Key information about European Union Policy Rate

• European Union cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 2.90 % pa in Feb 2025, compared with 3.15 % pa in the previous Jan 2025.
• EU Policy Rate averaged 1.25 % pa and is updated monthly, available from Jan 1999 to Feb 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 4.75 % pa in Apr 2001 and a record low of 0.00 % pa in Jun 2022.

• In the latest reports, EU Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.57 % pa in Nov 2021.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Government Bond Yield: Monthly Average: Euro: 10 Years) was reported at 3.09 % pa in Jan 2025.
• EU Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.92 (USD/EUR) in Jun 2023.
• Its Real Effective Exchange Rate was 90.23 in Jan 2025.

European Union central banks navigated a complex economic landscape between 2022 and 2025, with interest rates initially rising across member states. However, a pivotal shift occurred in late 2023 as most countries began lowering their rates, reflecting the delicate balance between controlling inflation and supporting economic growth. In the Euro area, the European Central Bank (ECB) led this trend by cutting interest rates from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent in 2024, implementing four strategic rate reductions throughout the year. This approach was nearly universally adopted, with Poland being the sole EU country not reducing its rates during this period. Global context and policy shifts The interest rate changes in the EU mirror similar movements in other major economies. The United States, United Kingdom, and European Union central banks followed remarkably similar patterns from 2003 to 2024, responding to shared global economic conditions. After maintaining near-zero rates following the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic, these institutions sharply raised rates in 2022 to combat surging inflation. By mid-2024, the European Central Bank and Bank of England initiated rate cuts, with the Federal Reserve following suit. Varied approaches within the EU Despite the overall trend, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies. Hungary, for instance, set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by September 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented the most aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 2.25 percent by February 2025, the lowest among EU members. These divergent approaches highlight the unique economic challenges faced by each country and the flexibility required in monetary policy to address specific national circumstances.

The benchmark interest rate In the Euro Area was last recorded at 2.65 percent. This dataset provides - Euro Area Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) began reducing its fixed interest rate for the first time since 2016, implementing a series of cuts. The rate decreased from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent by year-end: a 0.25 percentage point cut in June, followed by additional reductions in September, October, and December. The central bank implemented another cut in early 2025, setting the rate at 2.9 percent. This marked a significant shift from the previous rate hike cycle, which began in July 2022 when the ECB raised rates to 0.5 percent and subsequently increased them almost monthly, reaching 4.5 percent by December 2023 - the highest level since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. How does this ensure liquidity? Banks typically hold only a fraction of their capital in cash, measured by metrics like the Tier 1 capital ratio. Since this ratio is low, banks prefer to allocate most of their capital to revenue-generating loans. When their cash reserves fall too low, banks borrow from the ECB to cover short-term liquidity needs. On the other hand, commercial banks can also deposit excess funds with the ECB at a lower interest rate. Reasons for fluctuations
The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability. The Euro area inflation rate is, in theory, the key indicator guiding the ECB's actions. When the fixed interest rate is lower, commercial banks are more likely to borrow from the ECB, increasing the money supply and, in turn, driving inflation higher. When inflation rises, the ECB increases the fixed interest rate, which slows borrowing and helps to reduce inflation.

Key information about European Union Short Term Interest Rate

• European Union Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.57 % pa in Nov 2021, compared with -0.55 % pa in the previous month.
• EU Short Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Dec 1998 to Nov 2021.
• The data reached an all-time high of 5.28 % pa in Sep 2008 and a record low of -0.57 % pa in Nov 2021.
• Short Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by European Money Markets Institute.

• In the latest reports, EU Government Bond Yield: Monthly Average: Euro: 10 Years was reported at 2.90 % pa in Jan 2024.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 4.50 % pa in Jan 2024.
• EU Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.92 (USD/EUR) in Jun 2023.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

According to the European Central Bank's survey of professional forecasters, the interest rate on the ECB's main refinancing operations is expected to decrease from 2.9 percent in January 2025 to 1.9 percent in 2026.

