In 2022, Sierra Leone had one of the largest household sizes in Africa, with an average of ** members. The Gambia and Senegal followed with approximately *** and **** members, respectively, as of 2023. In 2019, Sub-Saharan Africa was the world's region with the largest households (*** individuals), exceeding significantly the world average of *** members.

Abstract

The 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS) is a nationwide survey with a nationally representative sample of 9,150 selected households. All women age 15-49 who were usual members of the selected households and those who spent the night before the survey in the selected households were eligible to be interviewed in the survey. In the selected households, all children under age 5 were eligible for height and weight measurements. The survey was designed to produce reliable estimates of key indicators at the national level as well as for urban and rural areas and each of the 11 regions in Ethiopia.

The primary objective of the 2019 EMDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of key demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the main objectives of the survey are: ▪ To collect high-quality data on contraceptive use; maternal and child health; infant, child, and neonatal mortality levels; child nutrition; and other health issues relevant to achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ▪ To collect information on health-related matters such as breastfeeding, maternal and child care (antenatal, delivery, and postnatal), children’s immunizations, and childhood diseases ▪ To assess the nutritional status of children under age 5 by measuring weight and height

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Children age 0-5
• Woman age 15-49
• Health facility

Universe

The survey covered all de jure household members (usual residents), all women aged 15-49 and all children aged 0-5 resident in the household.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2019 EMDHS is a frame of all census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2019 Ethiopia Population and Housing Census (EPHC) and conducted by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA). The census frame is a complete list of the 149,093 EAs created for the 2019 EPHC. An EA is a geographic area covering an average of 131 households. The sampling frame contains information about EA location, type of residence (urban or rural), and estimated number of residential households.

Administratively, Ethiopia is divided into nine geographical regions and two administrative cities. The sample for the 2019 EMDHS was designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the nine regions and the two administrative cities.

The 2019 EMDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. Each region was stratified into urban and rural areas, yielding 21 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.

To ensure that survey precision was comparable across regions, sample allocation was done through an equal allocation wherein 25 EAs were selected from eight regions. However, 35 EAs were selected from each of the three larger regions: Amhara, Oromia, and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR).

In the first stage, a total of 305 EAs (93 in urban areas and 212 in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to EA size (based on the 2019 EPHC frame) and with independent selection in each sampling stratum. A household listing operation was carried out in all selected EAs from January through April 2019. The resulting lists of households served as a sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Some of the selected EAs for the 2019 EMDHS were large, with more than 300 households. To minimise the task of household listing, each large EA selected for the 2019 EMDHS was segmented. Only one segment was selected for the survey, with probability proportional to segment size. Household listing was conducted only in the selected segment; that is, a 2019 EMDHS cluster is either an EA or a segment of an EA.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 30 households per cluster were selected with an equal probability systematic selection from the newly created household listing. All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who slept in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In all selected households, height and weight measurements were collected from children age 0-59 months, and women age 15-49 were interviewed using the Woman’s Questionnaire.

For further details on sample selection, see Appendix A of the final report.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Five questionnaires were used for the 2019 EMDHS: (1) the Household Questionnaire, (2) the Woman’s Questionnaire, (3) the Anthropometry Questionnaire, (4) the Health Facility Questionnaire, and (5) the Fieldworker’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ethiopia. They were shortened substantially to collect data on indicators of particular relevance to Ethiopia and donors to child health programmes.

Cleaning operations

All electronic data files were transferred via the secure internet file streaming system (IFSS) to the EPHI central office in Addis Ababa, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. The data were processed by EPHI staff members and an ICF consultant who took part in the main fieldwork training. They were supervised remotely by staff from The DHS Program. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro System software. During the fieldwork, field-check tables were generated to check various data quality parameters, and specific feedback was given to the teams to improve performance. Secondary editing, double data entry from both the anthropometry and health facility questionnaires, and data processing were initiated in April 2019 and completed in July 2019.

Response rate

A total of 9,150 households were selected for the sample, of which 8,794 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 8,663 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%.

In the interviewed households, 9,012 eligible women were identified for individual interviews; interviews were completed with 8,885 women, yielding a response rate of 99%. Overall, there was little variation in response rates according to residence; however, rates were slightly higher in rural than in urban areas.

Sampling error estimates

The estimates from a sample survey are affected by two types of errors: nonsampling errors and sampling errors. Nonsampling errors are the results of mistakes made in implementing data collection and data processing, such as failure to locate and interview the correct household, misunderstanding of the questions on the part of either the interviewer or the respondent, and data entry errors. Although numerous efforts were made during the implementation of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS) to minimize this type of error, nonsampling errors are impossible to avoid and difficult to evaluate statistically.

Sampling errors, on the other hand, can be evaluated statistically. The sample of respondents selected in the 2019 EMDHS is only one of many samples that could have been selected from the same population, using the same design and expected size. Each of these samples would yield results that differ somewhat from the results of the actual sample selected. Sampling errors are a measure of the variability among all possible samples. Although the degree of variability is not known exactly, it can be estimated from the survey results.

Sampling error is usually measured in terms of the standard error for a particular statistic (mean, percentage, etc.), which is the square root of the variance. The standard error can be used to calculate confidence intervals within which the true value for the population can reasonably be assumed to fall. For example, for any given statistic calculated from a sample survey, the value of that statistic will fall within a range of plus or minus two times the standard error of that statistic in 95% of all possible samples of identical size and design.

If the sample of respondents had been selected as a simple random sample, it would have been possible to use straightforward formulas for calculating sampling errors. However, the 2019 EMDHS sample is the result of a multi-stage stratified design, and, consequently, it was necessary to use more complex formulas. Sampling errors are computed in SAS, using programs developed by ICF. These programs use the Taylor linearization method to estimate variances for survey estimates that are means, proportions, or ratios. The Jackknife repeated replication method is used for variance estimation of more complex statistics such as fertility and mortality rates.

Note: A more detailed description of estimates of sampling errors are presented in APPENDIX B of the survey report.

