Complete Water Utility Network in file geodatabase format. Consume this dataset if you wish to download the entire Water Utility network dataset at once.

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GIS In Utility Industry Market Size 2025-2029

The gis in utility industry market size is forecast to increase by USD 3.55 billion, at a CAGR of 19.8% between 2024 and 2029.

The utility industry's growing adoption of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is driven by the increasing need for efficient and effective infrastructure management. GIS solutions enable utility companies to visualize, analyze, and manage their assets and networks more effectively, leading to improved operational efficiency and customer service. A notable trend in this market is the expanding application of GIS for water management, as utilities seek to optimize water distribution and reduce non-revenue water losses. However, the utility GIS market faces challenges from open-source GIS software, which can offer cost-effective alternatives to proprietary solutions. These open-source options may limit the functionality and support available to users, necessitating careful consideration when choosing a GIS solution. To capitalize on market opportunities and navigate these challenges, utility companies must assess their specific needs and evaluate the trade-offs between cost, functionality, and support when selecting a GIS provider. Effective strategic planning and operational execution will be crucial for success in this dynamic market.

What will be the Size of the GIS In Utility Industry Market during the forecast period?

Explore in-depth regional segment analysis with market size data - historical 2019-2023 and forecasts 2025-2029 - in the full report.
Request Free SampleThe Global Utilities Industry Market for Geographic Information Systems (GIS) continues to evolve, driven by the increasing demand for advanced data management and analysis solutions. GIS services play a crucial role in utility infrastructure management, enabling asset management, data integration, project management, demand forecasting, data modeling, data analytics, grid modernization, data security, field data capture, outage management, and spatial analysis. These applications are not static but rather continuously unfolding, with new patterns emerging in areas such as energy efficiency, smart grid technologies, renewable energy integration, network optimization, and transmission lines. Spatial statistics, data privacy, geospatial databases, and remote sensing are integral components of this evolving landscape, ensuring the effective management of utility infrastructure. Moreover, the adoption of mobile GIS, infrastructure planning, customer service, asset lifecycle management, metering systems, regulatory compliance, GIS data management, route planning, environmental impact assessment, mapping software, GIS consulting, GIS training, smart metering, workforce management, location intelligence, aerial imagery, construction management, data visualization, operations and maintenance, GIS implementation, and IoT sensors is transforming the industry. The integration of these technologies and services facilitates efficient utility infrastructure management, enhancing network performance, improving customer service, and ensuring regulatory compliance. The ongoing evolution of the utilities industry market for GIS reflects the dynamic nature of the sector, with continuous innovation and adaptation to meet the changing needs of utility providers and consumers.

How is this GIS In Utility Industry Industry segmented?

The gis in utility industry industry research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. ProductSoftwareDataServicesDeploymentOn-premisesCloudGeographyNorth AmericaUSCanadaEuropeFranceGermanyRussiaMiddle East and AfricaUAEAPACChinaIndiaJapanSouth AmericaBrazilRest of World (ROW).

By Product Insights

The software segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.In the utility industry, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) play a pivotal role in optimizing operations and managing infrastructure. Utilities, including electricity, gas, water, and telecommunications providers, utilize GIS software for asset management, infrastructure planning, network performance monitoring, and informed decision-making. The GIS software segment in the utility industry encompasses various solutions, starting with fundamental GIS software that manages and analyzes geographical data. Additionally, utility companies leverage specialized software for field data collection, energy efficiency, smart grid technologies, distribution grid design, renewable energy integration, network optimization, transmission lines, spatial statistics, data privacy, geospatial databases, GIS services, project management, demand forecasting, data modeling, data analytics, grid modernization, data security, field data capture, outage ma

