The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) In the Euro Area was worth 16406.13 billion US dollars in 2024, according to official data from the World Bank. The GDP value of Euro Area represents 14.74 percent of the world economy. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Euro Area GDP - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) In the Euro Area expanded 0.20 percent in the third quarter of 2025 over the previous quarter. This dataset provides - Euro Area GDP Growth Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

• The dataset is part of Eurostat's collection of population and employment statistics. The code "NAMQ_10_PE" specifically refers to data related to employment and population trends in European countries and likely spans a range of years from 1980 to 2024.

Eurostat provides statistical data on various aspects of the labor market across Europe, including:

• Total Population – The total number of people residing in a particular country or region.
• Labor Force – The portion of the population that is either employed or actively looking for work.
• Employment Rate – The percentage of the working-age population that is employed.
• Unemployment Rate – The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.
• Youth Employment Rate – The employment rate among young people (typically aged 15-24).

• Sectoral Employment – Employment distribution across various sectors like agriculture, industry, and services.

• **Details of the Dataset **

This dataset would typically cover European Union countries and potentially other European countries (depending on the specific version). The data likely spans multiple years (1980-2024) and provides insights into the demographic and economic changes in these countries over time.

-**Some example insights you might explore:**

Trends in Employment: Analyzing the employment and unemployment rates over time to see how they correlate with major economic events, such as the global financial crisis. Sectoral Shifts: Investigating how the structure of employment has shifted from agriculture and industry to services over the decades. Impact of Population Growth: Exploring how changes in population size relate to changes in employment, labor force participation, and unemployment.

• Link to Eurostat’s Dataset

You can access the Eurostat dataset directly using the following link:

• Eurostat – NAMQ_10_PE Dataset

This link takes you to Eurostat's Labor Force Survey (LFS) data, which includes datasets related to employment, unemployment, and other labor force indicators across EU countries. You can navigate and search for NAMQ_10_PE by using Eurostat’s filtering and search tools. Here, you can download data in various formats such as CSV, Excel, or TSV.

The variables included in the dataset are real GDP (seasonally adjusted, in log-levels, https://sdw.ecb.de/quickview.do?SERIES_KEY=314.MNA.Q.Y.AT.W2.S1.S1.B.B1GQ._Z._Z._Z.EUR.LR.N), the GDP Deflator (seasonally adjusted, in log-levels, https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/MNA/MNA.Q.Y.AT.W2.S1.S1.B.B1GQ._Z._Z._Z.IX.D.N), CPI (food and energy excluded, base year 2015, seasonally adjusted, enters in log-levels, https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/inflation-cpi.html}{retrieved from OECD Data Archive), the EUR/USD exchange rate (https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/EXR/EXR.D.USD.EUR.SP00.A), a measure of bank concentration by country (interpolated to a quarterly series from yearly values, only contemporaneous values included, https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/SSI/SSI.A.AT.122C.H10.X.A1.Z0Z.Z) the cost of new short-term (https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/MIR/MIR.M.U2.B.A2J.FM.R.A.2230.EUR.N) and long-term (https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/MIR/MIR.M.U2.B.A2J.KM.R.A.2230.EUR.N) borrowing in the euro area, the monetary policy shocks as in Altavilla et al. (2019) (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmoneco.2019.08.016), which were summed up to quarterly values, and finally the loans granted by Euro Area Monetary Financial Institutions to domestic non financial corporations (https://data.ecb.europa.eu/data/datasets/QSA/QSA.Q.N.AT.W2.S12K.S11.N.A.LE.F4.T.Z.XDC.T.S.V.N.T). To conclude, the time series on loans granted by investment funds and the aggregate size of the bonds issued by non-financial corporations that are held/issued by each country (retrieved from the Securities Holdings Statistics by Sector dataset) are confidential series and cannot be shared.