Key information about European Union Long Term Interest Rate

• European Union Government Bond Yield: Monthly Average: Euro: 10 Years was reported at 2.99 % pa in Feb 2025, compared with 3.09 % pa in the previous month.
• EU Long Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1970 to Feb 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 15.44 % pa in Sep 1981 and a record low of -0.09 % pa in Dec 2020.
• Long Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by European Central Bank.

• In the latest reports, EU Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.57 % pa in Nov 2021.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 2.90 % pa in Feb 2025.
• EU Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.92 (USD/EUR) in Jun 2023.

Graph and download economic data for ECB Deposit Facility Rate for Euro Area (ECBDFR) from 1999-01-01 to 2025-03-26 about overnight, Euro Area, deposits, Europe, and rate.

More than 70 percent of respondents in Romania stated that they agree with key EU policies such as the free movement of EU citizens and the existence of common defense policy for the EU Member States. Only 62 percent of respondents agreed that there should be a common European migration policy.

Key information about European Union Exchange Rate against USD

• European Union Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.920 (USD/EUR) in May 2023, compared with 0.912 USD/EUR in the previous month.
• EU Exchange Rate against USD data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1999 to May 2023.
• The data reached an all-time high of 1.173 in Oct 2000 and a record low of 0.635 in Jul 2008.

• In the latest reports, EU Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.573 % pa in Nov 2021.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Government Bond Yield: Monthly Average: Euro: 10 Years) was reported at 3.206 % pa in May 2023.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 3.750 % pa in May 2023.

Deposit Interest Rate In the Euro Area decreased to 2.50 percent in March from 2.75 percent in February of 2025. This dataset provides - Euro Area Deposit Interest Rate- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Key information about Germany Long Term Interest Rate

• Germany Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: Germany: ECB Harmonised was reported at 2.18 % pa in Dec 2024, compared with 2.31 % pa in the previous month.
• Germany Long Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1990 to Dec 2024.
• The data reached an all-time high of 9.09 % pa in Oct 1990 and a record low of -0.65 % pa in Aug 2019.
• Long Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by CEIC Data.

• In the latest reports, Germany Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.57 % pa in Nov 2021.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 3.15 % pa in Dec 2024.
• Germany Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.92 (USD/EUR) in Jun 2023.

Key information about France Policy Rate

• France cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 2.90 % pa in Feb 2025, compared with 3.15 % pa in the previous Jan 2025.
• France Policy Rate averaged 1.25 % pa and is updated monthly, available from Jan 1999 to Feb 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 4.75 % pa in Apr 2001 and a record low of 0.00 % pa in Jun 2022.

• In the latest reports, France Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.57 % pa in Nov 2021.
• Its Long Term Interest Rate (Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: France: ECB Harmonised ) was reported at 3.01 % pa in Dec 2024.
• France Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.92 (USD/EUR) in Jun 2023.
• Its Real Effective Exchange Rate was 89.62 in Jan 2025.

As of 2024, the inflation rate in Turkey stood at 61 percent, the highest among all EU candidate countries. Inflation was around five percent in Moldova, Ukraine, and Serbia. The convergence of economic conditions towards that of the rest of the European Union is an important part of the Copenhagen Criteria - the political, economic, and institutional conditions which must be satisfied for a country to enter the European Union. Fulfilling the economic criteria for entry into the EU is supposed to guarantee that a new member state has a functioning market economy which can handle the economic pressures of competition in the European Single Market.

Success.ai’s Energy Consumption Data for European Energy Companies provides valuable insights into the operational landscapes of energy firms across Europe. Drawing from over 30 million verified company profiles, this dataset includes detailed information on energy consumption patterns, firmographic attributes, and decision-maker contacts within the European energy sector. Whether you are introducing smart grid technologies, offering renewable energy solutions, or analyzing regional consumption trends, Success.ai ensures that your strategic initiatives are informed by accurate, continuously updated, and AI-validated data.

