The unemployment rate in the European Union and the Euro area from 2013 to 2024 has a decreasing trend. In 2024, the average unemployment rate in the EU was 5.9 percent.

The statistic reflects the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in member states of the European Union in November 2024. The seasonally adjusted unemployment rate in Spain in November 2024 was 11.2 percent.The unemployment rate represents the share of the unemployed in all potential employees available to the job market. Unemployment rates in the EU The unemployment rate is an important measure of a country or region’s economic health, and despite unemployment levels in the European Union falling slightly from a peak in early 2013 , they remain high, especially in comparison to what the rates were before the worldwide recession started in 2008. This confirms the continuing stagnation in European markets, which hits young job seekers particularly hard as they struggle to compete against older, more experienced workers for a job, suffering under jobless rates twice as high as general unemployment. Some companies, such as Microsoft and Fujitsu, have created thousands of jobs in some of the countries which have particularly dire unemployment rates, creating a beacon of hope. However, some industries such as information technology, face the conundrum of a deficit of qualified workers in the local unemployed work force, and have to hire workers from abroad instead of helping decrease the local unemployment rates. This skills mismatch has no quick solution, as workers require time for retraining to fill the openings in the growing science-, technology-, or engineering-based jobs, and too few students choose degrees that would help them obtain these positions. Worldwide unemployment also remains high, with the rates being worst in the Middle East and North Africa. Estimates by the International Labour Organization predict that the problem will stabilize in coming years, but not improve until at least 2017.

The statistic shows the seasonally adjusted youth unemployment rate in EU member states as of November 2024. The source defines youth unemployment as unemployment of those younger than 25 years. In November 2024, the seasonally adjusted youth unemployment rate in Spain was at 26.6 percent. Youth unemployment rate in EU member states Unemployment is a crucial economic factor for a country; youth unemployment is often examined separately because it tends to be higher than unemployment in older age groups. It comprises the unemployment figures of a country’s labor force aged 15 to 24 years old (i.e. the earliest point at which mandatory school education ends). Typically, teenagers and those in their twenties who are fresh out of education do not find jobs right away, especially if the country’s economy is experiencing difficulties, as can be seen above. Additionally, it also tends to be higher in emerging markets than in industrialized nations. Worldwide, youth unemployment figures have not changed significantly over the last decade, nor are they expected to improve in the next few years. Youth unemployment is most prevalent in the Middle East and North Africa, even though these regions report high unemployment figures regardless (Zimbabwe and Turkmenistan are among the countries with the highest unemployment rates in the world, for example), and are also highly populated areas with a rather weak infrastructure, compared to industrialized regions. In the European Union and the euro area, unemployment in general has been on the rise since 2008, which is due to the economic crisis which caused bankruptcy and financial trouble for many employers, and thus led to considerable job loss, less job offerings, and consequently, to a rise of the unemployment rate. Older workers are struggling to find new jobs despite their experience, and young graduates are struggling to find new jobs, because they have none. All in all, the number of unemployed persons worldwide is projected to rise, this is not down to the economic crisis alone, but also the industrial automation of processes previously performed by workers, as well as rising population figures.

EU EE: Unemployment Rate: sa: Age 15 to 24 data was reported at 6.800 % in Apr 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 8.100 % for Mar 2018. EU EE: Unemployment Rate: sa: Age 15 to 24 data is updated monthly, averaging 17.700 % from Feb 2000 (Median) to Apr 2018, with 219 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 40.200 % in Mar 2010 and a record low of 6.500 % in Dec 2017. EU EE: Unemployment Rate: sa: Age 15 to 24 data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Eurostat. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Estonia – Table EE.Eurostat: Unemployment Rate: Seasonally Adjusted.