These data and syntax files can be used to replicate the published Paper in the Journal of European Union Politics by Katsanidou and Otjes "How the European debt crisis reshaped national political space: the case of Greece". The data come from the following sources: 1. CSES (2015) CSES Module 4: 2011-2016. DOI: 10.7804/cses.module4.2015-03-20 2. Preference Matcher’ consortium (www.preferencematcher.org) Gemenis K. and Triga V., data set Voting Advice Application for the Greece Parliamentary Elections May 2012, file: Greece_clean_parl_may.csv The Abstract of the article: Where Mair (2000) saw a limited impact of Europeanisation on national party politics, other authors (e.g. Kriesi et al. 2008) proposed that in addition to the pre-existing economic left-right dimension a separate EU dimension structures the national political space. This article looks at the Greek bail-out during the European sovereign debt crisis to examine how Europeanisation can change the national political space. The bail-out came with memoranda that set the main lines of Greek economic policy for the coming years. Accepting these policies was connected with remaining in the eurozone. This restructured the political space: the economic and European integration form one dimension. A second relevant dimension focuses on cultural issues. The economic/European dimension is a stronger predictor of vote choice than the cultural dimension.

This dataset provides values for GDP reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Vor den Europawahlen von 1979 bis 2009 herausgegebene Parteiprogramme. Der Datensatz enthält eine verkodete Version der Parteiprogramme. Coded version of election programs. Manifestos issued ahead of the European elections between 1979 and 2009. Topics: Country in which the party ran in European Parliament elections; year of the first European Parliament elections in the member state; year of the country´s admittance to the EG/EU; party ID; election year; initials of the party; name of the party; percent-vote on national level; party family (parliamentary group) a party belongs to; number of seats in European Parliament; number of seats in European Parliament by country; type of manifesto; placement of Euromanifesto according to the coder on a left-right scale, on an environmental protection vs. economic growth scale, on a libertarian-authoritarian scale, on a religious-secular scale, on a state interventionism vs. free enterprise scale, on a multiculturalism vs. ethnocentrism scale, and on a pro-anti-EU-integration scale. Position in topics: foreign special relationships (general, to eastern European Countries of the EU and not in the EU, to Russia and to the USA); anti-imperialism; military; peace; internationalism; Europe; European Community/European Union; financing the EC/EU; freedom; human rights; democracy; constitutionalism; decentralization; transfer of power to the EC/EU; executive and administrative efficiency; political corruption; political authority; competences of the European Parliament, of the European Commission and of the European Council; voting procedures in the European Council; competences of the European Court of Justice and other EC/EU institutions; mentions of the European Central Bank; EC/EU enlargement; membership in the EU of east European countries and of Balkan countries currently not in the EU; membership of Turkey in the EU; complexity of the EC/EU political system; free enterprise; property-restitution; controlled economy; social ownership; mixed economy; publicly-owned industry; socialist property; economic planning; EC/EU structural funds; nationalization; privatisation; corporatism; market regulation; Marxist-analysis; incentives; Keynesian demand management; productivity; technology and infrastructure; protectionism; anti-growth economy; economic orthodoxy; economic goals; creating jobs; labour migration; single market; European monetary union/European currency; environmental protection; culture; social justice; welfare state, pensions, health care and nursing service, social housing, child care, job programs; education; multiculturalism; traditional morality; law and order; fight against terrorism; social harmony; national way of life; immigration; EU integration; labour groups; agriculture and farmers; middle class and professional groups; underprivileged minority groups (handicapped, homosexuals, immigrants and foreigners in the Manifesto countries and ethnic minorities of the Manifesto countries living abroad), non-economic demographic groups (women, old people, young people, linguistic groups); for Cyprus only: Cyprus issue. Computed indices: percentages of content codes separately on each political level; left-right position of party; planned economy dimension, market economy dimension, welfare dimension; pro-anti European integration dimension; summarized percentages of uncoded quasi-sentences. Additionally coded: Coder ID; region; country code (EMCS) plus election year; party code (EMCS) plus election year, total number of quasi-sentences; ZA study number of base study; version of base study. Inhaltsanalyse Content Coding 683 Wahlprogramme/Manifeste von relevanten Parteien in der EU vor der Wahl zum Europäischen Parlament. Als relevante Parteien in der EG/EU waren Parteien definiert, die im Europäischen Parlament wenigstens einmal vertreten waren. 683 election programs/manifestos of relevant parties in the EU published ahead of the election to the European Parliament in each EC/EU country between 1979 and 2009. Relevant parties in the EC/EU are parties that have been represented in the European Parliament at least once. Totalerhebung von Parteimanifesten in der EU. Ausgangspunkt für die Verkodung eines Euromanifestos ist die erstmalige Wahl einer Partei in das Europäische Parlament.