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   • Includes data on energy companies operating in the EU, EFTA countries, and neighboring markets, covering a wide range of regulatory environments and energy infrastructures.
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   • Keep pace with the dynamic European energy landscape, ensuring timely and relevant engagement opportunities.

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This table contains information on the finances of the general government sector. The terms and definitions used are in accordance with the framework of the National Accounts. The National Accounts are based on the international definitions of the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010). Small temporary differences with publications of the National Accounts may occur due to the fact that the government finance statistics are sometimes more up to date. Data available from: Yearly figures from 1995, quarterly figures from 1999. Status of the figures: The figures for the period 1995-2020 are final. The quarterly figures for 2021 are provisional. The annual figures for 2021 are final. The figures for 2022 and 2023 are provisional. Changes as of 23 June 2023: Figures on the first quarter of 2023 are available. The quarterly figures for 2020, 2021 and 2022 and the annual figures 2021 and 2022 have been adjusted. The quarterly figures for 2020 and the annual figures for 2021 are final. In the context of the revision policy of National accounts, the annual figures from 1995 and the quarterly figures from 1999 have been revised. The figures are in line with the publications of the National accounts. (Seasonal adjusted) government revenue, (seasonal adjusted) government expenditure and (seasonal adjusted) balance of general government have been adjusted. When will new figures be published? Initial quarterly figures are published three months after the end of the quarter. In September the figures on the first quarter are revised, in December the figures on the second quarter are revised and in March the first three quarters are revised. Yearly figures are published for the first time three months after the end of the year concerned. Yearly figures are revised two times: 6 and 18 months after the end of the year. Please note that there is a possibility that adjustments might take place at the end of March or September, in order to provide the European Commission with the latest figures. Revised yearly figures are published in June each year. Quarterly figures are aligned to revised years at the end of June. More information on the revision policy of National Accounts can be found under 'relevant articles' under paragraph 3.

Key information about France Long Term Interest Rate

• France Long Term Interest Rate: Month Avg: France: ECB Harmonised was reported at 3.15 % pa in Feb 2025, compared with 3.32 % pa in the previous month.
• France Long Term Interest Rate data is updated monthly, available from Jan 1986 to Feb 2025.
• The data reached an all-time high of 10.70 % pa in Oct 1987 and a record low of -0.34 % pa in Dec 2020.
• Long Term Interest Rate is reported by reported by CEIC Data.

• In the latest reports, France Short Term Interest Rate: Month End: EURIBOR: 3 Months was reported at -0.57 % pa in Nov 2021.
• The cash rate (Policy Rate: Month End: Main Refinancing Operations) was set at 2.90 % pa in Feb 2025.
• France Exchange Rate against USD averaged 0.92 (USD/EUR) in Jun 2023.

BackgroundImpact assessment (IA) of all major European Union (EU) policies is now mandatory. The form of IA used has been criticised for favouring corporate interests by overemphasising economic impacts and failing to adequately assess health impacts. Our study sought to assess how, why, and in what ways corporations, and particularly the tobacco industry, influenced the EU's approach to IA.Methods and FindingsIn order to identify whether industry played a role in promoting this system of IA within the EU, we analysed internal documents from British American Tobacco (BAT) that were disclosed following a series of litigation cases in the United States. We combined this analysis with one of related literature and interviews with key informants. Our analysis demonstrates that from 1995 onwards BAT actively worked with other corporate actors to successfully promote a business-oriented form of IA that favoured large corporations. It appears that BAT favoured this form of IA because it could advance the company's European interests by establishing ground rules for policymaking that would: (i) provide an economic framework for evaluating all policy decisions, implicitly prioritising costs to businesses; (ii) secure early corporate involvement in policy discussions; (iii) bestow the corporate sector with a long-term advantage over other actors by increasing policymakers' dependence on information they supplied; and (iv) provide businesses with a persuasive means of challenging potential and existing legislation. The data reveal that an ensuing lobbying campaign, largely driven by BAT, helped secure binding changes to the EU Treaty via the Treaty of Amsterdam that required EU policymakers to minimise legislative burdens on businesses. Efforts subsequently focused on ensuring that these Treaty changes were translated into the application of a business orientated form of IA (cost–benefit analysis [CBA]) within EU policymaking procedures. Both the tobacco and chemical industries have since employed IA in apparent attempts to undermine key aspects of European policies designed to protect public health.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that BAT and its corporate allies have fundamentally altered the way in which all EU policy is made by making a business-oriented form of IA mandatory. This increases the likelihood that the EU will produce policies that advance the interests of major corporations, including those that produce products damaging to health, rather than in the interests of its citizens. Given that the public health community, focusing on health IA, has largely welcomed the increasing policy interest in IA, this suggests that urgent consideration is required of the ways in which IA can be employed to undermine, as well as support, effective public health policies.Please see later in the article for the Editors' Summary

Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study the following modules are included: 1. Europeans’ attitudes on trade and EU trade policy, 2. Europeans’ attitudes on EU energy policy, 3. Discrimination in the European Union.
Topics: 1. Europeans’ attitudes on trade and EU trade policy: self-assessment of whether one benefits from global trade; reasons for this attitude; main priorities of European Union’s trade policy; preferred statements on globalisation: lifts people in developing countries out of poverty, brings new opportunities for national businesses, has always been happening, threatens jobs and way of living, changes world too quickly, results in a wider choice of goods and lower prices, creates jobs in the own country, too difficult for governments to control, has advantages and disadvantages; most important impact on jobs in the own country in the coming years: growing automation, tougher competition caused by international free trade, higher tariffs due to protectionist policies, immigration, ageing population, climate change; effectiveness of defending the trade interests of the member states on EU level or on national level; attitude towards the application of higher import duties on goods and services from non-European countries and businesses; EU trade policy takes into account social, environmental and human rights impact both in the EU as well as with regard to trade partners; attitude towards selected statements on the cheaper sale of products made in countries with weaker workers’ rights and environmental standards: depends on consumers’ decision, European businesses with factories in developing countries should treat their workers fairly and respect the environment, EU should encourage other countries to improve their workers’ rights and environmental standards, EU should take measures against businesses from outside the EU that benefit from weaker workers’ rights and environmental standards; preferred statement on international trade rules: not necessary, necessary but not every country will follow them, necessary to create equal conditions; preferred statement on EU trade agreements: help create jobs and reduce prices for consumer and businesses, strengthen EU’s position in the world, make no difference, benefit businesses more than consumers or workers, limit national government in creating laws that contradict these agreements; online purchase of goods and services in the last twelve months from sellers located outside the EU; online purchase of goods and services from the following countries: United States, China, Japan, other countries; attitude towards the following statements on company investments in other countries: investments of businesses from outside the EU in own country, buying of businesses in the own country by businesses from outside the EU, national businesses investing in countries outside the EU, national businesses buying businesses in countries outside the EU; trust in the EU with regard to conducting its trade policy in an open and transparent manner; preferred sources of information on globalisation and international trade.

1. Europeans’ attitudes on EU energy policy: most important issues in the EU energy policy; attitude towards the following statements: EU must secure access to energy to all EU citizens, EU must ensure access to clean energy, EU must ensure access to affordable energy, strengthening of cooperation between EU member states in order to give all Europeans access to secure and affordable energy; attitude towards selected statements on how to ensure access to secure energy: reinforce cooperation between EU member states in the event of energy crises, diversify external energy suppliers, speak with one voice when negotiating with external energy suppliers, have a well-connected energy network across the EU, more cooperation on cybersecurity in the field of energy between EU member states, ensure safe and secure nuclear energy, monitor foreign investments in strategic energy infrastructure in the EU; attitude towards the following issues being responsibilities of the EU: support measures to increase energy performance of buildings, encourage investment in renewable energy, encourage investment in energy research and innovation, empower cities and local communities to move towards clean energy, support non-EU countries in moving towards cleaner energy systems;...