Unemployment Rate: Aged 25-54: Males for the European Union was 51.70% in April of 2017, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Unemployment Rate: Aged 25-54: Males for the European Union reached a record high of 51.70 in April of 2017 and a record low of 49.40 in January of 2010. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Unemployment Rate: Aged 25-54: Males for the European Union - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

Unemployment Rate: Aged 15-24: Males for the European Union was 199.07% in November of 2017, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, Unemployment Rate: Aged 15-24: Males for the European Union reached a record high of 244.14 in July of 2008 and a record low of 20.10 in December of 1952. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Unemployment Rate: Aged 15-24: Males for the European Union - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

Labour force survey (LFS) Purpose and short description The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is a socio-economic household sample survey. Its main objective is to classify the working age population (15 and older) into three groups (employed, unemployed and inactive persons) and to provide descriptive and explanatory data on every category. This survey is also carried out in the other EU Member States and is coordinated by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union. In Belgium, the LFS is organised by Statbel. The objective is to obtain comparable information at European level, in particular as regards employment and unemployment rates as defined by the International Labour Office (ILO), but also to collect and disseminate data that are otherwise not available, for example about the mobility of workers, the reasons for working part-time, the various forms of part-time employment, the occupation, the educational level of the working age population, ... . Survey population Members of private households aged 15 or older. Sample frame Demographic data from the National Register. Data collection method and sample size Data are collected through face-to-face interviews. Since 2017, there have been three (shorter) follow-up surveys to which households respond online or by telephone. Households with only inactive persons older than 64 can also be interviewed by telephone. Every year, around 47,000 households receive a letter asking them to take part in this survey. Response rate The response rate is above 75%. Periodicity Quarterly Release calendar Results availability: around 3 months after the end of the reference period. Forms Labour Force Survey 2020 (PDF, 541 Kb) Labour Force Survey 2021 (PDF, 1 Mb) Definitions Unemployed (ILO): According to the criteria of the International Labour Office, the unemployed include all people aged 15 years and over who: a) were without work during the reference week b) were available for work, i.e. were available for paid employment or self-employment within two weeks after the reference week c) were actively seeking work, i.e. had taken specific steps during the last four weeks including the reference week to seek paid employment or self-employment, or who had found a job to start within a maximum period of three months. Employed population (ILO): The employed comprise all people aged 15 and over who during the reference week performed some work for at least one hour for wage or salary, or for profit, or who had a job but were temporarily absent. For example, one can be temporarily absent for holidays, illness, technical or economic reasons (temporary unemployment),....Family workers are also included in the category ‘employed’. The employed are divided into three groups according to their professional status: Employees: Employees comprise all persons aged 15 and over who during the reference period performed some work (with or without a formal contract) for at least one hour for wage or salary, or who were temporarily not at work during the reference period (because of illness, maternity leave, holidays, social conflict, weather conditions or other reasons) and had a formal attachment to their job. Non-employees: Non-employees comprise all persons who do not work for an employer and who during the reference week performed some work for at least one hour for profit or who were temporarily not at work during the reference period. This includes self-employed people (without employees) and employers (with employees) and unpaid workers. Labour force: The labour force or economically active population (15 years and older) consists of people with an occupation (persons employed) and the unemployed. Unemployment rate: The unemployment rate represents the share of unemployed people in the labour force (employed + unemployed) aged 15 to 64. Employment rate: The employment rate represents the share of employed people in a specific age group (15-64 years old, 20-64 years old,...). Economic activity rate: The economic activity rate represents the share of the labour force (employed and unemployed) in the population aged 15 to 64. Education level (3 classes): Low-skilled people are people who have at most a diploma of lower secondary education. Medium-skilled people are people who obtained a diploma of upper secondary education but not of higher education. Highly-skilled people have a diploma of higher education. Metadata Employment, unemployment, labour market (NL-FR) Labour force survey (LFS) (NL-FR) Survey methodology Modifications to the Labour Force Survey (LFS) in 2021 LFS: Methodological improvements to the Labour Force Survey 2017 (PDF, 99 Kb) LFS: Presentation of the survey until 2016 (NL-FR) LFS: Presentation of the survey from 2017 (NL-FR) Regulations Royal Decree of 10 January 1999 on the organisation of a labour force sample survey (NL-FR) Royal decree amending the royal decree of 10 January 1999 on the organisation of a labour force sample survey (NL-FR)

Unemployment Rate in Greece decreased to 7.90 percent in May from 8.30 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Greece Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In 2010, unemployment rate in France reached a record level of 10.4 percent. Unemployment remains a rampant issue for French economy, being stagnant year-over-year since the financial and economical crisis in 2008. During the first quarter of 2018, more than 1.4 million people aged between 25 and 49 years were unemployed in France.