Fittings are used to attach one pipe to another in order to combine, divert, or reduce the flow of wastewater. Fittings are required to participate in a Utility Network. Attribute Information:Field Name DescriptionOBJECTIDESRI software specific field that serves as an index for the database.AssetGroupDomained values defining participation in a Utility Network.AssociationStatusDomained values defining participation in a Utility Network.IsConnectedDomained values defining participation in a Utility Network.GlobalIDESRI software specific field that is automatically assigned by the geodatabase at row creation.cpSubnetworkNameDomained values defining participation in a Utility Network.SystemSubnetworkNameDomained values defining participation in a Utility Network.SewershedSubnetworkNameDomained values defining participation in a Utility Network.LifecycleStatusThe current status of the asset with respect to its location in the asset management lifecycle. Infor required field.InstallDateThe date when the asset was installed. Typically pulled from as-builts for consistency. Infor required field.AssetIDA unique identifier for the asset class.SymbolRotationValue representing the degrees of rotation appropriate for the asset for symbolization purposes.OwnedByDomained values denoting ownership of the asset.MaintByDomained values denoting the responsibility of asset maintenance.NotesA catch all for asset information that doesn't warrant it's own field.SpatialSourceSource of the spatial location of the asset.SpatialConfidenceConfidence of the spatial location of the asset.cpOverrideDomained values defining participation in a Utility Network.cpTraceabilityDomained values defining participation in a Utility Network.DiameterDiameter of the pipe in inches.BendAngleAngle in degrees that the fitting diverts the flow of wastewater.LocationDescriptionInformation related to the construction location or project name. Infor required field.ShapeESRI software specific field denoting the geometry type of the asset.AssetTypeA field to denote the subtype of fitting. Subtypes include: Unknown, Coupling, Cross, Elbow, End Cap, Expansion Joint, Flange, Plug, Reducer, Reducing Cross, Reducing Tee, Saddle, Screw, Sleeve, Tap, Tapping Saddle, Tee, Transition, Weld, and Wye. created_userName of user whom created the asset.created_dateDate when the asset was created.last_edited_userName of user whom most recently edited asset information.last_edited_dateDate when asset was most recently updated.

Sewer System Manhole points in Fuquay-Varina. These are primarily publicly-maintained gravity sewer manhole points. However, there are also some privately-owned and privately-maintained manholes included in this dataset; they are mapped for modeling and informational purposes to provide more context for the complete Town sewer network.Please note that ALL public utility data layers can be downloaded in a single .mpkx (ArcGIS Pro map package file), updated every Friday evening. This .mpkx file can be opened directly with ArcGIS Pro version 3+. Alternatively, you can extract the file geodatabase within it by renaming the file ending .mpkx to .zip and treating it like a zip archive file, for use in any version of ArcGIS Pro or ArcMap software. You can also use QGIS, a powerful, free, and open-source GIS software.The Town of Fuquay-Varina creates, maintains, and serves out a variety of utility information to the public, including its Potable Water System, Sanitary Sewer System, and Stormwater Collection System features. This is the same utility data displayed in our public web map. This utility data includes some features designated as 'private' that are not owned or maintained by the Town, but may be helpful for modeling and other informational purposes. Please pay particular attention to the terms of use and disclaimer associated with these data. Some data includes the use of Subtypes and Domains that may not translate well to Shapefile or GeoJSON downloads available through our Open Data site. Please beware the dangers of cartographic misrepresentation if you are unfamiliar with filtering and symbolizing data based on attributes. Water System Layers:Water LinesWater ValvesWater ManholesFire HydrantsFire Department ConnectionsWater MetersRPZ (Backflow Preventers)Water TankWater Booster StationsHarnett County Water District AreaSewer System Layers:Gravity Sewer LinesForced Sewer LinesSewer ManholesSewer ValvesSewer CleanoutsSewer Pump StationsWastewater Treatment PlantsStormwater System Layers:Stormwater Lines (Pipes)Stormwater Points (Inlets/Outlets/Manholes)Stormwater Control Measure Points (SCM's, such as Wet Ponds / Retention Basins)

Water Distribution Line Collection contains Water Main and Service Line asset groups. See the Water Data Dictionary for complete descriptions and definitions of each Layer, Asset Group, and Asset Type. The dictionary also provides details of the Utility Network along with attribute field definitions, relationship definitions, tables and attribute domain values.

