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High inflation driven by rising energy and food costs are causing a severe cost of living crisis in Europe. As of September 2022, the majority of people surveyed in seven European countries advised they had curbed their spending as a consquence, ranging from 69 percent in Italy to 54 percent in Sweden.

European Union central banks navigated a complex economic landscape between 2022 and 2025, with interest rates initially rising across member states. However, a pivotal shift occurred in late 2023 as most countries began lowering their rates, reflecting the delicate balance between controlling inflation and supporting economic growth. In the Euro area, the European Central Bank (ECB) led this trend by cutting interest rates from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent in 2024, implementing four strategic rate reductions throughout the year. This approach was nearly universally adopted, with Poland being the sole EU country not reducing its rates during this period. The ECB continued the series of reductions in early 2025, setting the rate at 2.4 percent in April 2025. Global context and policy shifts The interest rate changes in the EU mirror similar movements in other major economies. The United States, United Kingdom, and European Union central banks followed remarkably similar patterns from 2003 to 2024, responding to shared global economic conditions. After maintaining near-zero rates following the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, these institutions sharply raised rates in 2022 to combat surging inflation. By mid-2024, the European Central Bank and Bank of England initiated rate cuts, with the Federal Reserve following suit. Varied approaches within the EU Despite the overall trend, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies. Hungary, for instance, set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by September 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented the most aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 2.25 percent by February 2025, the lowest among EU members. These divergent approaches highlight the unique economic challenges faced by each country and the flexibility required in monetary policy to address specific national circumstances.

European Union Exports of machine tools for shaping, slotting, gear cut to Lebanon was US$278.92 Thousand during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. European Union Exports of machine tools for shaping, slotting, gear cut to Lebanon - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on July of 2025.

This dataset is about books. It has 1 row and is filtered where the book is Clear cut : making EU financial institutions work for people and forests. It features 7 columns including author, publication date, language, and book publisher.

Spain Exports: Europe: EU 27E: Lithuania: Live Trees, Cut Flowers, Ornamental Foliage and Other Plants data was reported at 43.718 EUR th in Jan 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 7.119 EUR th for Dec 2024. Spain Exports: Europe: EU 27E: Lithuania: Live Trees, Cut Flowers, Ornamental Foliage and Other Plants data is updated monthly, averaging 2.299 EUR th from Jan 1999 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 300 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 122.990 EUR th in Apr 2023 and a record low of 0.000 EUR th in Mar 2017. Spain Exports: Europe: EU 27E: Lithuania: Live Trees, Cut Flowers, Ornamental Foliage and Other Plants data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Tax Agency. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.JA009: Exports: by Country and Commodity: by 2 Digit HS Code: Europe: European Union (EU).

European Union Exports of machine tools for shaping, slotting, gear cut to Nicaragua was US$1.19 Thousand during 2023, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. European Union Exports of machine tools for shaping, slotting, gear cut to Nicaragua - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on August of 2025.

Spain Exports: Europe: EU 27E: Czech Republic: Live Trees, Cut Flowers, Ornamental Foliage and Other Plants data was reported at 69.270 EUR th in Feb 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 24.746 EUR th for Jan 2025. Spain Exports: Europe: EU 27E: Czech Republic: Live Trees, Cut Flowers, Ornamental Foliage and Other Plants data is updated monthly, averaging 23.750 EUR th from Jan 1999 (Median) to Feb 2025, with 301 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 724.448 EUR th in Jun 2024 and a record low of 0.000 EUR th in Dec 2021. Spain Exports: Europe: EU 27E: Czech Republic: Live Trees, Cut Flowers, Ornamental Foliage and Other Plants data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Tax Agency. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.JA009: Exports: by Country and Commodity: by 2 Digit HS Code: Europe: European Union (EU).

European Union Exports of machine tools for shaping, slotting, gear cut to Mali was US$19.42 Thousand during 2024, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. European Union Exports of machine tools for shaping, slotting, gear cut to Mali - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on August of 2025.