Change in unemployment since 2008

In 2008, year of the financial crisis, unemployment rate in France reached its lowest level since 2004. That year, France had an unemployment rate of 7.4 percent while, one year before it had reached 8 eight percent. Unemployment is an important economic factor for a country and a measure of a region’s economic health. Despite its low level in 2008, unemployment rate in France increased steadily between 2009 and 2016. In 2015, it even reached its highest level since the mid-2000s with a percentage of unemployed people among the French population which was of 10.4 percent. That year, unemployed people represented 11.5 percent of the urban population in France. However, French unemployment rate seemed to be experiencing improvements in recent years. In 2017, long-term employment rate decreased after several years of constant growth.

Unemployment in France and the EU

European markets were particularly affected by the 2008 global financial crisis and the recession which followed. Nevertheless, Unemployment rate in the EU reached 6.5 percent in January 2019, compared to 7.2 percent one year before and the number of unemployed persons in the European Union and the Euro area is declining since 2018. This improvement seems to be affecting France to a lesser extent. France was one of the EU members with the highest unemployment rate in 2019, and youth unemployment still reaches a record number in the country.

Number of job seekers in 2016 (Lorraine: 2014) Unemployment rate 2016 (in %, Lorraine: 2014) Territorial entities: Cantons (LOR, LUX), Kreise (RLP, SL), arrondissements (WAL) Statistical data sources: INSEE Grand Est, Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz, Statistisches Amt Saarland, STATEC, IWEPS. Calculations: LISER 2018 Geodata sources: ACT Luxembourg 2017, IGN France 2017, GeoBasis-DE / BKG 2017, NGI-Belgium 2017. Harmonization: SIG-GR / GIS-GR 2018