The Sewer Network Line Collection contains the lines which deliver your utility resource. Lines can be connected to other lines, junctions, and devices. Lines can be contained within assemblies. See the Sewer Data Dictionary for complete descriptions and definitions of each Layer, Asset Group, and Asset Type. The dictionary also provides details of the Utility Network along with attribute field definitions, relationship definitions, tables and attribute domain values.

The Geographic Information System (GIS) in Telecom market is experiencing steady growth, projected to reach $1099.9 million in 2025, with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.1% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key drivers. The increasing need for efficient network planning and optimization within the telecom sector is a major catalyst. GIS technology enables telecom companies to visualize network infrastructure, identify coverage gaps, and plan for network expansion strategically, optimizing resource allocation and reducing operational costs. Furthermore, the rising adoption of cloud-based GIS solutions offers scalability, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness, attracting a wider range of telecom operators, from SMEs to large enterprises. The integration of GIS with other technologies, such as IoT and big data analytics, further enhances its utility, enabling predictive maintenance, improved customer service, and more accurate network performance monitoring. Competitive pressures are also pushing telecom companies to leverage GIS for improved efficiency and better customer experiences. The market segmentation reveals a strong preference for cloud-based solutions, driven by their inherent advantages in scalability and accessibility. Large enterprises, with their complex network infrastructures and vast data sets, are major adopters of GIS technology. Geographically, North America and Europe currently hold significant market share due to early adoption and advanced technological infrastructure. However, the Asia-Pacific region is expected to witness rapid growth in the coming years, driven by increasing investments in telecom infrastructure and expanding mobile penetration. Challenges for the market include the high initial investment costs associated with implementing GIS systems and the need for skilled professionals to manage and utilize these complex systems. Despite these challenges, the long-term outlook for the GIS in Telecom market remains positive, driven by continuous technological advancements and the increasing reliance on data-driven decision-making within the telecom industry.

This dataset is intended to represent the location and basic attributes of known, recorded, miscellaneous pipe assets within the Sunshine Coast LGA. Features within this dataset have been captured by various Sunshine Coast Council personnel and methodologies.

Keywords: Miscellaneous Pipes, Misc Pipes, Pipes, Pipe, Miscellaneous Pipe Network, Pipe Network, Utility, Utilities, Salinity Exchange, Tidal Exchange, Sand Dredging, Sand Pumping, Water, Sewer, Leachate, Landfill Gas, Gas.

The Saudi Arabian geospatial analytics market, valued at $400 million in 2025, is poised for significant growth, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.22% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, substantial investments in infrastructure development, including smart city initiatives and digital transformation across various sectors, are fueling the demand for sophisticated geospatial analytics solutions. Secondly, the Kingdom's strategic focus on Vision 2030, which emphasizes diversification and technological advancement, is creating a favorable environment for the adoption of geospatial technologies across sectors such as agriculture, utilities, defense, and real estate. The increasing availability of high-resolution satellite imagery, coupled with advancements in data analytics and artificial intelligence (AI), further enhances the market's growth trajectory. Government initiatives promoting data sharing and open data platforms are also playing a crucial role. Segmentation reveals that network analysis and geovisualization are experiencing the fastest growth, driven by their applications in urban planning, resource management, and emergency response. Key players, including established technology giants like Microsoft and Esri, as well as specialized geospatial firms, are actively competing in this dynamic market, contributing to innovation and service diversification. Despite the promising outlook, challenges remain. Data security and privacy concerns related to handling sensitive geospatial data pose a significant restraint. Furthermore, the lack of skilled professionals proficient in geospatial analytics and data interpretation could hinder market growth in the short term. Nevertheless, ongoing investments in education and training programs should mitigate this issue. The overall market landscape indicates substantial potential for growth, particularly in leveraging geospatial analytics for sustainable development and effective resource allocation across Saudi Arabia's diverse sectors. The forecast period, spanning from 2025 to 2033, projects substantial market expansion, driven by consistent technological innovation and governmental support for digital transformation. Recent developments include: May 2023: Microsoft introduced three new functions for geospatial analysis in Azure Data Explorer, geo_point_buffer, geo_line_buffer, and geo_polygon_buffer. These functions allow users to create polygonal buffers around geospatial points, lines, or polygons, respectively, and return the resulting geometry. Users can use these functions to perform spatial operations such as intersection, containment, distance, or proximity on user geospatial data or to visualize data on maps., October 2022: ROSHN, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia's nationwide real estate developer, backed by the government's Public Investment Fund (PIF), supported government efforts to improve homeownership rates while delivering sophisticated living standards. The Saudi Arabia designer built communities that looked to the nation's heritage and evolving resident aspirations. To support its vision and ongoing regional projects, ROSHN signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with Esri, the global player in location intelligence., . Key drivers for this market are: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Potential restraints include: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Notable trends are: Geovisualization is Expected to Hold Significant Share of the Market.