📝 Description

This dataset contains over 400,000 macroeconomic events collected from global sources across more than 90 countries and regions, covering years 2020–2025. It mirrors professional economic calendars used by traders, economists, and analysts to track key economic indicators that move financial markets.

Each event includes its scheduled release time, geographical zone, currency, importance level, and actual, forecast, and previous values when available.

You can use this dataset for:

• 📈 Economic forecasting and sentiment analysis
• 💹 Financial market event-driven modeling
• 🧠 Machine learning applications on macroeconomic signals
• 🌍 Comparative studies of country-level indicators

📊 Dataset Structure

🌐 Coverage

• Zones: 90+ economies — including United States, Euro Zone, China, Japan, United Kingdom, India, Brazil, Australia, Türkiye, South Africa, and more.
• Currencies: USD, EUR, JPY, GBP, CNY, INR, and 50+ others.
• Time Period: ~2000 to 2025 (depending on data availability).
• Events Count: 409,234 records.

⚙️ Data Quality Notes

• Missing values in currency, importance, or actual columns occur mainly for minor or regional events.
• Times are reported as given in the source; some may represent local times.
• The dataset is cleaned and standardized for country and currency fields but can be further enriched with ISO country codes or UTC timestamps.

🧠 Example Use Cases

1. Market Volatility Forecasting: Use event importance and actual-vs-forecast deviations to predict short-term asset volatility.
2. Macroeconomic Trends: Track inflation or employment releases over time by country or region.
3. Event Sentiment Modeling: NLP on the event column for topic clustering (e.g., inflation vs. housing).
4. Calendar Effect Studies: Combine with asset price data (SPX, EURUSD, etc.) to measure event-driven reactions.

📦 File Info

• economic_calendar.csv

  • 409,234 rows
  • 10 columns
  • Size: ~31 MB

🏁 Tags

economics, macroeconomics, finance, forex, stock-market, forecasting, time-series, machine-learning, econometrics

🔗 Suggested License

If it’s scraped or aggregated from public calendars (like Investing.com), use: CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 — Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike.

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in European Union was worth 19423.32 billion US dollars in 2024, according to official data from the World Bank. The GDP value of European Union represents 18.29 percent of the world economy. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - European Union GDP - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The dataset "ef_oluecsreg" has been replaced by "ef_lus_main" since 23/07/2025.