Enquête naar de arbeidskrachten (EAK) Doel en korte beschrijving De steekproefenquête naar de arbeidskrachten is een enquête bij particuliere huishoudens, die gedurende het hele jaar wordt gehouden. Ze is gebaseerd op de antwoorden van ongeveer 110.000 personen (respondenten) van 15-89 jaar. Haar voornaamste doelstelling is de populatie van 15-89 jaar op te delen in drie groepen (nl. werkende personen, werklozen en niet-beroepsactieve personen), en over elk van deze categorieën beschrijvende en verklarende gegevens te verstrekken. Deze enquête wordt ook in de andere EU-lidstaten uitgevoerd en wordt gecoördineerd door de statistische dienst van de Europese Unie, EUROSTAT. In België wordt de EAK georganiseerd door Statbel (Algemene Directie Statistiek - Statistics Belgium). De bedoeling is informatie te vergaren die op Europees vlak vergelijkbaar is, o.m. inzake werkgelegenheids- en werkloosheidscijfers overeenkomstig de definities van het Internationaal Arbeidsbureau (IAB), en daarnaast gegevens te verzamelen en te verspreiden die elders niet verkregen kunnen worden. Voorbeelden hiervan zijn mobiliteit van de werknemers, motivatie voor deeltijds werken, de verschillende vormen van tijdelijke arbeid, beroep, onderwijsniveau van de bevolking op beroepsactieve leeftijd,… Populatie Leden van privé-huishoudens van 15-89 jaar Basis van de steekproef Demografische gegevens van het Rijksregister Dataverzamelingsmethode en eventuele steekproefomvang De informatie wordt voor de eerste bevraging verzameld via face to face interviews. Sinds 2017 volgen daarna nog drie kortere opvolgbevragingen die via het web of telefonisch gebeuren. Gezinnen die uitsluitend bestaan uit niet-beroepsactieve personen ouder dan 64 jaar mogen ook telefonisch worden bevraagd. Jaarlijks nemen in België ongeveer 34.000 unieke huishoudens deel aan deze enquête. Respons Gemiddeld bedraagt de respons in de eerste bevraging 68% en in de opvolgbevragingen tussen de 90% en 95%. Frequentie Driemaandelijks. Timing publicatie Resultaten beschikbaar +/- 3 maanden na de referentieperiode Formulieren Enquête naar de arbeidskrachten 2024 (PDF, 1 Mb) Definities De enquête is geharmoniseerd op Europees niveau. De definities over werkgelegenheid en werkloosheid die worden gehanteerd zijn die van het Internationaal Arbeidsbureau (IAB), waardoor een vergelijkbaarheid van de resultaten op internationaal vlak wordt gewaarborgd. Personen met een job (werkende personen) zijn personen die gedurende de referentieweek arbeid verrichtten ‘tegen betaling’ of met als doel ‘winst te maken’ ongeacht de duur (ook al was dit maar één uur), of die een job hadden maar tijdelijk afwezig waren. Men kan bijvoorbeeld tijdelijk afwezig zijn omwille van vakantie, ziekte, technische of economische redenen (tijdelijke werkloosheid),…. Ook de meewerkende familieleden worden tot de werkenden gerekend. Sinds 2021 worden personen die een ononderbroken periode van langer dan drie maanden tijdelijke werkloos zijn bij de werklozen of niet-beroepsactieven gerekend en niet meer bij de werkenden. Werklozen zijn alle personen die: (a) tijdens de referentieweek geen werk hadden, d.w.z. niet in loondienst of als zelfstandige werkten; (b) voor werk beschikbaar waren, d.w.z. voor werk in loondienst of als zelfstandige beschikbaar waren binnen twee weken na de referentieweek; (c) actief werk zochten, d.w.z. gedurende de laatste vier weken met inbegrip van de referentieweek gerichte stappen hadden ondernomen om werk in loondienst of als zelfstandige te zoeken, of die werk hadden gevonden en binnen ten hoogste drie maanden zouden beginnen te werken. Opgelet! De IAB‐werkloosheidscijfers staan los van een eventuele inschrijving bij VDAB, Actiris, FOREM of ADG, evenals van het ontvangen van een uitkering van de RVA, en zijn dus niet vergelijkbaar met de administratieve werkloosheidscijfers. De beroepsbevolking is samengesteld uit de werkloze en de werkende bevolking. Niet‐beroepsactieven zijn alle personen die niet beschouwd worden als personen met een betrekking of als werklozen. De werkgelegenheidsgraad geeft het percentage werkende personen in een bepaalde leeftijdsgroep weer. De werkgelegenheidsgraad in het kader van de Europa 2020‐strategie geeft het percentage werkende personen in de bevolking van 20 tot 64 jaar weer. De werkloosheidsgraad geeft het percentage werklozen in de beroepsbevolking (werkende personen + werklozen) binnen een bepaalde leeftijdsgroep weer. De activiteitsgraad geeft het percentage beroepsbevolking (werkende personen + werklozen) in de totale bevolking binnen een bepaalde leeftijdsgroep weer. Bovenstaande indicatoren (werkgelegenheidsgraad, werkloosheidsgraad en activiteitsgraad) zijn de belangrijkste indicatoren om de arbeidsmarktevolutie op internationaal niveau te vergelijken. Laaggeschoolden zijn die personen die maximaal een diploma hebben van het lager secundair onderwijs. Middengeschoolden zijn personen die een diploma behaald hebben van het hoger secundair onderwijs, maar geen diploma van het hoger onderwijs. Hooggeschoolden hebben een diploma van het hoger onderwijs. Metadata Werkgelegenheid, werkloosheid, arbeidsmarkt.pdf Enquête naar de arbeidskrachten (EAK).pdf Methodologie enquêtes Wijzigingen in de Enquête naar de arbeidskrachten (EAK) in 2021 EAK: De methodologische verbeteringen in de Enquête naar de Arbeidskrachten 2017 (PDF, 98 Kb) EAK: voorstelling van de enquête vanaf 2017 (PDF, 105.77 Kb) EAK: voorstelling van de enquête tot 2016 (PDF, 98.44 Kb) Nota naar aanleiding van publicatie gegevens T4 2024 & jaarresultaten 2024 (pdf) Wetgeving Koninklijk besluit 10 JANUARI 1999 betreffende een steekproefenquête naar de arbeidskrachten (PDF, 17.26 Kb) Koninklijk besluit tot wijziging van het koninklijk besluit van 10 januari 1999 betreffende een steekproefenquête naar de arbeidskrachten (PDF, 17.48 Kb)