The global market for GIS Collectors is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing adoption of location-based services, the expanding need for precise geospatial data across various industries, and the rising availability of affordable and advanced mobile GIS technologies. Our analysis projects a market size of $2.5 billion in 2025, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 12% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. The construction industry's reliance on precise mapping and asset tracking for project management is a major driver. Furthermore, the utility sector is increasingly leveraging GIS collectors for efficient network management and maintenance. Growing government initiatives promoting smart city development and infrastructure modernization are also significantly contributing to market expansion. Finally, the ongoing development of user-friendly interfaces and cloud-based solutions is simplifying data collection and analysis, making GIS technology accessible to a broader range of users. Despite the positive outlook, the market faces certain challenges. High initial investment costs associated with implementing GIS solutions can be a barrier for smaller organizations. Furthermore, the complexity of data integration and the need for skilled personnel can hinder broader adoption. However, these challenges are being mitigated by the emergence of affordable and user-friendly software solutions and increased availability of training and support resources. The market segmentation reveals a strong presence of established players like Hexagon, Trimble Geospatial, ESRI, Topcon, and Handheld, along with regional players like Wuhan South. Competitive dynamics are characterized by ongoing innovation in hardware and software, resulting in continuous improvements in data accuracy, collection efficiency, and user experience. The market is poised for sustained growth, driven by technological advancements and increasing demand for location intelligence across multiple sectors.

The German geospatial analytics market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach €1.30 billion in 2025 and exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.90% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is fueled by several key drivers. Increasing adoption of precision agriculture techniques, coupled with the need for efficient resource management in utilities and communication sectors, is significantly boosting demand. Furthermore, the defense and intelligence communities are leveraging geospatial analytics for enhanced surveillance and strategic decision-making, contributing substantially to market growth. Advancements in sensor technologies, coupled with the rise of big data and improved analytical capabilities, are enabling more sophisticated applications across various sectors. The rising adoption of cloud-based geospatial analytics platforms further enhances accessibility and affordability, driving market penetration. Government initiatives promoting digitalization and smart city projects also stimulate market growth by creating demand for advanced geospatial solutions. However, data privacy concerns and the high cost of implementation remain key restraints to market expansion. Segmentation reveals strong growth across all types of geospatial analytics (surface analysis, network analysis, geovisualization), with Agriculture, Utility & Communication, and Defense & Intelligence segments leading the end-user vertical landscape. The competitive landscape includes both global giants like Hexagon, Esri, and Bentley Systems, as well as specialized players such as Geospin and Bluesky International. These companies are strategically investing in R&D to develop advanced algorithms and integrate AI/ML capabilities into their offerings, catering to the evolving needs of their clients. The market is characterized by a mix of established players and innovative startups, leading to increased competition and a focus on delivering advanced, cost-effective solutions. The market's future trajectory suggests a continued rise, driven by technological innovation and increasing data availability, further solidifying geospatial analytics' crucial role in diverse sectors within the German economy. The forecast period of 2025-2033 promises significant expansion, particularly in sectors experiencing rapid digital transformation. Recent developments include: November 2023 - Hexagon’s Manufacturing Intelligence branch unveiled Nexus Connected Worker, a collection of manufacturing software solutions that links employees to up-to-the-minute data for informed insights and reporting on operations, maintenance, quality, and audits. The suite offers strong integration with enterprise systems and serves as a hub for digital depictions of assets, processes, and production sites to aid in real-time decision-making., October 2023 - Bentley Systems announced that Seequent, a subsidiary of Bentley specializing in subsurface technology, has agreed to purchase Flow State Solutions, a top player in geothermal simulation software. The decision strengthens Seequent's position as the top provider of subsurface software for the geothermal sector.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Potential restraints include: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Notable trends are: Rollout of 5G will Boost Market Growth.