EUROSTAT maritime transport economic data can be found in two dataset: --> Table of trade and transport margins dataset Which data description is: Since September 2014, national accounts are compiled in accordance with the European System of Accounts - ESA 2010. Supply, use and input-output tables are part of the National Accounts transmission program. The timeliness for supply, use and input-output tables is set to 36 months after the end of the reference year. For example, data for the year 2015 should be transmitted to Eurostat not later tg-han by end of December 2018. The transmission program sets the requirements for the transmission of national data by Member States and partners countries. Every year countries transmit the supply and use tables. Every 5 years (for reference years ending with 0 or 5) countries transmit input-output tables (product by product) and detailed use tables at basic prices and valuation tables. Data are presented in million Euro in current prices (basic prices and a transformation into purchaser's prices for the supply side). The geographic coverage is the Member States of EU. Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013 on the European system of national and regional accounts in the European Union defines the requirements for Member States. The EU and EA consolidated Supply, use and input-output tables describe by product and industry the production processes and the transactions in products of the European Union economy with great detail. The consolidated supply, use and input-output tables for the EU describe the aggregation of the EU Member States data, from which the intra trade data has been treated (respectively for the Euro Area). The data is presented in a framework where the domestic part corresponds to the area of EU, the import part corresponds to imports from outside of the area EU. --> and in the structural business statistics - historical data (sbs_h) Which data description is: Structural business statistics (SBS) describes the structure, conduct and performance of economic activities, down to the most detailed activity level (several hundred economic sectors). SBS are transmitted annually by the EU Member States on the basis of a legal obligation from 1995 onwards. SBS covers all activities of the business economy with the exception of agricultural activities and personal services and the data are provided by all EU Member States, Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, some candidate and potential candidate countries. The data are collected by domain of activity (annex) : Annex I - Services, Annex II - Industry, Annex III - Trade and Annex IV- Constructions and by datasets. Each annex contains several datasets as indicated in the SBS Regulation. The majority of the data is collected by National Statistical Institutes (NSIs) by means of statistical surveys, business registers or from various administrative sources. Regulatory or controlling national offices for financial institutions or central banks often provide the information required for the financial sector (NACE Rev 2 Section K / NACE Rev 1.1 Section J). Member States apply various statistical methods, according to the data source, such as grossing up, model based estimation or different forms of imputation, to ensure the quality of SBSs produced. Main characteristics (variables) of the SBS data category: Business Demographic variables (e.g. Number of enterprises) "Output related" variables (e.g. Turnover, Value added) "Input related" variables: labour input (e.g. Employment, Hours worked); goods and services input (e.g. Total of purchases); capital input (e.g. Material investments) All SBS characteristics are published on Eurostat’s website by tables and an example of the existent tables is presented below: Annual enterprise statistics: Characteristics collected are published by country and detailed on NACE Rev 2 and NACE Rev 1.1 class level (4-digits). Some classes or groups in 'services' section have been aggregated. Annual enterprise statistics broken down by size classes: Characteristics are published by country and detailed down to NACE Rev 2 and NACE Rev 1.1 group level (3-digits) and employment size class. For trade (NACE Rev 2 and NACE Rev 1.1 Section G) a supplementary breakdown by turnover size class is available. Annual regional statistics: Four characteristics are published by NUTS-2 country region and detailed on NACE Rev 2 and NACE Rev 1.1 division level (2-digits) (but to group level (3-digits) for the trade section). More information on the contents of different tables: the detail level and breakdowns required starting with the reference year 2008 is defined in Commission Regulation N° 251/2009. For previous reference years it is included in Commission Regulations (EC) N° 2701/98 and amended by Commission Regulation N°1614/2002 and Commission Regulation N°1669/2003. Several important derived indicators are generated in the form of ratios of certain monetary characteristics or per head values. A list with the available derived indicators is available below in the Annex.

Available data for gross domestic product (GDP) and population density are useful for defining divisions in socio-economic gradients across Europe, since economic power and human population pressure are recognised as two of the most critical factors causing ecosystem changes. To overcome both the limitations in data availability and in the distortions caused by using administrative regions, we decided to base the socio-economic dimension on an economic density indicator, defined as the income generated per square kilometre (EUR km-2), which can be mapped at a 1km2 spatial resolution. Economic density forms an integrative indicator that is based on two key drivers that were identified above: economic power and human population pressure. The indicator, which has been used to rank countries by their level of development, can be considered a crude measure for impacts on the environment caused by economic activity. An economic density map (EUR km-2) at 1 km2 spatial resolution was constructed by multiplying economic power (EUR person-1) with population density (person km-2). Subsequent logarithmic divisions resulted in an aggregated map of four economic density zones. Although the map has a fine spatial resolution it has to be realised that they form a spatial disaggregation of coarser census statistics. Importantly, the finer resolution discerns regional gradients in human activity that are required for many environmental studies, whilst broad gradients in economic activity is also treated consistently across Europe. GDP and population density data used were for the year 2001. The dataset consists of GeoTiff files of the economic density map and the four economic density zones.

