From 2003 to 2025, the central banks of the United States, United Kingdom, and European Union exhibited remarkably similar interest rate patterns, reflecting shared global economic conditions. In the early 2000s, rates were initially low to stimulate growth, then increased as economies showed signs of overheating prior to 2008. The financial crisis that year prompted sharp rate cuts to near-zero levels, which persisted for an extended period to support economic recovery. The COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 led to further rate reductions to historic lows, aiming to mitigate economic fallout. However, surging inflation in 2022 triggered a dramatic policy shift, with the Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank significantly raising rates to curb price pressures. As inflation stabilized in late 2023 and early 2024, the ECB and Bank of England initiated rate cuts by mid-2024, and the Federal Reserve also implemented its first cut in three years, with forecasts suggesting a gradual decrease in all major interest rates between 2025 and 2026. Divergent approaches within the European Union While the ECB sets a benchmark rate for the Eurozone, individual EU countries have adopted diverse strategies to address their unique economic circumstances. For instance, Hungary set the highest rate in the EU at 13 percent in September 2023, gradually reducing it to 6.5 percent by October 2024. In contrast, Sweden implemented more aggressive cuts, lowering its rate to 2.25 percent by February 2025, the lowest among EU members. These variations highlight the complex economic landscape that European central banks must navigate, balancing inflation control with economic growth support. Global context and future outlook The interest rate changes in major economies have had far-reaching effects on global financial markets. Government bond yields, for example, reflect these policy shifts and investor sentiment. As of June 2024, the United States had the highest 10-year government bond yield among developed economies at 4.09 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.69 percent. These rates serve as important benchmarks for borrowing costs and economic expectations worldwide.

The benchmark interest rate In the Euro Area was last recorded at 2.65 percent. This dataset provides - Euro Area Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) began reducing its fixed interest rate for the first time since 2016, implementing a series of cuts. The rate decreased from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent by year-end: a 0.25 percentage point cut in June, followed by additional reductions in September, October, and December. The central bank implemented another cut in early 2025, setting the rate at 2.9 percent. This marked a significant shift from the previous rate hike cycle, which began in July 2022 when the ECB raised rates to 0.5 percent and subsequently increased them almost monthly, reaching 4.5 percent by December 2023 - the highest level since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. How does this ensure liquidity? Banks typically hold only a fraction of their capital in cash, measured by metrics like the Tier 1 capital ratio. Since this ratio is low, banks prefer to allocate most of their capital to revenue-generating loans. When their cash reserves fall too low, banks borrow from the ECB to cover short-term liquidity needs. On the other hand, commercial banks can also deposit excess funds with the ECB at a lower interest rate. Reasons for fluctuations
The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability. The Euro area inflation rate is, in theory, the key indicator guiding the ECB's actions. When the fixed interest rate is lower, commercial banks are more likely to borrow from the ECB, increasing the money supply and, in turn, driving inflation higher. When inflation rises, the ECB increases the fixed interest rate, which slows borrowing and helps to reduce inflation.

Policy interest rates in the U.S. and Europe are forecasted to decrease gradually between 2024 and 2027, following exceptional increases triggered by soaring inflation between 2021 and 2023. The U.S. federal funds rate stood at 5.38 percent at the end of 2023, the European Central Bank deposit rate at four percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate at 1.75 percent. With inflationary pressures stabilizing, policy interest rates are forecast to decrease in each observed region. The U.S. federal funds rate is expected to decrease to 3.5 percent, the ECB refi rate to 2.65 percent, the Bank of England bank rate to 3.33 percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate to 0.75 percent by 2025. An interesting aspect to note is the impact of these interest rate changes on various economic factors such as growth, employment, and inflation. The impact of central bank policy rates The U.S. federal funds effective rate, crucial in determining the interest rate paid by depository institutions, experienced drastic changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The subsequent slight changes in the effective rate reflected the efforts to stimulate the economy and manage economic factors such as inflation. Such fluctuations in the federal funds rate have had a significant impact on the overall economy. The European Central Bank's decision to cut its fixed interest rate in June 2024 for the first time since 2016 marked a significant shift in attitude towards economic conditions. The reasons behind the fluctuations in the ECB's interest rate reflect its mandate to ensure price stability and manage inflation, shedding light on the complex interplay between interest rates and economic factors. Inflation and real interest rates The relationship between inflation and interest rates is critical in understanding the actions of central banks. Central banks' efforts to manage inflation through interest rate adjustments reveal the intricate balance between economic growth and inflation. Additionally, the concept of real interest rates, adjusted for inflation, provides valuable insights into the impact of inflation on the economy.