Labour force survey (LFS) Purpose and short description The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is a socio-economic household sample survey. Its main objective is to classify the working age population (15 and older) into three groups (employed, unemployed and inactive persons) and to provide descriptive and explanatory data on every category. This survey is also carried out in the other EU Member States and is coordinated by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union. In Belgium, the LFS is organised by Statbel. The objective is to obtain comparable information at European level, in particular as regards employment and unemployment rates as defined by the International Labour Office (ILO), but also to collect and disseminate data that are otherwise not available, for example about the mobility of workers, the reasons for working part-time, the various forms of part-time employment, the occupation, the educational level of the working age population, ... . Survey population Members of private households aged 15 or older. Sample frame Demographic data from the National Register. Data collection method and sample size Data are collected through face-to-face interviews. Since 2017, there have been three (shorter) follow-up surveys to which households respond online or by telephone. Households with only inactive persons older than 64 can also be interviewed by telephone. Every year, around 47,000 households receive a letter asking them to take part in this survey. Response rate The response rate is above 75%. Periodicity Quarterly Release calendar Results availability: around 3 months after the end of the reference period. Forms Labour Force Survey 2020 (PDF, 541 Kb) Labour Force Survey 2021 (PDF, 1 Mb) Metadata Employment, unemployment, labour market (NL-FR) Labour force survey (LFS) (NL-FR) Survey methodology Modifications to the Labour Force Survey (LFS) in 2021 LFS: Methodological improvements to the Labour Force Survey 2017 (PDF, 99 Kb) LFS: Presentation of the survey until 2016 (NL-FR) LFS: Presentation of the survey from 2017 (NL-FR) Regulations Royal Decree of 10 January 1999 on the organisation of a labour force sample survey (NL-FR) Royal decree amending the royal decree of 10 January 1999 on the organisation of a labour force sample survey (NL-FR)

— Number of job seekers 2000-2016: increase and decrease

— Change in unemployment rate 2000-2016 (in %). *Lorraine: 1999-2014, Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate: 2001-2016

— Territorial entities: Cantons (LOR, LUX), Kreise (RLP, SL), arrondissements (WAL)

— Statistical data sources: INSEE Grand Est, Statistisches Landesamt Rheinland-Pfalz, Statistisches Amt Saarland, STATEC, IWEPS. Calculations: READ 2018

— Geodata sources: Act Luxembourg 2017, IGN France 2017, GeoBasis-DE/BKG 2017, NGI-Belgium 2017. Harmonisation: GIS-GR/GIS-GR 2018

Consumer Confidence Unemployment Expectations in European Union decreased to 3.50 in June from 5.20 in May of 2017. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for European Union Consumer Confidence Unemployment Expectations.

At a rate of 11.27 percent in the second quarter of 2024, Spain was one of the countries with the highest unemployment rates in the European Union. As of the third quarter of 2005, the unemployment rate in Spain was at roughly 8.4 percent, the lowest recorded in the period under consideration. However, a few years later, by the third quarter of 2009, it had more than doubled. It was not until 2016 that Spain witnessed a downward trend in its unemployment rate. Unemployment in Spain The age group with the highest distribution of unemployment is that of teenagers (16 to 19 years). Recent quarterly unemployment figures in Spain show that unemployment peaked in the first quarter of 2013, whereby there were approximately 6.28 million inhabitants unemployed, by the same quarter in 2024, unemployment had decreased by over 3 million. This trend is also reflected in the number of people in employment in Spain. The situation in the European Union Spain was the European country with the highest unemployment rate in August 2023, with nearly 12 percent of the labor force out of work. This figure is considerably higher than that of the rest of the European Union, which had an average unemployment rate of six percent as of the same period. In terms of youth unemployment, figures in the European Union reached 14 percent in August 2023, although the numbers varies greatly across the countries. While Greece and Spain topped the list at a youth unemployment rate of 23.5 and 26.8 percent, Germany was at the bottom of the list with just 5.7 percent of its youth out of a job.

