major segments, namely surface analysis, network analysis, and geovisualization, are anticipated to experience parallel growth, driven by diverse end-user verticals like construction, transportation, and defense. Companies like ESRI, Google, and Trimble are likely to dominate, given their established presence and technological expertise. The forecast period (2025-2033) promises significant market expansion, with the UAE likely to benefit disproportionately from regional growth trends due to its unique economic and technological landscape. The UAE's strategic location and ambition to become a global tech hub make it a prime target for geospatial analytics providers. The market's growth will be shaped by continued government support, private sector investment in innovative technologies, and the overall expansion of the digital economy. While challenges like data privacy and security will need to be addressed, the long-term outlook for the UAE geospatial analytics market remains exceptionally positive. We anticipate a higher than average growth compared to the global average, reflecting the UAE's unique circumstances. Specific segmentation within the UAE market, while not readily available, will likely mirror the global trend, with substantial demand from sectors prioritizing precise data analysis for informed decision-making. Recent developments include: December 2023 - The UAE Space Agency has launched the operational phase of Geo-Spatial Analytics Platform. Image: UAE Space Agency, the platform will include three key services: facilitation an access to satellite imagery from international space agencies and a number of world-leading private companies, offering Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based algorithms to generate analytics reports, and a market-place for space applications and AI Space-Based Models., December 2023 - The ability to address them using aggregated and real-time insights into the Earth’s systems, to develop more effective and sustainable solutions, is the need of the hour. This is where the Space Data Centre can play a key role. Launched by the UAE government last year, the Space Data Centre is poised to transform the way space data is used globally. By providing scientists, public and private entities, start-ups and community members access to satellite data, the Centre will help facilitate the development of new solutions to help us understand and address national and global challenges.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Potential restraints include: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Notable trends are: Surface Analysis is Expected to Hold Significant Share of the Market.

This map is adapted from the outstanding work of Dr. Joseph Kerski at ESRI. A map of political, social, and economic indicators for 2010. Created at the Data Analysis and Social Inquiry Lab at Grinnell College by Megan Schlabaugh, April Chen, and Adam Lauretig.Data from Freedom House, the Center for Systemic Peace, and the World Bank.Shapefile:Weidmann, Nils B., Doreen Kuse, and Kristian Skrede Gleditsch. 2010. The Geography of the International System: The CShapes Dataset. International Interactions 36 (1).Field Descriptions:

Variable Name Variable Description Years Available Further Description Source

TotPop Total Population 2011 Population of the country/region World Bank

GDPpcap GDP per capita (current USD) 2011 A measure of the total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by the number of people in the country. The per capita GDP is especially useful when comparing one country to another because it shows the relative performance of the countries. World Bank

GDPpcapPPP GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP) 2011

World Bank

HDI Human Development Index (HDI) 2011 A tool developed by the United Nations to measure and rank countries' levels of social and economic development based on four criteria: Life expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling and gross national income per capita. The HDI makes it possible to track changes in development levels over time and to compare development levels in different countries. World Bank

LifeExpct Life expectancy at birth 2011 The probable number of years a person will live after a given age, as determined by mortality in a specific geographic area. World Bank

MyrSchool Mean years of schooling 2011 Years that a 25-year-old person or older has spent in schools World Bank

ExpctSch Expected years of schooling 2011 Number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age-specific enrolment rates persist throughout the child’s life. World Bank

GNIpcap Gross National Income (GNI) per capita 2011 Gross national income (GNI) is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. GNI per capita is gross national income divided by mid-year population. World Bank

GNIpcapHDI GNI per capita rank minus HDI rank 2011

World Bank

NaIncHDI Nonincome HDI
2011

World Bank

15+LitRate Adult (15+) literacy rate (%). Total 2010

UNESCO

EmplyAgr Employment in Agriculture 2009

World Bank

GDPenergy GDP per unit of energy use 2010 The PPP GDP per kilogram of oil equivalent of energy use. World Bank

GDPgrowth GDP growth (annual %) 2011

World Bank

GDP GDP (current USD) 2011

World Bank

ExptGDP Exports of Goods and Service (% GDP) 2011 The value of all goods and other market services provided to the rest of the world World Bank

ImprtGDP Imports of Goods and Service (% GDP) 2011 The value of all goods and other market services received from the rest of the world. World Bank

AgrGDP Agriculture, Value added (% GDP) 2011 Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and livestock production. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. World Bank

FDI Foreign Direct Investment, net (current USD) 2011 Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. World Bank

GNIpcap GNI per capita PP 2011 GNI per capita based on purchasing power parity (PPP). PPP GNI is gross national income (GNI) converted to international dollars using purchasing power parity rates. An international dollar has the same purchasing power over GNI as a U.S. dollar has in the United States. GNI is the sum of value added by all resident producers plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income (compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. World Bank

Inflatn Inflation, Consumer Prices (annual %) 2011 Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. World Bank