This research, designed by the World Bank, and supported by the Department for International Development (DFID), aims to highlight the unprecedented transformation of the urban systems in the ECA region in the last decades, and to look at this shifts from the demographic, economic, and spatial prospectives. Cities in ECA database comprises data from 5,549 cities in 15 countries of the Eastern Europe and Central Asia region, as defined by the World Bank Group, and from the United Kingdom and Germany. Database information for each city is in three dimensions: demographic, spatial, and economic. The starting point to construct the Cities in ECA database was to obtain from each of the countries the list of official cities and these cities' population data. Population data collected for cities falls on or around three years: 1989, 1999, and 2010 (or the latest year available). The official list of "cities" was geo-referenced and overlaid with globally-available spatial data to produce city-level indicators capturing spatial characteristics (e.g., urban footprint) and proxies for economic activity. City-level spatial characteristics, including urban footprints (or extents) for the years 1996, 2000, and 2010 and their temporal evolution, were obtained from the Global Nighttime Lights (NTL) dataset. City-level proxies for economic activity were also estimated based on the NTL dataset. Nighttime Lights (NLS) data is produced by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) Optical Line Scanner (OLS) database and maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in European Union expanded 1.60 percent in the third quarter of 2025 over the same quarter of the previous year. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - European Union GDP Annual Growth Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

International trade in goods statistics (ITGS) published by Eurostat measure the value and quantity of goods traded between the EU Member States (intra-EU trade) and goods traded by the EU Member States with non-EU countries (extra-EU trade). ‘Goods’ means all movable property including electricity. ‘European’ means that the statistics are compiled on the basis of the concepts and definitions set out in EU legislation. ‘National’ statistics, i.e. statistics published at national level by the Member States, are compiled on the basis of national rules which may differ from EU rules. European ITGS are the official harmonised source of information about exports, imports and the trade balances of the EU, its Member States and the euro area.

Aggregated versus detailed data

International trade in goods statistics are published through different datasets grouped into two categories:

• Aggregated data refer to macroeconomic indicators for the EU and euro area. Monthly (short-term indicators) and annual (long-term indicators) data are aggregated by broad product categories. Broad product categories are defined as one-digit codes of the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) or aggregates of the Broad Economic Categories (BEC).
• Detailed data refer to the most detailed level of the following product nomenclatures: the Combined Nomenclature (CN), the SITC, the BEC, the Classification of Products by Activity (CPA) and the Standard Goods Classification for Transport Statistics/Revised (NSTR). Detailed data also contain product aggregations at higher levels.

Statistical dimensions

Data periodicity (monthly or yearly) and product nomenclature (CN, SITC, BEC or CPA) differ depending on the dataset, but the following statistical fields are always available:

• reporting country: country or geo-economic area such as EU or euro area;
• partner country: EU Member State, non-EU country or geo-economic area.
• reference period: month and/or year;
• trade flows: import and export; and
• product according to the relevant classification.

Besides the dimensions listed above, specific datasets contain information on the mode of transport (e.g. by sea, by air or by road) or the statistical procedure (normal trade versus trade for processing activities).