This dataset provides values for INTEREST RATE reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

According to the European Central Bank's survey of professional forecasters, the interest rate on the ECB's main refinancing operations is expected to decrease from 2.9 percent in January 2025 to 1.9 percent in 2026.

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) reduced the interest rate on its marginal lending facility by 0.25 percentage points, marking the first cut since 2016. Three months later, the ECB implemented another cut, setting the rate at 3.9 percent. It was followed by two further cuts at the end of 2024 and in early 2025, the latter one setting the rate at 3.15 percent. The marginal lending rate had previously been adjusted on March 16, 2016, when it was lowered from 0.3 percent to 0.25 percent, remaining unchanged until July 2022, when it was raised to 0.75 percent. After September 2022, the rate saw regular increases, reaching 4.75 percent by April 2024.

European Union - Dispersion around the at Risk of Poverty threshold for elderly people: at Risk of Poverty rate (cut-off point: 50% of median equivalised income) was 8.60% in December of 2023, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for European Union - Dispersion around the at Risk of Poverty threshold for elderly people: at Risk of Poverty rate (cut-off point: 50% of median equivalised income) - last updated from the EUROSTAT on March of 2025. Historically, European Union - Dispersion around the at Risk of Poverty threshold for elderly people: at Risk of Poverty rate (cut-off point: 50% of median equivalised income) reached a record high of 9.10% in December of 2020 and a record low of 6.20% in December of 2014.

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) lowered its deposit facility interest rate for the first time in over two years, marking a shift in its monetary policy stance. This move was followed by a gradual adjustment, with the rate reaching 3.25 percent six months later. By December 2024, the ECB implemented an additional rate cut, bringing the rate down to three percent. In early 2025, the ECB implemented a further cut, setting the rate at 2.75 percent. These reductions came after a prolonged period of steady rate increases, signaling a measured response to evolving economic conditions and a potential recalibration of its approach to support growth and stability.

Euro Area - Dispersion around the at Risk of Poverty threshold: at Risk of Poverty rate (cut-off point: 70% of median equivalised income) was 24.20% in December of 2023, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Euro Area - Dispersion around the at Risk of Poverty threshold: at Risk of Poverty rate (cut-off point: 70% of median equivalised income) - last updated from the EUROSTAT on March of 2025. Historically, Euro Area - Dispersion around the at Risk of Poverty threshold: at Risk of Poverty rate (cut-off point: 70% of median equivalised income) reached a record high of 25.20% in December of 2016 and a record low of 24.00% in December of 2010.

High inflation driven by rising energy and food costs are causing a severe cost of living crisis in Europe. As of September 2022, the majority of people surveyed in seven European countries advised they had curbed their spending as a consquence, ranging from 69 percent in Italy to 54 percent in Sweden.

The European Union's market for frozen cuts of chicken is on the rise, with consumption expected to continue increasing over the next decade. Market performance is predicted to slow down but still grow, with volume and value both projected to rise by 2035.

Mortgage interest rates in Europe soared in 2022 and remained elevated in 2023. In many countries, this resulted in interest rates more than doubling. In Denmark, the average mortgage interest rate rose from 0.67 percent in 2021 to 4.98 percent in 2023. Why did mortgage interest rates increase? Mortgage rates have risen as a result of the European Central Bank (ECB) interest rate increase. The ECB increased its interest rates to tackle inflation. As inflation calms, the ECB is expected to cut rates, which will allow mortgage lenders to reduce mortgage interest rates. What is the impact of interest rates on homebuying? Lower interest rates make taking out a housing loan more affordable, and thus, encourage homebuying. That can be seen in many countries across Europe: In France, the number of residential properties sold rose in the years leading up to 2021, and fell as interest rates increased. The number of houses sold in the UK followed a similar trend.

The EURUSD decreased 0.0005 or 0.04% to 1.0787 on Wednesday March 26 from 1.0791 in the previous trading session. Euro US Dollar Exchange Rate - EUR/USD - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on March of 2025.

Attitudes towards the Euro and knowledge of its introduction.

Topics: Self-assessment on state of knowledge on the Euro; knowledge of the introduction date and duration of the transitional phase in which the old currency can still be used; preferred information source behind Euro questions; practicality of dual pricing products; memorisation of certain prices in Euros; knowledge test on the validity of Euro notes and coins as well as of the obligation to accept change in Euros; knowledge test on the EU-wide validity of all Euro coins and fear of abuse and problems in the course of the introduction of the Euro; assessment of select consequences of the introduction of the Euro: Price comparison, equal meaning of the Euro with the dollar as an international currency, economic growth, reduction of the developmental differences between countries in the Euro zone, creation of job vacancies, facilitated purchasing in other countries with the Euro currency, elimination of exchange fees, simplified travelling within the European Union, price stability, personal advantages; concern about the value of the Euro compared to the dollar; personal and professional experience with the Euro; knowledge of the exchange rate of the Euro into national currency; expected changes of one’s personal identity as a European due to the introduction of the Euro.