InfltnGDP Inflation, GDP deflator (annual %) 2011 Inflation as measured by the annual growth rate of the GDP implicit deflator shows the rate of price change in the economy as a whole. The GDP implicit deflator is the ratio of GDP in current local currency to GDP in constant local currency. World Bank

PctWomParl % women in national parliament 2010

United Nations

IntnetUser Internet Users, per 100 peple 2011 Internet users are people with access to the worldwide network. World Bank

HIVPrevlnc Estimated HIV Prevalence% - (Ages 15-49) 2009 Prevalence of HIV refers to the percentage of people ages 15-49 who are infected with HIV. UNAIDS estimates. UNAIDS

AgrLand Agricultural land (% of land area) 2009 Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable, under permanent crops, and under permanent pastures. World Bank

AidRecPP Aid received per person (current US$) 2010 Net official development assistance (ODA) per capita consists of disbursements of loans made on concessional terms (net of repayments of principal) and grants by official agencies of the members of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC), by multilateral institutions, and by non-DAC countries to promote economic development and welfare in countries and territories in the DAC list of ODA recipients; and is calculated by dividing net ODA received by the midyear population estimate. It includes loans with a grant element of at least 25 percent (calculated at a rate of discount of 10 percent). World Bank

AlcohAdul Alcohol consumption per adult (15+) in litres 2008 Liters of pure alcohol, computed as the sum of alcohol production and imports, less alcohol exports, divided by the adult population (aged 15 years and older). World Health Organization

ArmyPct Military expenditure (% of central government expenditure) 2008 Military expenditures data from SIPRI are derived from the NATO definition, which includes all current and capital expenditures on the armed forces, including peacekeeping forces; defense ministries and other government agencies engaged in defense projects; paramilitary forces, if these are judged to be trained and equipped for military operations; and military space activities. Such expenditures include military and civil personnel, including retirement pensions of military personnel and social services for personnel; operation and maintenance; procurement; military research and development; and military aid (in the military expenditures of the donor country). World Development Indicators (World Bank)

TFR Total Fertility Rate 2011 The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. This indicator shows the potential for population change in a country. World Bank

CO2perUSD CO2 kg per USD 2008 Carbon dioxide emissions are those stemming from the burning of fossil fuels and the manufacture of cement. They include carbon dioxide produced during consumption of solid, liquid, and gas fuels and gas flaring. World Bank

ExpdtrPrim Expenditure per student, primary (% of GDP per capita) 2008 Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Primary is the total public expenditure per student in primary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. Public expenditure (current and capital) includes government spending on educational institutions (both public and private), education administration as well as subsidies for private entities (students/households and other privates entities). World Bank

ExpdtrSecd Expenditure per student, secondary (% of GDP per capita) 2008 Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Secondary is the total public expenditure per student in secondary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. World Bank

ExpdtrTert Expenditure per student, tertiary (% of GDP per capita) 2008 Public expenditure per pupil as a % of GDP per capita. Tertiary is the total public expenditure per student in tertiary education as a percentage of GDP per capita. World Bank

FDIoutf Foreign direct investment, net outflows (% of GDP) 2010 Foreign direct investment are the net inflows of investment to acquire a lasting management interest (10 percent or more of voting stock) in an enterprise operating in an economy other than that of the investor. It is the sum of equity capital, reinvestment of earnings, other long-term capital, and short-term capital as shown in the balance of payments. This series shows net outflows of investment from the

The California Energy Commission (CEC) Electric Substation geospatial data layer has been created to display the locations of substations in California. It contains point features representing transmission substations and some distribution substations in California. These substations are fed by electric transmission lines and are used to step-up and step-down the voltage of electricity being carried by the lines, or simply to connect together various lines and maintain reliability of supply. These substations can be located on the surface within fenced enclosures, within special purpose buildings, on rooftops (in urban environments), or underground. A substation feature is also used to represent a location where one transmission line "taps" into another. When used in association with the CEC Power Plant and CEC Electric Transmission Lines geospatial data layers, viewers can analyze the geographic relationships with the substation across utilities, counties and state. The data has been gathered from two sources - internal CEC data and the Department of Homeland Security's - Homeland Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data (HIFLD). The CEC data was created from a project spanning many years and was previously updated in 2016. The data was derived from utility companies and USGS topographic map. Some of the data was rectified from GE and Platts substation geospatial data. The sources for the substation point digitizing are including sub-meter resolution of Digital Globe, Bing, Google, ESRI and NAIP aerial imageries, with scale at least 1:10,000. Occasionally, USGS Topographic map, Google Street View and Bing Bird's Eye are used to verify the precise location of a facility.The substation data, as one of the CEC's critical infrastructure spatial data will be used to: 1. Support the CEC/STEP/Strategic Transmission Planning and Corridor Designation Office in corridor study and transmission line siting; 2. Support the CEC staffs' various analysis by providing general geographic reference information; 3. Enhance communication between and among government agencies on emergency management, resource management, economic development, and environmental study;4. Provide illustration of critical infrastructure spatial data to the public or other agencies in hard copy format.