Spain Exports: Europe: EU 27E: Denmark: Live Trees, Cut Flowers, Ornamental Foliage and Other Plants data was reported at 167.539 EUR th in Jan 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of 63.023 EUR th for Dec 2024. Spain Exports: Europe: EU 27E: Denmark: Live Trees, Cut Flowers, Ornamental Foliage and Other Plants data is updated monthly, averaging 73.925 EUR th from Jan 1999 (Median) to Jan 2025, with 300 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,914.578 EUR th in Apr 2024 and a record low of 2.190 EUR th in Dec 2012. Spain Exports: Europe: EU 27E: Denmark: Live Trees, Cut Flowers, Ornamental Foliage and Other Plants data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Tax Agency. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Spain – Table ES.JA009: Exports: by Country and Commodity: by 2 Digit HS Code: Europe: European Union (EU).

European Bacon and Other Cured Cuts Market Size Value Share by Country (Euros), 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

European Cured Pork Cuts Market Size Value by Country, 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

European Import of Cut Stone by Country, 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

From 2003 to 2025, the central banks of the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union exhibited remarkably similar interest rate patterns, reflecting shared global economic conditions. In the early 2000s, rates were initially low to stimulate growth, then increased as economies showed signs of overheating prior to 2008. The financial crisis that year prompted sharp rate cuts to near-zero levels, which persisted for an extended period to support economic recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to further rate reductions to historic lows, aiming to mitigate economic fallout. However, surging inflation in 2022 triggered a dramatic policy shift, with the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank significantly raising rates to curb price pressures. As inflation stabilized in late 2023 and early 2024, the ECB and Bank of England initiated rate cuts by mid-2024, and the Federal Reserve also implemented its first cut in three years, with forecasts suggesting a gradual decrease in all major interest rates between 2025 and 2026. Divergent approaches within the European Union While the ECB sets a benchmark rate for the Eurozone, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies to address their unique economic circumstances. For instance, Hungary set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by October 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented more aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 2.25 percent by February 2025, the lowest among EU members. These variations highlight the complex economic landscape that European central banks must navigate, balancing inflation control with economic growth support. Global context and future outlook The interest rate changes in major economies have had far-reaching effects on global financial markets. Government bond yields, for example, reflect these policy shifts and investor sentiment. As of December 2024, the United States had the highest 10-year government bond yield among developed economies at 4.59 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.27 percent. These rates serve as important benchmarks for borrowing costs and economic expectations worldwide.

European Sold Production of Frozen Chicken Cuts by Country, 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Europe Plasma Cutting Machine market size was $175.73 Million in 2024 and it is forecasted to reach $236.84 Million by 2030.

According to a survey conducted in January 2023, over 40 percent of Hungarians stated tat it would be mostly the Hungarian government's fault if the Euroean Union suspended Erasmus funding for Hungary. A further 33 percent of the respondents stated that the European Union would be to blame in such a situation.

European Union Imports of machine tools for shaping, slotting, gear cut from Greenland was US$922 during 2017, according to the United Nations COMTRADE database on international trade. European Union Imports of machine tools for shaping, slotting, gear cut from Greenland - data, historical chart and statistics - was last updated on July of 2025.

Total net greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the EU-27 amounted to **** billion metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO₂e) in 2023. This was a year-on-year reduction of nine percent, and an overall decrease of ** percent relative to 1990 levels. The EU’s largest polluters With a share of more than ** percent, the energy supply sector is the largest contributor to EU-27 GHG emissions. Nevertheless, the sector has achieved emissions reductions of more than ** percent since 1990. The transportation and industry sectors are the next biggest GHG polluters in the EU. EU targets and measures to reduce emissions The EU-27 has made good progress in cutting emissions over the past three decades, aided by the implementation of several policies and measures, such as EU-ETS, as well as increased clean energy use. However, the bloc still has some way to go to meet its 2030 target to reduce net emissions by at least ** percent below 1990 levels.

The majority of Hungarians believed the EU made the wrong decision by initiating cutting Erasmus funds from Hungarian universities. The share of people who were against this decision was highest among the younger generations.