Italy - Unemployment rate: From 55 to 64 years was 3.80% in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Italy - Unemployment rate: From 55 to 64 years - last updated from the EUROSTAT on June of 2025. Historically, Italy - Unemployment rate: From 55 to 64 years reached a record high of 5.80% in December of 2017 and a record low of 2.40% in December of 2007.

Unemployment Rate in Sweden increased to 9.70 percent in May from 8.90 percent in April of 2025. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Sweden Unemployment Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Analysis of ‘Recorded unemployment, January 2021 ’ provided by Analyst-2 (analyst-2.ai), based on source dataset retrieved from http://data.europa.eu/88u/dataset/e0526164-80a3-498e-bd03-5f4e9e7123e6 on 18 January 2022.

--- Dataset description provided by original source is as follows ---

ANOFM calculates and publishes statistical indicators on registered unemployment, as required by the law. Registered unemployed persons represent both the unemployed paid (unemployed jobseekers with work experience benefits and SOMERI recipients of unemployment benefits without work experience/education graduates) as well as the unemployed (without receiving unemployment benefits) and are squeezed on the basis of data from the primary documents and records in the database of territorial employment agencies. Is the stock at the end of the reference month. The unemployment rate recorded is determined as the ratio between the number of unemployed persons registered with the county and Bucharest employment agencies (paid and unpaid) at the end of the reference month and the active civilian population. The civilian active population represents the potential labour supply and employment of the civilian and registered unemployed population. The indicator is determined annually by the National Institute of Statistics by means of the balance of labour at country, development region and county level. The rate of summons is calculated with the population of civil activity on 1 January 2017. The total number of registered SOMERI is structured on: Gender (women, Barbate), Type of compensation (indemnities, non-indemnities); Level of education (without education, primary education, secondary education, upper secondary education, postgraduate education, professional education/arts and trades, university education); Age groups (under 25, 25-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-55 years, over 55 years). Average residency (urban, rural).The ANOFM calculates and publishes statistics on registered unemployment in accordance with the legal provisions. Registered unemployed persons represent both the unemployed paid (unemployed jobseekers with work experience benefits and SOMERI recipients of unemployment benefits without work experience/education graduates) as well as the unemployed (without receiving unemployment benefits) and are squeezed on the basis of data from the primary documents and records in the database of territorial employment agencies. Is the stock at the end of the reference month. The unemployment rate recorded is determined as the ratio between the number of unemployed persons registered with the county and Bucharest employment agencies (paid and unpaid) at the end of the reference month and the active civilian population. The civilian active population represents the potential labour supply and employment of the civilian and registered unemployed population. The indicator is determined annually by the National Institute of Statistics by means of the balance of labour at country, development region and county level. The rate of summons is calculated with the population of civil activity on 1 January 2017. The total number of registered SOMERI is structured on: Gender (women, Barbate), Type of compensation (indemnities, non-indemnities); Level of education (without education, primary education, secondary education, upper secondary education, postgraduate education, professional education/arts and trades, university education); Age groups (under 25, 25-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-55 years, over 55 years). Residential environments (urban, rural).

--- Original source retains full ownership of the source dataset ---

The administrative unemployment rate reflects the proportion of people in the labour force who are unemployed, looking for work and available for work. It measures the imbalance between labour supply and demand.

See also: - on our website 'Labour Market Statistics', The Employment Accounts and the IWEPS Working Paper No 13.

Note: From 2011, the indicators are calculated on the basis of Steunpunt Werk estimates, which showed a break in series in 2017: the methodology for estimating non-taxable students is changed and employees of international organisations have been included in the employed assets. In 2019, the source used by Steunpunt Werk for the number of outgoing cross-border commuters changes, which leads to a drop in employment, and therefore also in activity, and an increase in the unemployment rate, which can be significant in some border municipalities. As a result of this problem and the delay in Steunpunt Werk’s estimates due to the increasing difficulty of obtaining sufficiently detailed data on employed workers, from 2019 the indicators are calculated on the basis of provisional estimates from IWEPS.

More information on the IWEPS website:

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• labour market statistics

Change in the proportion of unemployed according to SGB II among 15 to under 65 year olds in percentage points from December 31, 2016 to December 31, 2018 (MSS 2019, PLR, index indicator: dynamic 1), map with group formation according to standard deviation from the mean