The ANZ Geospatial Analytics market, valued at $0.68 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing adoption across diverse sectors. A Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.13% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant expansion potential. Key drivers include the rising demand for precise location intelligence in agriculture (precision farming), utility management (network optimization), and infrastructure development (real estate and construction). Furthermore, advancements in data analytics techniques, particularly AI and machine learning, are enhancing the capabilities of geospatial analytics, leading to more insightful data analysis and improved decision-making. The market segmentation reveals strong demand across various verticals, with agriculture, utilities, and defense & intelligence leading the way. While data limitations prevent precise regional breakdowns for ANZ, the global trend suggests a significant market presence in Australia and New Zealand, supported by robust government initiatives and private sector investments in digital infrastructure. The presence of established players like CoreLogic NZ Limited and Esri Australia, alongside emerging innovative companies, contributes to the market’s dynamism and future potential. The forecast period (2025-2033) presents substantial opportunities for market expansion, particularly as businesses increasingly recognize the strategic value of location-based insights. Government initiatives promoting the use of geospatial data for better resource management, infrastructure planning, and disaster response are further catalyzing market growth. Challenges include data security concerns, integration complexities across different platforms, and the need for skilled professionals to handle and interpret geospatial data. However, the overall market outlook remains positive, fueled by ongoing technological advancements and a growing awareness of the benefits derived from geospatial analytics in driving operational efficiency and informed decision-making across diverse industry sectors within Australia and New Zealand. This report provides a detailed analysis of the Australia and New Zealand (ANZ) geospatial analytics market, offering invaluable insights for businesses operating or planning to enter this dynamic sector. With a study period spanning 2019-2033, a base year of 2025, and a forecast period of 2025-2033, this report offers a comprehensive overview of market size, trends, and future projections, valued in millions. The report leverages historical data (2019-2024) to paint a robust picture of market evolution. Recent developments include: January 2023: Ecopia AI (Ecopia) and Woolpert announced an expanded collaboration to map Australia's top metropolitan areas in 3D. The resulting vector maps will offer Woolpert's Asia-Pacific clients an accurate, detailed, and up-to-date foundational layer of geospatial data representing the dimensional world. As one of the leading geospatial services providers, Woolpert works with commercial and government organizations alike to map and analyze locations for strategic decision-making., September 2022: Wellington-based Geospatial data, technology, and analytics company Lynker Analytics announced that it had been selected by Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand in order to capture the building outlines from publicly owned aerial imagery over the next three years. Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand maintains a national open dataset of the building outlines extracted from multiple years of imagery captured through airborne sensors.. Key drivers for this market are: Growing Demand for Geospatial Analytics in Smart City Development and Urban Planning, Integration of Advanced Technologies such as AI and ML in Geospatial Analytics Solutions. Potential restraints include: Higher Costs Associated With Geospatial Analytics Solutions. Notable trends are: Agriculture Segment is Anticipated to Hold Significant Market Share.

This layer contains the data for the stormwater manholes in the City of Round Rock, located in Williamson County, Texas. This layer is part of an original dataset provided and maintained by the City of Round Rock GIS/IT and Public Works Departments. The data in this layer are represented as points.A manhole is defined as a small, covered opening in a floor, pavement, or other surface to allow a person to enter, especially an opening in a city street leading to a sewer or stormwater drain. This layer includes data about the city's manholes such as addresses, materials, elevations, types, uses, and conditions.

