In 2022, Ethiopia scored almost 0.5 in the Human Development Index (HDI), which indicated a low level of development. The country experienced no change in the HDI score since the 2019. However, an improvement was recorded from 2000 onwards. That year, Ethiopia's score was 0.29, meaning that the country had a lower human development. The country's categorization was low throughout the period under review.

The aim of the Human Development Report is to stimulate global, regional and national policy-relevant discussions on issues pertinent to human development. Accordingly, the data in the Report require the highest standards of data quality, consistency, international comparability and transparency. The Human Development Report Office (HDRO) fully subscribes to the Principles governing international statistical activities.

The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone. The HDI can also be used to question national policy choices, asking how two countries with the same level of GNI per capita can end up with different human development outcomes. These contrasts can stimulate debate about government policy priorities. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a summary measure of average achievement in key dimensions of human development: a long and healthy life, being knowledgeable and have a decent standard of living. The HDI is the geometric mean of normalized indices for each of the three dimensions.

The 2019 Global Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) data shed light on the number of people experiencing poverty at regional, national and subnational levels, and reveal inequalities across countries and among the poor themselves.Jointly developed by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative (OPHI) at the University of Oxford, the 2019 global MPI offers data for 101 countries, covering 76 percent of the global population. The MPI provides a comprehensive and in-depth picture of global poverty – in all its dimensions – and monitors progress towards Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 1 – to end poverty in all its forms. It also provides policymakers with the data to respond to the call of Target 1.2, which is to ‘reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women, and children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definition'.

Explore The Human Capital Report dataset for insights into Human Capital Index, Development, and World Rankings. Find data on Probability of Survival to Age 5, Expected Years of School, Harmonized Test Scores, and more.

Low income, Upper middle income, Lower middle income, High income, Human Capital Index (Lower Bound), Human Capital Index, Human Capital Index (Upper Bound), Probability of Survival to Age 5, Expected Years of School, Harmonized Test Scores, Learning-Adjusted Years of School, Fraction of Children Under 5 Not Stunted, Adult Survival Rate, Development, Human Capital, World Rankings

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Last year edition of the World Economic Forum Human Capital Report explored the factors contributing to the development of an educated, productive and healthy workforce. This year edition deepens the analysis by focusing on a number of key issues that can support better design of education policy and future workforce planning.

As of 2020, the median age stood at 19.5 years in Ethiopia, which is an increase of nearly a year compared to the previous four years. Despite the increment, the median age remained low, indicating a high fertility rate among Ethiopian population. Looking at the population from a different perspective, the human development index scored countries based on health and living standards, in which Ethiopia registered a steady but low level of development in 2019. The country experienced a slight increase in the HDI score since the previous year, which was 0.48. Other measures such as the gender gap index and the economic freedom give further insights into Ethiopia’s population.

Gender gap index score

The overall gender gap index score of Ethiopia amounted to 0.69, ranking 97th out of 156 listed countries globally in 2021. It indicates the discrepancy between genders in four different areas: economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment. Categorizing the index score by industry, Ethiopia scored low (0.38) in political empowerment in 2021, indicating a low share of women in politics. Health and survival, on the other hand, had a more equal score of 0.97.

Economic freedom in Ethiopia

 Concerning the economic freedom of Ethiopia, which is an index based on 12 categories ranging from property rights to financial possibilities, the country scored 53.6 in 2021. This was slightly lower compared to Africa’s average (55.1). However, Ethiopia registered a steady increase from 2013 onwards, indicating slight improvements in the economic freedom of the people living there.

In 2022, Ethiopia had an overall gender gap index score of 0.71, placing it 74th out of 156 countries globally. During the period under review, gender disparity diminished slightly from 0.66 in 2016 to 0.71 in 2020, before slightly widening again in 2021. The index measures the discrepancy between genders in four different areas, namely economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment.