Throughout the history of the Soviet Union, Russians were consistently the largest ethnic group in the USSR. Of a total population of 262 million people in 1979, the share who were Russian was over 137 million, which is equal to roughly 52 percent. In 1989, the total population of the Soviet Union was almost 286 million, with the ethnic Russian population at 145 million, or 51 percent. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Tatars were the only of the ten largest ethnic groups not to be given their own independent country, with Tatarstan instead becoming one of Russia's federal republics.

The correspondence study has now become a standard method of measuring discrimination in the labour market. For the first time in the literature, we present a correspondence study of ethnic discrimination in Russia. A sample of over 9,000 job applications makes it one of the largest such studies ever conducted. We include 10 ethnic groups and run the experiment in four Russian cities, whose populations have varying ethnic compositions. Ethnic preferences of Russian employers are different across locations. In Moscow and St Petersburg, employers treat applications from ethnic Russians and ethnic groups of European origin (Germans, Jews, and Ukrainians) in about the same way. Visible minorities of Southern origin are discriminated against. Men from ethnic groups of Southern origin experience stronger discrimination than women. In Kazan and Ufa, two cities with ethnically mixed populations, and in which indigenous ethnic groups have a privileged status, all applicants are treated about equally. We discuss the effects, on discrimination, of ethnic autonomy and of the ethnic composition of a population; these effects may apply to other ethnic federations beyond the Russian case.

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In August 2019, 40 and 39 percent of survey respondents in Russia stated that residence restrictions should be applied to Roma and Chinese ethnic groups, respectively. One quarter of the surveyed was against such limitations towards any ethnicity.

Languages:Percent Russian Speakers: Basic demographics by census tracts in King County based on current American Community Survey 5 Year Average (ACS). Included demographics are: total population; foreign born; median household income; English language proficiency; languages spoken; race and ethnicity; sex; and age. Numbers and derived percentages are estimates based on the current year's ACS. GEO_ID_TRT is the key field and may be used to join to other demographic Census data tables.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common monogenic disease caused by pathogenic variants in the CFTR gene. The distribution and frequency of CFTR variants vary in different countries and ethnic groups. The spectrum of pathogenic variants of the CFTR gene was previously studied in more than 1,500 CF patients from different regions of the European and North Caucasian region of Russia and the spectrum of the most frequent pathogenic variants of the CFTR gene and ethnic features of their distribution were determined. To assess the population frequency of CFTR gene mutations some of the common variants were analyzed in the samples of healthy unrelated individuals from the populations of the European part of the Russian Federation: 1,324 Russians from four European regions (Pskov, Tver, Rostov, and Kirov regions), representatives of five indigenous ethnic groups of the Volga-Ural region [Mari (n = 505), Udmurts (n = 613), Chuvash (n = 780), Tatars (n = 704), Bashkirs (n = 517)], and six ethnic groups of the North Caucasus [Karachay (n = 324), Nogais (n = 118), Circassians (n = 102), Abazins (n = 128), Ossetians (n = 310), and Chechens (n = 100)]. The frequency of common CFTR mutations was established in studied ethnic groups. The frequency of F508del mutation in Russians was found to be 0.0056 on average, varying between four regions, from 0.0027 in the Pskov region to 0.0069 in the Rostov region. Three variants W1282X, 1677delTA, and F508del were identified in the samples from the North Caucasian populations: in Karachay, the frequency of W1282X mutation was 0.0092, 1677delTA mutation – 0.0032; W1282X mutation in the Nogais sample – 0.0127, the frequency of F508del mutations was 0.0098 and 1677delTA – 0.0098 in Circassians; in Abazins F508del (0.0039), W1282X (0.0039) and 1677delTA (0.0117) mutations were found. In the indigenous peoples of the Volga-Ural region, the maximum frequency of the F508del mutation was detected in the Tatar population (0.099), while this mutation was never detected in the Mari and Bashkir populations. The E92K variant was found in Chuvash and Tatar populations. Thus, interethnic differences in the spectra of CFTR gene variants were shown both in CF patients and in healthy population of the European and North Caucasian part of Russia.

The number of people with Russian citizenship living in European countries as of January 1, 2023, was by far the highest in Germany. The country's population includes around 260,000 Russian citizens. That was more than double the number of Russian citizens living in Spain. To compare, over 35,400 Russian nationals resided in Czechia.

This data collection contains various data about current-economic and social practices in the border region shared between Russia, China and Mongolia, combining historical and anthropological methods of research. It contains informal interviews and pictures of representatives (informants) of the main focus groups, such as ethnic communities who straddle the border, such as the Nanai, Russians, and Mongols, border traders, and cultural activists among them. Interviews reflect their cross-border connections, including re-establishing of kinship ties, religious practices and social memory of separation and political upheavals between China and Russia, which greatly affected their everyday life at the border. Data reflects research findings to answer the question, how border society operates and how both countries manage their border economies, trade and migration. Along with detailed genealogies of some Buryat lineages, collection contains GIS maps of the Russian border region with China in Transbaikal region and fieldwork reports from various locations. Collection also includes data on research structure, workshops, publications, lectures and public talks of the Project members to share Project findings with a wider audience. The ‘Where Rising Powers Meet’ project aims to investigate what the Russian-Chinese border can reveal about the differing political economies of the two countries and their trajectories in the post-1991 era. Since each state exercises full sovereignty right up to their mutual border, there is no better place to compare the two remarkably dissimilar ways that economic development, the rule of law, citizen rights, migration, and inequality are managed. Yet state policies encounter volatile, more or less independent activities across this border. An important question the project will address is: how stable is this situation and what do the trends visible today indicate about the future of the two ‘rising powers’? This project, based at Cambridge but working in collaboration with colleagues in China, Russia, Mongolia, France and Denmark, is both multidisciplinary and multi-sited. The research team, composed of anthropologists, sociologists and economists, will be carrying out research at various sites along the border, from Mongolia in the west to Vladivostok in the east. The project has obtained the ethical approval of the University of Cambridge. Formal and informal interviews, photographs, digital audio recordings, surveys, GIS mapping, archival research. Data was collected during fieldwork in the border region, namely in border cities, such as Manzhouli, Blagoveshchensk, Vladivostok, Zabaikal'sk, Kyakhta and Suifenghe, including some archival research on history of the Sino-Russian trade relations (caravan trade) and cross-border migration. Focus groups include: - cross-border and transborder ethnic groups living in border area shared by China, Russia and Mongolia; Russian and Chinese border traders; Chinese seasonal labour migrants to Russia; Russian female border traders to China; border guards; mixed marriage couples. Interviews and surveys among Chinese and Russian border traders aimed to find new social stratification of the Sino-Russia border society in post-Socialist period.

"Opinions and Views of the Population of Ukraine" is a regular omnibus survey, conducted by Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) among Ukraine's adult population and covering a wide range of topics. The data presented here is a subset of the survey conducted in September-October 2024 and include KIIS's own research questions. Topics covered by the survey include: readiness for concessions for peace, and acceptability of hypothetical territorial concessions to Russia; views on Western support for Ukraine in the context of the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian war; perception of Russia's resilience and how long Ukrainians are ready to bear the burden of war; attitudes toward Russia and Russian citizens; trust in President Volodymyr Zelenskyy; perceptions of recent anti-corruption efforts in Ukraine; evaluation of national identity based on ethnic origin, language, and geographic location; social acceptance of various groups in different societal roles (refugees, internally displaced persons, residents of occupied territories, Russian-speaking Ukrainians, and citizens of Ukraine who identify as ethnically Russian). Data collection took place from September 20 to October 03, 2024. Some of the survey questions were asked to all respondents (n=2,004), while others were directed to a sub-sample of 989 respondents. The data is available in an SAV format (Ukrainian, English) and a converted CSV format (with a codebook). The Data Documentation (pdf file) also includes a short overview and discussion of survey results as well as the relevant parts of the original questionnaire.

Genetic data plays an increasingly important role in modern medicine. Decrease in the cost of sequencing with subsequent increase in imputation accuracy, and the accumulation of large amounts of high-quality genetic data enable the creation of polygenic risk scores (PRSs) to perform genotype–phenotype associations. The accuracy of phenotype prediction primarily depends on the overall trait heritability, Genome-wide association studies cohort size, and the similarity of genetic background between the base and the target cohort. Here we utilized 8,664 high coverage genomic samples collected across Russia by “Evogen”, a Russian biomedical company, to evaluate the predictive power of PRSs based on summary statistics established on cohorts of European ancestry for basic phenotypic traits, namely height and BMI. We have demonstrated that the PRSs calculated for selected traits in three distinct Russian populations, recapitulate the predictive power from the original studies. This is evidence that GWAS summary statistics calculated on cohorts of European ancestry are transferable onto at least some ethnic groups in Russia.