Data appraisal

Data Quality Tables

• Household age distribution

- Age distribution of eligible and interviewed women

Abstract

The Ethiopia Socioeconomic Panel Survey (ESPS) is a collaborative project between the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS) and the World Bank Living Standards Measurement Study-Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS-ISA) team. The objective of the LSMS-ISA is to collect multi-topic, household-level panel data with a special focus on improving agriculture statistics and generating a clearer understanding of the link between agriculture and other sectors of the economy. The project also aims to build capacity, share knowledge across countries, and improve survey methodologies and technology. ESPS is a long-term project to collect panel data. The project responds to the data needs of the country, given the dependence of a high percentage of households on agriculture activities in the country. The ESPS collects information on household agricultural activities along with other information on the households like human capital, other economic activities, and access to services and resources. The ability to follow the same households over time makes the ESPS a new and powerful tool for studying and understanding the role of agriculture in household welfare over time as it allows analyses of how households add to their human and physical capital, how education affects earnings, and the role of government policies and programs on poverty, inter alia. The ESPS is the first-panel survey to be carried out by the Ethiopian Statistical Service that links a multi-topic household questionnaire with detailed data on agriculture.

Geographic coverage

National Regional Urban and Rural

Analysis unit

• Household
• Individual
• Community

Universe

The survey covered all de jure households excluding prisons, hospitals, military barracks, and school dormitories.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame for the second phase ESPS panel survey is based on the updated 2018 pre-census cartographic database of enumeration areas by the Ethiopian Statistical Service (ESS). The sample is a two-stage stratified probability sample. The ESPS EAs in rural areas are the subsample of the AgSS EA sample. That means the first stage of sampling in the rural areas entailed selecting enumeration areas (i.e., the primary sampling units) using simple random sampling (SRS) from the sample of the 2018 AgSS enumeration areas (EAs). The first stage of sampling for urban areas is selecting EAs directly from the urban frame of EAs within each region using systematic PPS. This is designed to automatically result in a proportional allocation of the urban sample by zone within each region. Following the selection of sample EAs, they are allocated by urban rural strata using power allocation which is happened to be closer to proportional allocation.

The second stage of sampling is the selection of households to be surveyed in each sampled EA using systematic random sampling. From the rural EAs, 10 agricultural households are selected as a subsample of the households selected for the AgSS, and 2 non-agricultural households are selected from the non-agriculture households list in that specific EA. The non-agriculture household selection follows the same sampling method i.e., systematic random sampling. One important issue to note in ESPS sampling is that the total number of agriculture households per EA remains at 10 even though there are less than 2 or no non-agriculture households are listed and sampled in that EA. For urban areas, a total of 15 households are selected per EA regardless of the households’ economic activity. The households are selected using systematic random sampling from the total households listed in that specific EA.

The ESPS-5 kept all the ESPS-4 samples except for those in the Tigray region and a few other places. A more detailed description of the sample design is provided in Section 3 of the Basic Information Document provided under the Related Materials tab.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

The ESPS-5 survey consisted of four questionnaires (household, community, post-planting, and post-harvest questionnaires), similar to those used in previous waves but revised based on the results of those waves and on the need for new data they revealed. The following new topics are included in ESPS-5:

a. Dietary Quality: This module collected information on the household’s consumption of specified food items.

b. Food Insecurity Experience Scale (FIES): In this round the survey has implemented FIES. The scale is based on the eight food insecurity experience questions on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale | Voices of the Hungry | Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (fao.org).

c. Basic Agriculture Information: This module is designed to collect minimal agriculture information from households. It is primarily for urban households. However, it was also used for a few rural households where it was not possible to implement the full agriculture module due to security reasons and administered for urban households. It asked whether they had undertaken any agricultural activity, such as crop farming and tending livestock) in the last 12 months. For crop farming, the questions were on land tenure, crop type, input use, and production. For livestock there were also questions on their size and type, livestock products, and income from sales of livestock or livestock products.

d. Climate Risk Perception: This module was intended to elicit both rural and urban households perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes about different climate-related risks. It also asked where and how households were obtaining information on climate and weather-related events.

e. Agriculture Mechanization and Video-Based Agricultural Extension: The rural area community questionnaire covered these areas rural areas. On mechanization the questions related to the penetration, availability and accessibility of agricultural machinery. Communities were also asked if they had received video-based extension services.

Cleaning operations

Final data cleaning was carried out on all data files. Only errors that could be clearly and confidently fixed by the team were corrected; errors that had no clear fix were left in the datasets. Cleaning methods for these errors are left up to the data user.

Response rate

ESPS-5 planned to interview 7,527 households from 565 enumeration areas (EAs) (Rural 316 EAs and Urban 249 EAs). However, due to the security situation in northern Ethiopia and to a lesser extent in the western part of the country, only a total of 4999 households from 438 EAs were interviewed for both the agriculture and household modules. The security situation in northern parts of Ethiopia meant that, in Tigray, ESPS-5 did not cover any of the EAs and households previously sampled. In Afar, while 275 households in 44 EAs had been covered by both the ESPS-4 agriculture and household modules, in ESPS-5 only 252 households in 22 EAs were covered by both modules. During the fifth wave, security was also a problem in both the Amhara and Oromia regions, so there was a comparable reduction in the number of households and EAs covered there.

More detailed information is available in the BID.

Abstract

The 2016 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) is the fourth Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Ethiopia. It was implemented by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) at the request of the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH). Data collection took place from January 18, 2016, to June 27, 2016.

SURVEY OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the 2016 EDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of key demographic and health indicators. The EDHS provides a comprehensive overview of population, maternal, and child health issues in Ethiopia. More specifically, the 2016 EDHS: - Collected data at the national level that allowed calculation of key demographic indicators, particularly fertility and under-5 and adult mortality rates - Explored the direct and indirect factors that determine levels and trends of fertility and child mortality - Measured levels of contraceptive knowledge and practice - Collected data on key aspects of family health, including immunisation coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under age 5, and maternity care indicators such as antenatal visits and assistance at delivery - Obtained data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding - Collected anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status of children under age 5, women age 15-49, and men age 15-59 - Conducted haemoglobin testing on eligible children age 6-59 months, women age 15-49, and men age 15-59 to provide information on the prevalence of anaemia in these groups - Collected data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and evaluated potential exposure to the risk of HIV infection by exploring high-risk behaviours and condom use - Conducted HIV testing of dried blood spot (DBS) samples collected from women age 15-49 and men age 15-59 to provide information on the prevalence of HIV among adults of reproductive age - Collected data on the prevalence of injuries and accidents among all household members - Collected data on knowledge and prevalence of fistula and female genital mutilation or cutting (FGM/C) among women age 15-49 and their daughters age 0-14 - Obtained data on women’s experience of emotional, physical, and sexual violence.

As the fourth DHS conducted in Ethiopia, following the 2000, 2005, and 2011 EDHS surveys, the 2016 EDHS provides valuable information on trends in key demographic and health indicators over time. The information collected through the 2016 EDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country’s population.

Additionally, the 2016 EDHS included a health facility component that recorded data on children’s vaccinations, which were then combined with the household data on vaccinations.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

• Households
• Men
• Women
• Children

Universe

Household members women age 15-49 men age 15-59 children under age 5

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2016 EDHS is the Ethiopia Population and Housing Census (PHC), which was conducted in 2007 by the Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency. The census frame is a complete list of 84,915 enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2007 PHC. An EA is a geographic area covering on average 181 households. The sampling frame contains information about the EA location, type of residence (urban or rural), and estimated number of residential households. With the exception of EAs in six zones of the Somali region, each EA has accompanying cartographic materials. These materials delineate geographic locations, boundaries, main access, and landmarks in or outside the EA that help identify the EA. In Somali, a cartographic frame was used in three zones where sketch maps delineating the EA geographic boundaries were available for each EA; in the remaining six zones, satellite image maps were used to provide a map for each EA.

Administratively, Ethiopia is divided into nine geographical regions and two administrative cities. The sample for the 2016 EDHS was designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the nine regions and the two administrative cities.

The 2016 EDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. Each region was stratified into urban and rural areas, yielding 21 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.

In the first stage, a total of 645 EAs (202 in urban areas and 443 in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to EA size (based on the 2007 PHC) and with independent selection in each sampling stratum. A household listing operation was carried out in all of the selected EAs from September to December 2015. The resulting lists of households served as a sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Some of the selected EAs were large, consisting of more than 300 households. To minimise the task of household listing, each large EA selected for the 2016 EDHS was segmented. Only one segment was selected for the survey with probability proportional to segment size. Household listing was conducted only in the selected segment; that is, a 2016 EDHS cluster is either an EA or a segment of an EA.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 28 households per cluster were selected with an equal probability systematic selection from the newly created household listing. All women age 15-49 and all men age 15-59 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who stayed in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In half of the selected households, all women age 15-49 were eligible for the FGM/C module, and only one woman per household was selected for the domestic violence module. In all of the selected households, height and weight measurements were collected from children age 0-59 months, women age 15-49, and men age 15-59. Anaemia testing was performed on consenting women age 15-49 and men age 15-59 and on children age 6-59 months whose parent/guardian consented to the testing. In addition, DBS samples were collected for HIV testing in the laboratory from women age 15-49 and men age 15-59 who consented to testing.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Five questionnaires were used for the 2016 EDHS: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, the Man’s Questionnaire, the Biomarker Questionnaire, and the Health Facility Questionnaire. These questionnaires, based on the DHS Program’s standard Demographic and Health Survey questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ethiopia. Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. After all questionnaires were finalised in English, they were translated into Amarigna, Tigrigna, and Oromiffa.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all members of and visitors to selected households. Basic demographic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, marital status, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, parents’ survival status was determined. The data on age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for individual interviews. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as source of water, type of toilet facilities, and flooring materials, as well as on ownership of various durable goods. The Household Questionnaire included an additional module developed by the DHS Program to estimate the prevalence of injuries/accidents among all household members.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all eligible women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following topics: - Background characteristics (including age, education, and media exposure) - Birth history and childhood mortality - Family planning, including knowledge, use, and sources of contraceptive methods - Fertility preferences - Antenatal, delivery, and postnatal care - Breastfeeding and infant feeding practices - Vaccinations and childhood illnesses - Women’s work and husbands’ background characteristics - Knowledge, awareness, and behaviour regarding HIV/AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) - Knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours related to other health issues (e.g., injections, smoking, use of chat) - Adult and maternal mortality - Female genital mutilation or cutting - Fistula - Violence against women The Man’s Questionnaire was administered to all eligible men age 15-59. This questionnaire collected much of the same information elicited from the Woman’s Questionnaire but was shorter because it did not contain a detailed reproductive history, questions on maternal and child health, or questions on domestic violence. The Biomarker Questionnaire was used to record biomarker data

Abstract

The 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) was conducted by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) under the auspices of the Ministry of Health.

The principal objective of the 2011 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) is to provide current and reliable data on fertility and family planning behaviour, child mortality, adult and maternal mortality, children’s nutritional status, use of maternal and child health services, knowledge of HIV/AIDS, and prevalence of HIV/AIDS and anaemia. The specific objectives are these: - Collect data at the national level that will allow the calculation of key demographic rates; - Analyse the direct and indirect factors that determine fertility levels and trends; - Measure the levels of contraceptive knowledge and practice of women and men by family planning method, urban-rural residence, and region of the country; - Collect high-quality data on family health, including immunisation coverage among children, prevalence and treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases among children under ge five, and maternity care indicators, including antenatal visits and assistance at delivery; - Collect data on infant and child mortality and maternal mortality; - Obtain data on child feeding practices, including breastfeeding, and collect anthropometric measures to assess the nutritional status of women and children; - Collect data on knowledge and attitudes of women and men about sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS and evaluate patterns of recent behaviour regarding condom use; - Conduct haemoglobin testing on women age 15-49 and children 6-59 months to provide information on the prevalence of anaemia among these groups; - Carry out anonymous HIV testing on women and men of reproductive age to provide information on the prevalence of HIV.

This information is essential for informed policy decisions, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of programmes on health in general and reproductive health in particular at both the national and regional levels. A long-term objective of the survey is to strengthen the technical capacity of the Central Statistical Agency to plan, conduct, process, and analyse data from complex national population and health surveys.

Moreover, the 2011 EDHS provides national and regional estimates on population and health that are comparable to data collected in similar surveys in other developing countries and to Ethiopia’s two previous DHS surveys, conducted in 2000 and 2005. Data collected in the 2011 EDHS add to the large and growing international database of demographic and health indicators.

The survey was intentionally planned to be fielded at the beginning of the last term of the MDG reporting period to provide data for the assessment of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

The survey interviewed a nationally representative population in about 18,500 households, and all women age 15-49 and all men age 15-59 in these households. In this report key indicators relating to family planning, fertility levels and determinants, fertility preferences, infant, child, adult and maternal mortality, maternal and child health, nutrition, women’s empowerment, and knowledge of HIV/AIDS are provided for the nine regional states and two city administrations. In addition, this report also provides data by urban and rural residence at the country level.

Major stakeholders from various government, non-government, and UN organizations have been involved and have contributed in the technical, managerial, and operational aspects of the survey.

Geographic coverage

A nationally representative sample of 17,817 households was selected.

Universe

All women 15-49 who were usual residents or who slept in the selected households the night before the survey were eligible for the survey. A male survey was also conducted. All men 15-49 who were usual residents or who slept in the selected households the night before the survey were eligible for the male survey.

Kind of data

Sample survey data

Sampling procedure

The sample for the 2011 EDHS was designed to provide population and health indicators at the national (urban and rural) and regional levels. The sample design allowed for specific indicators, such as contraceptive use, to be calculated for each of Ethiopia's 11 geographic/administrative regions (the nine regional states and two city administrations). The 2007 Population and Housing Census, conducted by the CSA, provided the sampling frame from which the 2011 EDHS sample was drawn.

Administratively, regions in Ethiopia are divided into zones, and zones, into administrative units called weredas. Each wereda is further subdivided into the lowest administrative unit, called kebele. During the 2007 census each kebele was subdivided into census enumeration areas (EAs), which were convenient for the implementation of the census. The 2011 EDHS sample was selected using a stratified, two-stage cluster design, and EAs were the sampling units for the first stage. The sample included 624 EAs, 187 in urban areas and 437 in rural areas.

Households comprised the second stage of sampling. A complete listing of households was carried out in each of the 624 selected EAs from September 2010 through January 2011. Sketch maps were drawn for each of the clusters, and all conventional households were listed. The listing excluded institutional living arrangements and collective quarters (e.g., army barracks, hospitals, police camps, and boarding schools). A representative sample of 17,817 households was selected for the 2011 EDHS. Because the sample is not self-weighting at the national level, all data in this report are weighted unless otherwise specified.

In the Somali region, in 18 of the 65 selected EAs listed households were not interviewed for various reasons, such as drought and security problems, and 10 of the 65 selected EAs were not listed due to security reasons. Therefore, the data for Somali may not be totally representative of the region as a whole. However, national-level estimates are not affected, as the percentage of the population in the EAs not covered in the Somali region is proportionally very small.

SAMPLING FRAME

The sampling frame used for 2011 EDHS is the Population and Housing Census (PHC) conducted in 2007 provided by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA, 2008). CSA has an electronic file consisting of 81,654 Enumeration Areas (EA) created for the 2007 census in 10 of its 11 geographic regions. An EA is a geographic area consisting of a convenient number of dwelling units which served as counting unit for the census. The frame file contains information about the location, the type of residence, and the number of residential households for each of the 81,654 EAs. Sketch maps are also available for each EA which delimitate the geographic boundaries of the EA. The 2007 PHC conducted in the Somali region used a different methodology due to difficulty of access. Therefore, the sampling frame for the Somali region is in a different file and in different format. Due to security concerns in the Somali region, in the beginning it was decided that 2011 EDHS would be conducted only in three of nine zones in the Somali region: Shinile, Jijiga, and Liben, same as in the 2000 and 2005 EDHS. However, a later decision was made to include three other zones: Afder, Gode and Warder. This was the first time that these three zones were included in a major nationwide survey such as the 2011 EDHS. The sampling frame for the 2011 EDHS consists of a total of 85,057 EAs.

The sampling frame excluded some special EAs with disputed boundaries. These EAs represent only 0.1% of the total population.

Ethiopia is divided into 11 geographical regions. Each region is sub-divided into zones, each zone into Waredas, each Wareda into towns, and each town into Kebeles. Among the 85,057 EAs, 17,548 (21 percent) are in urban areas and 67,509 (79 percent) are in rural areas. The average size of EA in number of households is 169 in an urban EA and 180 in a rural EA, with an overall average of 178 households per EA. Table A.2 shows the distributions of households in the sampling frame, by region and residence. The data show that 81 percent of the Ethiopia’s households are concentrated in three regions: Amhara, Oromiya and SNNP, while 4 percent of all households are in the five smallest regions: Afar, Benishangul-Gumuz, Gambela, Harari and Dire Dawa.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The 2011 EDHS used three questionnaires: the Household Questionnaire, the Woman’s Questionnaire, and the Man’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires were adapted from model survey instruments developed for the MEASURE DHS project to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ethiopia. Issues were identified at a series of meetings with the various stakeholders. In addition to English, the questionnaires were translated into three major languages—Amharigna, Oromiffa, and Tigrigna.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all the usual members and visitors of selected households. Basic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. For children under age 18, survival status of the parents was determined. The data on the age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women and men who were eligible for the individual interview. The Household Questionnaire also collected information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as the source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the house, and ownership of various consumer

Abstract

The issue of food security has continual national importance in Ethiopia. To achieve social and political stability, the government has to be able to create and maintain food security by issuing an appropriate agricultural policy. Agricultural statistics is just one element that enters into this policy process to formulae, monitor, assess and evaluate the policy. The collection of reliable, comprehensive and timely data on agriculture is thus essential for the above purpose. In this regard, the Central Statistical Agency (CSA) has exerted effort to provide policy makers and users with reliable and timely agricultural data. The general objective of CSA's annual Agricultural Sample Survey (AgSS) is to collect basic quantitative information on the country's agricultural that is considered essential for development planning, socio-economic policy formulation, food security, etc. The AgSS is composed of four components: Crop production forecast survey, Main (“Mehe”) season survey. Livestock survey and survey of the “Belg” season crop area and production.