The UK geospatial analytics market is projected to reach a value of USD 1.85 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 11.26% during the forecast period (2025-2033). The increasing demand for geospatial data for decision-making across various industry verticals, such as defense, intelligence, healthcare, and transportation, is driving market growth. The government's emphasis on smart city projects and the adoption of location-based services are also contributing to the market's expansion. Key market trends include the growing adoption of cloud-based geospatial analytics platforms, the increasing use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for geospatial data analysis, and the emergence of 5G technology, which enables real-time data collection and processing. The market is segmented by type (surface analysis, network analysis, geovisualization) and end-user vertical (agriculture, utility and communication, defense and intelligence, government, mining and natural resources, automotive and transportation, healthcare, real estate and construction). Key players in the UK geospatial analytics market include SAS Institute Inc, Trimble, General Electric, Accenture, Bluesky International Ltd, ESRI Inc, Oracle Corporation, Bentley Systems Inc, and Hexagon. Recent developments include: April 2023: EDF used Esri UK corporate GIS to build a geospatial site for the Hinkley Point C nuclear power station, one of Europe's most extensive and complicated building projects. The portal provides a single picture of the entire project. They are facilitating greater cooperation and enabling new digital workflows, Assisting employees and contractors in improving safety and productivity. When the building of the nuclear reactors began, the portal has recently been expanded to include Tier-1 contractors, and it presently has over 1,500 users., April 2021: Esri UK launched a new cooperation with Tetra Tech, a worldwide consulting and engineering services company, to enhance indoor mapping capabilities by combining their expertise. Esri UK was to contribute to the partnership's robust GIS system, which had multiple indoor mapping capabilities, such as interactive floor plans and indoor location capabilities. Tetra Tech was to add 3D terrestrial laser scanning, data analytics, and CAD capabilities to GIS. They were to collaborate to provide customers with an end-to-end interior mapping solution to capitalize on an expanding need for indoor mapping for facilities management at central workplaces, campuses, or hospitals.. Key drivers for this market are: Increasing in Demand for Location Intelligence, Advancements of Big Data Analytics. Potential restraints include: High Costs and Operational Concerns, Concerns related to Geoprivacy and Confidential Data. Notable trends are: Location data will hold the significant share.

This layer contains the data for the stormwater culverts in the City of Round Rock, located in Williamson County, Texas. This layer is part of an original dataset provided and maintained by the City of Round Rock GIS/IT and Public Works Departments. The data in this layer are represented as polylines. A stormwater culvert is structure that allows water to flow under a road, railroad, trail, or similar obstruction, from one side to the other. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from a pipe, reinforced concrete, or other material. This layer contains data about the culverts such as type, length, height, address, slope, elevation, and other data.

A collection of SHP files containing all the Telecommunication feature classes available for download.

This CAD (.dwg) package, (last updated January 3, 2024), contains all the layers within the Water Utility network. The City of Langley has compiled all the Water Utility network layers in one AutoCAD (.dwg) file. CAD layers:Air ValvesAuto FlushersBlowoffsHydrantsMainsMains AnnotationOffsetOffset TextPressure Reducing ValvesPressure ZoneResevoirService LinesService TextValvesZone Valves

This layer contains the fittings for the water system in the City of Round Rock, located in Williamson County, Texas. This layer is part of an original dataset provided and maintained by the City of Round Rock Department of Utilities and Environmental Services. The data in this layer are represented as points.A fitting, or adapter, is used in pipe systems to connect straight sections of pipe or tube, adapt to different sizes or shapes, and for other purposes such as regulating (or measuring) fluid flow. These fittings are used in plumping to manipulate the conveyance of water, gas, or liquid waste in domestic or commercial environments, within a system of pipes or tubes.

Network structure for stormwater system in the City of San Jose, CA.Data is published on Mondays on a weekly basis.

This feature layer collection includes the core water distribution water device layers complete with symbology designed to visualize and identify complex water system components. See the Water Data Dictionary for complete descriptions and definitions of each Layer, Asset Group, and Asset Type. The dictionary also provides details of the Utility Network along with attribute field definitions, relationship definitions, tables and attribute domain values.