Demography: Sex; age; age when finished full time education; professional position; party preference; region; size of locality; degree of urbanisation.

The revenue of the goose and duck cuts market in the European Union amounted to $X in 2017, rising by X% against the previous year. The goose and duck cuts consumption continues to indicate a pronounced slump. The most prominent rate of growth was recorded in 2017, with an increase of X% y-o-y. The level of goose and duck cuts consumption peaked of $X in 2007; however, from 2008 to 2017, it failed to regain its momentum.In 2017, approx.

European Cutting, Shaping and Finishing of Stone Labour Cost Per Employee FTE by Country, 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Attitude of the populations of the new EU Member States to the introduction of the euro in their country. Topics: Knowledge and use of the euro coins and bank notes: use of euro coins and bank notes; use of euro in one’s own country or other EU member states: knowledge of the same appearance of the euro coins and notes in other countries; knowledge of the number of countries where the euro has already been introduced; knowledge if a country can decide on its own whether to introduce the euro; estimated point in time of the introduction of the euro in one’s own country; state of knowledge on the euro; desired point of time to be informed on the introduction of the euro; trust in organisations that supply information on the euro: government, administrative bodies, national central bank, European Institutions, trade unions or professional organisations and consumer associations; preferred source of information; main issues that should be raised during information campaigns: implementation of the introduction, value of the one-euro-coin in comparison to the national currency, coin and note design, tips to avoid mistakes when getting used to the euro, practical consequences on one’s salary, bank account etc, social, economic and political consequences of the euro; necessity for individual measures for one’s preparation for the introduction: dual display in shops, on bills and pay slips as well as in brochures and media publicity; assessment of general and personal consequences of the euro introduction, assessment of the general opinion on the introduction as well as one’s personal view; desired point in time for the introduction of the euro; assessment of the euro on price stability as well as the risk of inflation; the euro as an international currency similar to the dollar or the yen; assessment of the consequences of the euro: simplification of price comparison as well as purchases in other EU-countries, savings on exchange fees, simplified travelling, reduction of negative effects of international crises on one’s own country; most important advantages of the introduction of the euro in one’s own country: reduction of interest rates, security of balanced state finance, securing Europe’s world role, growth as well as increase in employment; assessment of personal discomfort due to the disappearance of the national currency; assessment of the fear of misuse of unjustifiable price increases during the introductory period; probability of loss of control over the country over the economic policy as well as loss of one’s own identity; judgement of the integrative function of the euro. Demography: Age; sex; age on completion of education; profession; region; degree of urbanisation. Einstellung der Bevölkerung der neuen EU-Mitgliedstaaten zur Einführung des Euro im eigenen Land. Themen: Kenntnis und Nutzung der Euro-Münzen und Banknoten; Nutzung des Euro im eigenen Land oder in anderen EU-Mitgliedsstaaten; Kenntnis des gleichen Erscheinungsbildes der Euro-Münzen und Banknoten in anderen Ländern; Kenntnis der Anzahl der Länder, in denen der Euro bereits eingeführt wurde; Kenntnis, ob das eigene Land selbst über die Euro-Einführung entscheiden kann; geschätzter Zeitpunkt der Einführung des Euro im eigenen Land; Informiertheit über den Euro; gewünschter Zeitpunkt über die Einführung des Euro informiert zu werden; Vertrauen in Institutionen, die Informationen über Euro-Einführung bereitstellen: Regierung, Verwaltung, nationale Zentralbank, europäische Institutionen, Banken, Journalisten, Gewerkschaften bzw. Berufsgenossenschaften und Verbraucherverbände; präferierte Informationsquelle; grundlegende Themen, die bei einer Informationskampagne hervorgehoben werden sollten: Durchführung der Einführung, Wert der Ein-Euro-Münze im Vergleich zu Landeswährung, Design der Münzen und Banknoten, Hinweise zur Vermeidung von Täuschungen bei der Euro-Umstellung, Auswirkungen auf die persönliche Lohnauszahlung oder das Bankkonto sowie wirtschaftliche und politische Auswirkungen des Euro; Notwendigkeit einzelner Maßnahmen für die eigene Vorbereitung auf die Einführung: duale Preisauszeichnung in Läden, auf Rechnungen und bei Gehaltsabrechnungen sowie in Broschüren und der Medienwerbung; Einschätzung genereller sowie persönlicher Konsequenzen der Euro-Einführung; Einschätzung der allgemeinen Meinung zur Euro-Einführung sowie persönliche Sicht; gewünschter Zeitpunkt der Euro-Einführung; Einschätzung der Auswirkungen des Euro auf die Preisstabilität bzw. das Inflationsrisiko; Euro als internationale Währung ähnlich dem US-Dollar oder dem japanischen Yen; Einschätzung der Auswirkungen des Euro: Vereinfachung von Preisvergleichen sowie Einkäufen in anderen EU-Ländern, Einsparungen von Umtauschgebühren, Reiseerleichterungen, Abschwächung negativer Effekte internationaler Krisen auf das eigene Land; wichtigste Vorteile der Euro-Einführung für das eigene Land: Verringerung von Zinsraten sowie Schuldzinsen, Sicherstellung ausgeglichener Staatsfinanzen, Verfestigung der Rolle Europas in der Welt, Wachstum sowie Beschäftigung; Einschätzung der persönlichen Unannehmlichkeiten durch Abschaffung der Landeswährung; Angst vor Missbrauch und ungerechtfertigten Preisanhebungen während der Einführung; Wahrscheinlichkeit des Kontrollverlusts des eigenen Landes über die Wirtschaftpolitik sowie Verlust der Identität des Landes; Beurteilung der Integrationsfunktion des Euro. Demographie: Alter; Geschlecht; Alter bei Beendigung der Ausbildung; Beruf; Region; Urbanisierungsgrad.

Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study all question modules are in the standard Eurobarometer context: 1. Standard EU and trend questions, 2. Europe 2020 strategy, 3. Financial and economic crisis, 4. European citizenship, 5. European values.
Topics: 1. Attitudes towards the EU (standard EU and trend questions): life satisfaction; frequency of political discussions on national, local and European politics; own opinion leadership; assessment of the economic situation in the country, in Europe, and the world economy, assessment of the personal job and financial situation and th.e national employment situation; expectations about life in general, about the economic situation in the world, in the EU and in the country (economic outlook), about the financial situation of the household, the personal job situation and the employment situation in the country; comparison of the situation in the country with the average of the EU (economic situation and the employment situation, cost of living and quality of life, environmental situation, public finance, future prospects and situation of youth in the country); most important political issues at EU level and at the country level; personally concerned by these issues; good overall development in the country, the European Union and the world; trust in political parties, the national government, the national Parliament, the European Union, the United Nations, regional or local public authorities; image of the EU; personal associations with the EU; knowledge of European institutions (European Parliament, European Commission, Council of the European Union, European Central Bank and European Court of Justice of the European Union) and trust in these institutions; knowledge tst about the EU (number of member states, members of the EU Parliament are directly elected, and Switzerland is a member of the EU); support for a monetary union, a common foreign policy, EU enlargement, and a common defense and security policy; satisfaction with democracy in thecountry and in the European Union; agreement with the following statements: personal understanding how the EU works, national interest protected in the EU, EU membership increases feeling of safty, your voice counts in the EU and in the country, the EU’s voice counts in the world, globalisation is an opportunity for economic growth, globalisation requires global governance, EU protects its citizens from the negative effects of globalisation (split A) or EU enables citizens to benefit from the positive effects of globalisation (Split B); globalisation as an opportunity for national companies or as a threat to employment and companies in the country; policy fields that require greater support; assessment of the current speed of building Europe and preferred speed; again all: actual and prefered main objective of the building of Europe; optimism about the future of the EU.

1. Europe 2020 strategy: importance of support for research and development, education system, economicdevelop by expanding high speed Internet, support for more environmentally friendly production, support for entrepreneurship, modernising of the labor market and helping poor and socially excluded people (scale); canpolitical goals be reached by 2020: full employment, increasing research funding, reduction of the greenhouse gas, 20% renewable energy sources, to increaseing energy efficiency, reduction of the number of young people leaving school without qualifications, increasing educational achievement of young people, and reduction of the poverty rate by a quarter; evaluation of EU policy objectives.

2. Financial and economic crisis: expected impact of the economic crisis on the job market (peak reached versus the worst is still to come); prospects of one´s household; best actor to tackle the financial and economic crisis (national Government, European Union, United States, G20 or International Monetary Fund (IMF); perceived needs for reformsin the own country, for cooperation among EU Member States in coping with the crisis, for reducing the public deficit (Split: immediate versus later); reducing the public deficit and stimulating economic growth is possible; perceived power of the EU to defend the economic interests of Europe in the global economy; the countries of the EU need a stronger industrial base; claim for expanding of the service sector in the EU countries;...

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.