The specific objectives of the Main (“Meher”) season area and production survey are: - To estimate the total cultivated land area, production and yield per hectare of major crops (temporary). - To estimate the total farm inputs applied area and quantity of inputs applied by type for major temporary and permanent crops. - To estimate the total land used for various purposes by type of land use and the number of agricultural households, holders, members of agricultural households, average household size, average land holding per household and others

Geographic coverage

The survey covered all sedentary rural agricultural population in all regions of the country except urban and nomadic areas which were not included in the survey.

Analysis unit

Agricultural household/ Holder/ Crop

Universe

Agricultural households

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The 1999-2000 (1992 E.C) Meher seasons annual Agricultural Sample Survey covered the rural part of the country except two zones in Afar region and six zones in Somali region that are predominantly nomadic. A two-stage stratified sample design was used to select the samples. Each zones/special wereda was adopted as stratum for which major findings of the survey are reported except the four regions; namely, Gambella, Harari, Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa which were considered as strata/reporting levels. The primary sampling units (PSUs) were enumeration area (EAs) and agricultural households were the secondary sampling units. The survey questionnaires were administered to all agricultural holders within the sample households. A fixed number of sample EAs were determined for each stratum/reporting level based on precision of major estimates and cost considerations. Within each stratum EAs were selected using probability proportional to size; size being total number of households in the EAs as obtained from the 1994 Population and Housing Census. From each sample EA, 40 agricultural households were systematically selected for the annual agricultural sample survey from a fresh list of households prepared at the beginning of the field work of the annual agricultural survey. Of the forty agricultural households, the first twenty five were used for obtaining information on area under crops. Meher and Belg season production of crops, land use, agricultural practices, crop damage, and quantity of agricultural inputs used. It is important to note that of the total forty agricultural households sampled in each of the selected EAs, data on crop cutting were collected for only the fifteen households (11th - 25th household selected).

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The 1999-2000 annual Agricultural Sample Survey used structured questionnaires to collect agricultural information from selected sample households. List of forms in the questionnaires: - AgSS Form 92/0: Used to list all agricultural households and holders in the sample enumeration areas. - AgSS Form 92/1: Used to list selected households and agricultural holders in the sample enumeration areas. - AgSS Form 92/2: Used to collect information about crop condition. - AgSS Form 92/3A: Used to list fields and agricultural practices only pure stand temporary and permanent crops, list of fields and agricultural practices for mixed crops, other land use, quantity of improved and local seeds by type of crop and type and quantity of crop protection chemicals. - AgSS Form 92/4A: Used to collect results of area measurement. - AgSS Form 92/5: Used to list fields for selecting fields for crop cuttings and collect information about details of crop cutting. - AgSS Form 92/6: Used to collect information about cattle by sex, age and purpose

Cleaning operations

Editing, Coding and Verification: In order to insure the quality of the collected survey data an editing, coding and verification instruction manual was prepared and printed. Then 35 editors-coders and 20 verifiers were trained for two days in the editing, coding and verification operation using the aforementioned manual as a reference and teaching aid. The completed questionnaires were edited, coded and later verified on a 100% basis before the questionnaires were passed over to the data entry unit. The editing, coding and verification exercise of all questionnaires was completed in about 40 days.

Data Entry Cleaning and Tabulation: Before starting data entry, professional staff of Agricultural Statistics Department prepared edit specifications for use on personal computers utilizing the Integrated Microcomputer Processing System (IMPS) software for data consistency checking purposes. The data on the coded questionnaires were then entered into personal computers using IMPS software. The data were then checked and cleaned using the edit specifications prepared earlier for this purpose. The data entry operation involved about 35 data encoders and it took 30 days to complete the job. Finally, tabulation was done on personal computers to produce results as indicated in the tabulation plan.

Response rate

A total of 1,450 EAs (2.9% of the total EAs in the rural areas of the county) were selected for the survey. However 5 EAs were closed for various reasons beyond the control of the Authority and the survey succeeded in covering 1445 (99.7 %) EAs. With respect to ultimate sampling units, for the Meher season agricultural sample survey, it was planned to cover 36,250 agricultural households. The response rate was found to be 98.5%.

Sampling error estimates

Estimation procedures of totals, ratios and sampling errors are given in Appendix I of 1999-2000 annual Agricultural Sample Survey, Volume I report which is provided in this documentation.

Abstract

The 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS) is the second Mini Demographic and Health Survey conducted in Ethiopia. The Ethiopian Public Health Institute (EPHI) implemented the survey at the request of the Federal Ministry of Health (FMoH). Data collection took place from March 21, 2019, to June 28, 2019.

Financial support for the 2019 EMDHS was provided by the government of Ethiopia, the World Bank via the Ministry of Finance and Economic Development’s Enhancing Shared Prosperity through Equitable Services (ESPES) and Promoting Basic Services (PBS) projects, the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). ICF provided technical assistance through The DHS Program, which is funded by USAID and offers support and technical assistance for the implementation of population and health surveys in countries worldwide.

SURVEY OBJECTIVES The primary objective of the 2019 EMDHS is to provide up-to-date estimates of key demographic and health indicators. Specifically, the main objectives of the survey are: - To collect high-quality data on contraceptive use; maternal and child health; infant, child, and neonatal mortality levels; child nutrition; and other health issues relevant to achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - To collect information on health-related matters such as breastfeeding, maternal and child care (antenatal, delivery, and postnatal), children’s immunisations, and childhood diseases - To assess the nutritional status of children under age 5 by measuring weight and height

Four full-scale DHS surveys were conducted in 2000, 2005, 2011, and 2016. The first Ethiopia Mini-DHS, or EMDHS, was conducted in 2014. The 2019 EMDHS provides valuable information on trends in key demographic and health indicators over time. The information collected through the 2019 EMDHS is intended to assist policymakers and programme managers in evaluating and designing programmes and strategies for improving the health of the country's population.