In all age groups until 29 years old, there were more men than women in Russia as of January 1, 2024. After that age, the female population outnumbered the male population in each category. The most represented age group in the country was from 35 to 39 years old, with approximately 6.5 million women and 6.3 million men. Male-to-female ratio in Russia The number of men in Russia was historically lower than the number of women, which was a result of population losses during World War I and World War II. In 1950, in the age category from 25 to 29 years, 68 men were recorded per 100 women in the Soviet Union. In today’s Russia, the female-to-male ratio in the same age group reached 976 women per 1,000 men. Russia has the highest life expectancy gender gap The World Health Organization estimated the average life expectancy of women across the world at over five years longer than men. In Russia, this gap between genders exceeded 10 years. According to the study “Burden of disease in Russia, 1980-2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016,” Russia had the highest gender difference in life expectancy worldwide.

The share of children aged between zero and four years in Russia in the total population of children up to 12 years old has been declining. As of 2021, children younger than five years old accounted for 35 percent of children, with forecast suggesting a further decline in this age group. The share of children aged between 10 and 12 has increased over the years, while remaining the lowest of all presented age groups.

In 2024, Tajikistan was leading as the country of origin of immigrants in Russia, with nearly 220,000 people changing their residence to Russia. The leading five origins were former republics of the Soviet Union.

The Second World War had a profound impact on gender ratios within the Soviet Union's population, and its effect on different age groups varied greatly. The Soviet population structure had already been shaped heavily by the First World War, the Russian Revolution, and the famines of the early 1920s and early 1930s. The impact of these events on mortality and fertility meant that, in 1941, the generations whose births corresponded with these events had a lower population than would be expected on a typical population model. For example, in 1941, those aged between 5 and 9 had a significantly lower population than those aged 10 to 14, due to the effects of the Soviet famine of 1932-1933. Additionally, women outnumbered men in all age groups except the very youngest, due to the disproportionate effect of conflict and infant mortality on male populations. Impact of WWII In order to observe the impact of the war, one must compare populations of specific age groups in 1941 with the following age group in 1946. For men of "fighting age" in 1941, i.e. those aged between 15 and 44, these populations experience the most substantial decrease over the course of the war. For example, there are 5.6 million men aged 15-19 in 1941, but just 3.5 million aged 20-24 in 1946, giving a decrease of 38 percent. This decrease of almost forty percent can be observed until the 45-49 group, where the difference is 25 percent. Additionally, women aged between 15 and 34 saw a disproportionate decrease in their populations over this period, as many enlisted in the army and took an active part in the conflict, most notably as medics, snipers, and pilots.

The war's impact on fertility and child mortality meant that, in 1946, the total population under four years old was less than half its size in 1941. Generally, variations between age groups then fluctuated in line with pre-war patterns, however the overall ratio of women to men increased further after the war. For all age groups over 20 years, the number of men decreased between these years, whereas all women's age groups over 30 years saw an increase; this meant that, despite the war, women over 30 had a higher life expectancy in 1946.

As of January 1, 2022, the number of people younger than 18 years in Ukraine was approximately 7.3 million. The adult population aged 18 years and older amounted to 33.6 million, representing around 82 percent of total inhabitants. Over 10 million people, or 24 percent of all residents, were aged 60 years and older.

What is the population of Ukraine?

Ukraine is the eighth most populated country in Europe, ranking between Poland and Romania by the number of inhabitants. In 2023, an estimated 32 million people resided in Ukraine, down approximately nine million from two years prior. The population size has decreased significantly during the Russian invasion, as millions of refugees fled to other countries.

Demographics of Ukraine

The number of women in Ukraine exceeded that of men by approximately three million as of January 1, 2022. At that point, the country’s male population stood at approximately 19 million. Over the past two decades, it decreased by over three million. The majority, or seven out of ten Ukrainian residents, lived in cities. Both the urban and rural population saw a decline in the past 20 years.