This first round of Central and Eastern Euro-Barometer Surveys was undertaken during the reunification of Germany and after the announcement of independence by several Soviet states and the realignment of governments in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Bulgaria. In an atmosphere of changed relations among the nations of Eastern and Western Europe, this survey attempted to assess Central and Eastern Europeans' awareness of and attitudes toward the European Community, its programs and activities, and issues facing all European nations. It also explored citizens' reactions to the political and economic reforms occurring in their own countries. Surveys were carried out in Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Bulgaria, and the German Democratic Republic, as well as in the former Soviet Union. The Soviet Union samples were obtained from the Greater Moscow area and from the republics of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Armenia, and Russia west of the Ural Mountains. In all surveys comprising Euro-Barometer 1, demographic data usually included the respondent's age, sex, level of education, family size, income, occupation, marital status, and religious denomination. In some places, mother tongue and self-described left-right political placement were also ascertained. In most countries, respondents were asked how they felt things were going in their country in general, how well their country's economy and their own finances had fared over the past year, whether they thought the establishment of a free market economy was right or wrong, and whether economic reforms and privatization were occurring too rapidly or too slowly. Satisfaction with the development of democracy and with their own place in their political systems was assessed. In some countries, respondents were asked about their intention to vote in the next general election. Respondents in all countries were asked how frequently they thought of themselves as European, and about their level of trust toward citizens of other European countries. They expressed opinions for or against the reunification of Germany and the unification of Western Europe. They were also asked to indicate how aware they were of, and how interested in, the European Community and its activities and institutions, and to rate how positively they regarded the European Community and the prospect of their country's membership in the Community. Country-specific questions were asked regarding sources of information about the European Community. Several items concerned respondents' reliance on various types of information media, including foreign broadcasts. Participants were also asked about how the economy, government, and private citizens might be advantaged or disadvantaged by their country's increasing ties with the European Community. (Source: downloaded from ICPSR 7/13/10)

Please Note: This dataset is part of the historical CISER Data Archive Collection and is also available at ICPSR -- https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR06104.v4. We highly recommend using the ICPSR version as they made this dataset available in multiple data formats.