Geographic coverage

National coverage

Analysis unit

Households Women age 15-49 Children age 0-59 months

Universe

Household members Woman aged 15-49 years Children aged 0-59 months

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The sampling frame used for the 2019 EMDHS is a frame of all census enumeration areas (EAs) created for the 2019 Ethiopia Population and Housing Census (EPHC) and conducted by the Central Statistical Agency (CSA). The census frame is a complete list of the 149,093 EAs created for the 2019 EPHC. An EA is a geographic area covering an average of 131 households. The sampling frame contains information about EA location, type of residence (urban or rural), and estimated number of residential households.

Administratively, Ethiopia is divided into nine geographical regions and two administrative cities. The sample for the 2019 EMDHS was designed to provide estimates of key indicators for the country as a whole, for urban and rural areas separately, and for each of the nine regions and the two administrative cities.

The 2019 EMDHS sample was stratified and selected in two stages. Each region was stratified into urban and rural areas, yielding 21 sampling strata. Samples of EAs were selected independently in each stratum in two stages. Implicit stratification and proportional allocation were achieved at each of the lower administrative levels by sorting the sampling frame within each sampling stratum before sample selection, according to administrative units in different levels, and by using a probability proportional to size selection at the first stage of sampling.

To ensure that survey precision was comparable across regions, sample allocation was done through an equal allocation wherein 25 EAs were selected from eight regions. However, 35 EAs were selected from each of the three larger regions: Amhara, Oromia, and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region (SNNPR).

In the first stage, a total of 305 EAs (93 in urban areas and 212 in rural areas) were selected with probability proportional to EA size (based on the 2019 EPHC frame) and with independent selection in each sampling stratum. A household listing operation was carried out in all selected EAs from January through April 2019. The resulting lists of households served as a sampling frame for the selection of households in the second stage. Some of the selected EAs for the 2019 EMDHS were large, with more than 300 households. To minimise the task of household listing, each large EA selected for the 2019 EMDHS was segmented. Only one segment was selected for the survey, with probability proportional to segment size. Household listing was conducted only in the selected segment; that is, a 2019 EMDHS cluster is either an EA or a segment of an EA.

In the second stage of selection, a fixed number of 30 households per cluster were selected with an equal probability systematic selection from the newly created household listing. All women age 15-49 who were either permanent residents of the selected households or visitors who slept in the household the night before the survey were eligible to be interviewed. In all selected households, height and weight measurements were collected from children age 0-59 months, and women age 15-49 were interviewed using the Woman’s Questionnaire.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Five questionnaires were used for the 2019 EMDHS: (1) the Household Questionnaire, (2) the Woman’s Questionnaire, (3) the Anthropometry Questionnaire, (4) the Health Facility Questionnaire, and (5) the Fieldworker’s Questionnaire. These questionnaires, based on The DHS Program’s standard questionnaires, were adapted to reflect the population and health issues relevant to Ethiopia. They were shortened substantially to collect data on indicators of particular relevance to Ethiopia and donors to child health programmes.

Input was solicited from various stakeholders representing government ministries and agencies, nongovernmental organisations, and international donors. After the questionnaires were finalised in English, they were translated into Amarigna, Tigrigna, and Afaan Oromo.

The Household Questionnaire was used to list all of the usual members of and visitors to selected households. Basic demographic information was collected on the characteristics of each person listed, including his or her age, sex, education, and relationship to the head of the household. The data on age and sex of household members obtained in the Household Questionnaire were used to identify women who were eligible for individual interviews. The Household Questionnaire was also used to collect information on characteristics of the household’s dwelling unit, such as source of water, type of toilet facilities, materials used for the floor of the dwelling unit, and ownership of various durable goods.

The Woman’s Questionnaire was used to collect information from all eligible women age 15-49. These women were asked questions on the following main topics: background characteristics, reproduction, contraception, pregnancy and postnatal care, child nutrition, childhood immunisations, and health facility information.

In the Anthropometry Questionnaire, height and weight measurements were recorded for eligible children age 0-59 months in all interviewed households.

The Health Facility Questionnaire was used to record vaccination information for all children without a vaccination card seen during the mother’s interview.

The Fieldworker’s Questionnaire collected background information about interviewers and other fieldworkers who participated in the 2019 EMDHS data collection.

Cleaning operations

All electronic data files were transferred via the secure internet file streaming system (IFSS) to the EPHI central office in Addis Ababa, where they were stored on a password-protected computer. The data processing operation included secondary editing, which required resolution of computer-identified inconsistencies and coding of open-ended questions. The data were processed by EPHI staff members and an ICF consultant who took part in the main fieldwork training. They were supervised remotely by staff from The DHS Program. Data editing was accomplished using CSPro System software. During the fieldwork, field-check tables were generated to check various data quality parameters, and specific feedback was given to the teams to improve performance. Secondary editing, double data entry from both the anthropometry and health facility questionnaires, and data processing were initiated in April 2019 and completed in July 2019.

Response rate

A total of 9,150 households were selected for the sample, of which 8,794 were occupied. Of the occupied households, 8,663 were successfully interviewed, yielding a response rate of 99%. In the interviewed households, 9,012 eligible women were identified for individual interviews; interviews were completed with 8,885 women, yielding a response rate of 99%. Overall, there was little variation in response rates according to residence; however, rates were slightly higher in rural than in urban areas.

S2 Data - Households willingness to join and pay for community-based health insurance: implications for designing community-based health insurance based on economic Status in Ethiopia

Food insecurity among the study households, Sep. 2022.

Socio-economic and demographic characteristics of study participants among households in Manna district, Jimma zone, southwest, Ethiopia, 2020.

Descriptive statistics of Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent, Sep. 2022.

Ethiopia ET: Proportion of Time Spent on Unpaid Domestic and Care Work: Female: % of 24 Hour Day data was reported at 22.080 % in 2013. Ethiopia ET: Proportion of Time Spent on Unpaid Domestic and Care Work: Female: % of 24 Hour Day data is updated yearly, averaging 22.080 % from Dec 2013 (Median) to 2013, with 1 observations. Ethiopia ET: Proportion of Time Spent on Unpaid Domestic and Care Work: Female: % of 24 Hour Day data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ethiopia – Table ET.World Bank: Health Statistics. The average time women spend on household provision of services for own consumption. Data are expressed as a proportion of time in a day. Domestic and care work includes food preparation, dishwashing, cleaning and upkeep of a dwelling, laundry, ironing, gardening, caring for pets, shopping, installation, servicing and repair of personal and household goods, childcare, and care of the sick, elderly or disabled household members, among others.; ; National statistical offices or national database and publications compiled by United Nations Statistics Division; ;

Abstract

The Rural Capacity Building Project (RCBP) was launched in 2006 by Ethiopia’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD) to make agricultural services and systems more responsive to clients' needs. In particular, a goal is to make clients aware of economically viable and environmentally sustainable technologies and practices. The project aims to make improvements in five major areas: agricultural technical and vocational education and training, agricultural extension services, agricultural research, information and communication systems within the MoARD, and agriculture market institutions. The project also seeks to improve women's participation in the extension system and to provide insight on HIV/AIDS and environmental issues in the region.

Geographic coverage

Regional Coverage

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

The data are from a baseline survey used to gauge the progress of the RCBP that had been implemented two years prior in Ethiopia.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The participating households were randomly chosen from the Amhara, Oromia, SSNP, Benshangul Gumaz, and Afar regions. The sample consists of 1,609 households from Ethiopia's Amhara, Oromia, SSNP, Benshangul Gumaz, and Afar regions. Among the 1,609 households, there are 1,136 male and 473 female respondents. Among these, 10 male respondents are not heads of their households, and 46 women are not heads of their household. Thus 1,172 households have a male head, and 437 households have a female head. The average size of a household is 6 people, mostly consisting of the household head, spouse, and children. The average age of a household head is about 44. Lastly, 1,008 household heads have no education and 596 have attended at least one year of school.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face paper [f2f]

Ethiopia ET: Unmet Need for Contraception: % of Married Women Aged 15-49 data was reported at 22.800 % in 2017. This records an increase from the previous number of 22.300 % for 2016. Ethiopia ET: Unmet Need for Contraception: % of Married Women Aged 15-49 data is updated yearly, averaging 24.400 % from Dec 2000 (Median) to 2017, with 7 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 36.600 % in 2000 and a record low of 22.300 % in 2016. Ethiopia ET: Unmet Need for Contraception: % of Married Women Aged 15-49 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Ethiopia – Table ET.World Bank: Health Statistics. Unmet need for contraception is the percentage of fertile, married women of reproductive age who do not want to become pregnant and are not using contraception.; ; Household surveys, including Demographic and Health Surveys and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys. Largely compiled by United Nations Population Division.; Weighted Average; Unmet need for contraception measures the capacity women have in achieving their desired family size and birth spacing. Many couples in developing countries want to limit or postpone childbearing but are not using effective contraception. These couples have an unmet need for contraception. Common reasons are lack of knowledge about contraceptive methods and concerns about possible side effects.

Satisfaction level of the participant households with CBHI program, Sep. 2022.

Abstract

The Rural Capacity Building Project was launched in 2006 by Ethiopia’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MoARD) to make agricultural services and systems more responsive to clients' needs. In particular, a goal is to make clients aware of economically viable and environmentally sustainable technologies and practices. The project aims to make improvements in five major areas: agricultural technical and vocational education and training, agricultural extension services, agricultural research, information and communication systems within the MoARD, and agriculture market institutions. The project also seeks to improve women's participation in the extension system and to provide insight on HIV/AIDS and environmental issues in the region.

KEY VARIABLES - Farmers’ perception of the RCBP’s effectiveness - Involvement with Development Agents (DA) and Farmer Training Centers (FTC) - Involvement with Farmer Research Groups or Farmer Research Extension Groups - Changes in household incomes and consumption - Land plot maintenance and crop productivity - Crop production and utilization - Livestock utilization

Geographic coverage

Amhara, Oromia, SNNP, Benshangul Gumaz, and Afar regions

Analysis unit

Households

Universe

The data are from a baseline survey used to gauge the progress of the RCBP that had been implemented two years prior in Ethiopia.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

The participating households were randomly chosen from the Amhara, Oromia, SSNP, Benshangul Gumaz, and Afar regions. The sample consists of 1,609 households from Ethiopia's Amhara, Oromia, SSNP, Benshangul Gumaz, and Afar regions. Among the 1,609 households, there are 1,136 male and 473 female respondents. Among these, 10 male respondents are not heads of their households, and 46 women are not heads of their household. Thus 1,172 households have a male head, and 437 households have a female head. The average size of a household is 6 people, mostly consisting of the household head, spouse, and children. The average age of a household head is about 44. Lastly, 1,008 household heads have no education and 596 have attended at least one year of school.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

The survey questionnaire consists of six sections.

Abstract

Agriculture is the single largest sector in the Ethiopian economy. The position of the agricultural sector for the past few decades does not only concern the peasants, but on account of the extent of its inputs, outputs and its function as a largest employer of labour has a profound impact on the entire economy. It is worth to point-out that Ethiopia has large resources in terms of land, agricultural labour, draught animals… etc. Despite all these facts, the average yield of the main food crops and livestock products attained by private peasant holders is very low and it is not adequate to feed the evergrowing population. Because of such prevailing conditions in the agricultural sector, the economy remained at subsistence level. Among the factors that hampered the country not to prosper is the use of primitive farm implements and tools by the peasants to operate their land and to raise livestock.

The role of improved agricultural implements and tools in raising the standard of farming efficiency and increasing average yield of production has been recognized for many years. Land preparation requires modern power source that results in considerable farm efficiency and expansion of production. Sowing and fertilization are among the agricultural operations where animal and tractor drawn machines appear to be capable of greater efficiency than only hand method. Power-driven line sowing and fertilization are more efficient than hand spreading and this is usually expected to result in higher yield for the same amount of fertilizers and seeds.