The major topics are: 1. Political attitudes and questions on the European Union; 2. European Parliament; 3. Public safety; 4. Defense. Topics: 1. political attitudes and questions on the European Union: nationality; frequency of political discussions in one's circle of friends; personal opinion leadership; satisfaction with life in general; deterioration or improvement next year regarding life general, the economic situation of one's own country, the financial situation of one's own household, the situation in the job market of one's own country and one's own occupational situation; national pride and perceived pride in Europe; perceived solidarity with place of residence, region, country and Europe; satisfaction with democracy in the country and in Europe; media usage; satisfaction with reporting about European topics in the media; self-assessment of extent to which informed about the EU (scale), its policies and its institutions; preferred sources of information, information channels and means of information about the EU, its policies and its institutions; judgment on membership of the country in the EU; advantageousness of this membership; assessment of current speed of integration of Europe and desired speed of integration; expected and desired significance of the EU for daily life of respondent in five years; knowledge about the European institutions and judgment on the importance of the European Parliament, the European Commission, Council of Ministers of the European Union, European Court of Justice, European Ombudsman, European Central bank, European Accounting Office, the Committee of the Regions of the European Union and the Economic and Social Committee of the European Union; trust in these European institutions; attitude to the common European currency, foreign policy, defense policy and EU Enlargement; attitude to support of the president and the members of the European Commission by a majority of the European Parliament; attitude to school instruction about the work of European institutions; preference for national or European decision-making power over selected political areas; desired priorities in EU policies, such as e.g. acceptance of new member countries, populism of the EU, successful introduction of the Euro, fight against poverty, environmental protection, consumer protection, fighting unemployment, fight against organized crime and drug trade, reform of EU institutions, securing peace and protection of the right to privacy and democratic principles in Europe; knowledge about the greatest expenditure budget in the EU; feared negative social and economic consequences from unification; self-assessment of personal extent to which informed about the Euro; means of information about the Euro used; preferred new EU member countries; criteria for acceptance of new countries; attitude to possible effects of EU enlargement (scale); preference for majority decisions of all or only selected member countries after EU extension to the East. 2. European Parliament: knowledge and significance of the European Parliament; desire for strengthening of the European Parliament; assessment of the representation of interests of the European citizens by the European Parliament; most important interests that should be represented by the European Parliament; frequency of personal election participation in European Parliament elections; probability of personal election participation in the next European Election(scale); perceived influence of national and European Parliament on personal life(scale). 3. Public safety: personal feeling of security; contact with drug problems at place of residence; victim of violence, home burglary or theft (victimization); crimes of violence or thefts reported; security devices against break-in in house or residence; security measures undertaken after a break-in. 4. Defense policy: personal fears of crisis situations (fear of war, weapons of mass destruction, race conflicts, terrorism, organized crime, epidemics); attitude to task areas of military forces (national defense, peace missions, protection in catastrophes); opinion on ability and decision-making in European defense policy; possible tasks of a European army; preferred form of European security policy and defense policy; opinion on European rapid deployment force; trust in institutions (politics, church, large concern, the judiciary, education system, media, parties, authorities, trade unions, army, United Nations, charitable organizations, non-governmental organizations); party preference (Sunday question). The following additional questions were posed in France: extent to which informed about the EU presidency of France and perceived importance. Demography: age; sex; marital status; size of household; children in household; age at termination of education; employment; occupation last practiced; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; activity in household; household income; possession of a telephone. Also encoded was: date of interview; start of interview; length of interview; presence of further persons during interview; cooperation of respondent; city size. Die Themenschwerpunkte sind: 1. Politische Einstellungen und Fragen zur Europäischen Union; 2. Europäisches Parlament; 3. Öffentliche Sicherheit; 4. Verteidigung. Themen: 1. Politische Einstellungen und Fragen zur Europäischen Union: Nationalität; Häufigkeit politischer Diskussionen im Freundeskreis; eigene Meinungsführerschaft; Zufriedenheit mit dem Leben im Allgemeinen; Verschlechterung bzw. Verbesserung im nächsten Jahr in Bezug auf das Leben allgemein, die wirtschaftliche Situation des eigenen Landes, die finanzielle Situation des eigenen Haushalts, die Arbeitsmarktsituation des eigenen Landes und die eigene berufliche Situation; Nationalstolz und empfundener Stolz auf Europa; empfundene Verbundenheit mit dem Wohnort, der Region, dem Land und Europa; Demokratiezufriedenheit im Land und in Europa; Mediennutzung; Zufriedenheit mit der Berichterstattung über europäische Themen in den Medien; Selbsteinschätzung der Informiertheit über die EU (Skalometer), ihre Politik und ihre Institutionen; präferierte Informationsquellen, Informationskanäle und Informationsmittel über die EU, ihre Politik und ihre Institutionen; Beurteilung der Mitgliedschaft des Landes in der EU; Vorteilhaftigkeit dieser Mitgliedschaft; Einschätzung der derzeitigen Integrationsgeschwindigkeit Europas und gewünschte Integrationsgeschwindigkeit; erwartete und gewünschte Bedeutung der EU für das tägliche Leben des Befragten in fünf Jahren; Kenntnis der europäischen Institutionen und Beurteilung der Wichtigkeit von Europäischem Parlament, Europäischer Kommission, Ministerrat der Europäischen Union, Europäischem Gerichtshof, Europäischem Ombudsmann, Europäischer Zentralbank, Europäischem Rechnungshof, Ausschuss der Regionen der Europäischen Union und vom Wirtschafts- und Sozialausschuss der Europäischen Union; Vertrauen in diese europäischen Institutionen; Einstellung zur gemeinsamen europäischen Währung, Außenpolitik, Verteidigungspolitik und EU-Erweiterung; Einstellung zu einer Unterstützung des Präsidenten und der Mitglieder der Europäischen Kommission durch eine Mehrheit des europäischen Parlaments; Einstellung zu einem Schulunterricht über die Arbeit der europäischen Institutionen; Präferenz für eine nationale oder europäische Entscheidungsgewalt überausgewählte Politikbereiche; gewünschte Prioritäten in der EU-Politik, wie z. B. Neuaufnahme von Mitgliedstaaten, Bürgernähe der EU, erfolgreiche Einführung des Euro, Bekämpfung von Armut, Umweltschutz, Verbraucherschutz, Arbeitslosigkeitsbekämpfung, Bekämpfung von organisiertem Verbrechen und Drogenhandel, Reform von EU-Institutionen, Friedenssicherung und Schutz der Persönlichkeitsrechte und demokratische Prinzipien in Europa; Kenntnis des größten Ausgabenetats in der EU; befürchtete negative soziale und wirtschaftliche Konsequenzen durch die Vereinigung; Selbsteinschätzung der eigenen Informiertheit über den Euro; genutzte Informationsmittel über den Euro; präferierte neue EU-Mitgliedstaaten; Kriterien für die Neuaufnahme von Ländern; Einstellung zu möglichen Effekten der EU-Erweiterung (Skala); Präferenz für Mehrheitsentscheidungen aller oder nur ausgewählter Mitgliedsstaaten nach der EU-Osterweiterung. 2. Europäisches Parlament: Kenntnis und Bedeutung des Europaparlaments; Wunsch nach einer Stärkung des Europäischen Parlaments; Einschätzung der Interessenvertretung der europäischen Bürger durch das Europaparlament; wichtigsten Interessen, die durch das Europaparlament vertreten werden sollten; Häufigkeit der eigenen Wahlbeteiligungen an europäischen Parlamentswahlen; Wahrscheinlichkeit der eigenen Wahlbeteiligung bei der nächsten Europawahl (Skalometer); empfundener Einfluss des nationalen und europäischen Parlaments auf das eigene Leben (Skalometer). 3. Öffentliche Sicherheit: Eigenes Sicherheitsempfinden; Kontakt mit Drogenproblemen am Wohnort; Opfer von Gewalt, Wohnungseinbruch oder Diebstahl (Viktimisierung); angezeigte Gewaltdelikte oder Diebstahlsdelikte; Sicherheitsvorrichtungen am Haus oder an der Wohnung vor einem Einbruch; unternommene Sicherungsmaßnahmen nach einem Einbruch. 4. Verteidigungspolitik: Eigene Ängste vor Krisensituationen(Kriegsfurcht, Massenvernichtungswaffen, Rassenkonflikte, Terrorismus, organisierte Kriminalität, Seuchen); Einstellung zu Aufgabenbereichen von Streitkräften (Landesverteidigung, Friedensmissionen, Katastrophenschutz); Meinung zur Kompetenz und Entscheidungsfindung in der europäischen Verteidigungspolitik; mögliche Aufgaben einer europäischen Armee; präferierte Form einer europäischen Sicherheitspolitik und Verteidigungspolitik; Meinung zur europäischen Eingreiftruppe; Vertrauen in Institutionen (Politik, Kirche, Großunternehmen, Justiz, Bildungssystem, Medien, Parteien, Behörden, Gewerkschaften, Armee,