The traditional unimproved farm implements used by the peasants and the poor conditions of the draught animals are considered to be among the main factors that retarded the agricultural productivity in the country. On the other hand, the development of farm implements and machineries can also be crippled by small land size holdings, abundant labour in rural area and non-availability of adequate access to modern farm implements and machineries, which the private peasant holders can afford to rent or buy. In general, effective development of farm implements and machineries takes place when land is abundant and labour is being rapidly absorbed by nonagricultural sector, (WB, 1984).

Since development programmes are in progress in Ethiopia, data generated from censuses and sample surveys on different types of agricultural outputs and inputs are necessary for the formulation of programmes and policies in the sector and thereby for monitoring and evaluation of the impact of the programmes. One of the objectives of this census was to provide benchmark data that can help to assess the growth, quantity, quality and value of farm implements and other farm equipment used by the private peasant holders so as to easily identify the implements that are abundant and those that are in short supply. The structural characteristics of these farm implements and other farm equipment do not change much from year to year and such data are usually obtained from a census of agriculture, which is conducted every 5 or 10 years.

Data on farm implements and other farm equipment have not been collected in Ethiopia and as a result only very little is known about the status and growth of these implements. Thus, in the Ethiopian agricultural census conducted in 2001/2002, data was collected on farm implements, other farm equipment and draught animals. These farm implements include, implements used for clearing land, cultivation, harvesting, threshing and others. In this census draught animals comprises animals engaged specifically in ploughing, threshing and farm transport facilities. Replacement value was one of the variables covered by this census and it is defined as the amount it would cost to replace the farm implement, equipment, draught animals and storage facility with those that are similar in terms of origin, age, quality or condition.

Geographic coverage

The 2001-2002 (1994 E.C) Ethiopian Agricultural Sample Enumeration (EASE) was designed to cover the rural and urban parts of all districts (weredas) in the country on a large-scale sample basis excluding the pastoralist areas of the Afar and Somali regional states.

Analysis unit

Household/ Holder/ Type of farm tools (implements)

Universe

Agricultural households

Kind of data

Census/enumeration data [cen]

Sampling procedure

Sampling Frame The list of enumeration areas for each wereda was compiled from the 1994 Ethiopian Population and Housing Census cartographic work and was used a frame for the selection of the Primary Sampling Units (PSU). The 1994 Population and Housing Census enumeration area maps of the region for the selected sample EA's were updated, and the EA boundaries and descriptions were further clarified to reflect the current physical situation. The sampling frame used for the selection of ultimate sampling units (agricultural households) was a fresh list of households, which was prepared by the enumerator assigned in the sampled EA's using a prescribed listing instruction at the beginning of the launching of the census enumeration.

Sample Design In order to meet the objectives and requirements of the EASE, a stratified two-stage cluster sample design was used for the selection of ultimate sampling units. Thus, in the regions each wereda was treated as stratum for which major findings of the sample census are reported. The primary sampling units are the enumeration areas and the agricultural households are secondary (ultimate) sampling units. Finally, after the selection of the sample agricultural households, the various census forms were administered to all agricultural holders within the sampled agricultural households.

For the private peasant holdings in the rural areas a fixed number (25) of sample EA's in each wereda and 30 agricultural households in each EA were randomly selected (determined). In urban areas, weredas with urban EA's of less than or equal to 25, all the EA's were covered. However, for weredas with greater than 25 urban EA's, sample size of 25 EA's was selected. In each sampled urban EA, 30 agricultural households were randomly selected for the census. The sampled size determination in each wereda and thereby in each EA was based upon the required precision level of the major estimates and the cost consideration. The pilot survey and the previous year annual agricultural sample survey results were used to determine the required sample sizes per wereda.

Sample Selection of Primary Sampling Units Within each wereda (stratum) in the region, the selection of EAs was carried out using probability proportional to size systematic sampling. In this case, size being total number of agricultural households in each EA obtained from the listing exercise undertaken in the 1994 Ethiopian Population and Housing Census of the region.

Listing of Households and Selection of Agricultural Households In each sampled enumeration area of the region, a complete and fresh listing of households was carried out by canvassing the households in the EA. After a complete listing of the households and screening of the agricultural households during the listing operation in the selected EA, the agricultural households were serially numbered. From this list, a total of 30 agricultural households were selected systematically using a random start from the pre-assigned column table of random numbers. The sampling interval for each EA was determined by dividing the total number of agricultural households by 30. For crop cutting exercise purposes (rural domain) a total of 20 agricultural households were randomly selected from the 30 sampled agricultural households. The systematical random sampling technique was employed in this case, because its application is simple and flexible, and it can easily yield a proportionate sample.

Mode of data collection

Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument

Forms and equipment are instrumental in gathering information from various sources. The census forms are the vehicle and basic document for collecting the desired data. These include general-purpose forms covering farm management practices, demographic and economic characteristics, area, and production of both temporary and permanent crops; livestock, poultry and beehives ... etc. These forms are formulated for recording data generated through interview as well as objective measurements. Although the planning, organization and execution of the census were the responsibilities that rested within the CSA, development of the census forms was a tedious task that involved the formation of a working group composed of members of government and non-governmental organizations who are major users of agricultural data. Members of the working group were given the opportunity to identify their data requirements, define the needs of others and determine the specific questions that the forms should contain. The working group included the staff of the organizations that are involved in agricultural planning, collection of agricultural statistics and the use of data within the agricultural sector. The working group designed different forms for the various data items on crop area, production, and other variables of interest to meet the needs of current data users and also considered the future expectations. Attempt was made to make the content of the forms of acceptable length by distributing the variables to be collected in the different census forms. The rural census questionnaires/forms included: - Forms 94/0 and 94/1 that are used to record all households in the enumeration area, identify the agricultural households and select the units to be covered by the census. - Form 94/2 is developed

Households’ willingness to join CBHI scheme in the future, Sep. 2022.

Participants response regarding adequacy and affordability of CBHI payment, Sep. 2022.

Study participants’ opinion regarding criteria for determining the amount of CBHI payment, 2022.