Forest understories play a vital role in ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. However, the extent to which environmental conditions drive dominant ecological strategies in forest understories at the continental scale remains understudied. Here, we used ~29,500 forest vegetation plots sampled across Europe and classified into 25 forest types to explore the relative role of macroclimate, soil pH, and tree canopy cover in driving abundance-weighted patterns in the leaf economic spectrum (LES) and plant size spectrum (PSS) of forest understories (shrub and herb layers). We calculated LES using specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf dry matter content (LDMC), and PSS using plant height and seed mass of vascular plant species found in the understories. We found that forest understories had more conservative leaf economics in areas with more extreme mean annual temperatures (mainly Fennoscandia and the Mediterranean Basin), more extreme soil pH, and under more open canopi...

This dataset contains data collected during a study "Transparency of open data ecosystems in smart cities: Definition and assessment of the maturity of transparency in 22 smart cities" (Sustainable Cities and Society (SCS), vol.82, 103906) conducted by Martin Lnenicka (University of Pardubice), Anastasija Nikiforova (University of Tartu), Mariusz Luterek (University of Warsaw), Otmane Azeroual (German Centre for Higher Education Research and Science Studies), Dandison Ukpabi (University of Jyväskylä), Visvaldis Valtenbergs (University of Latvia), Renata Machova (University of Pardubice).

This study inspects smart cities’ data portals and assesses their compliance with transparency requirements for open (government) data by means of the expert assessment of 34 portals representing 22 smart cities, with 36 features.

It being made public both to act as supplementary data for the paper and in order for other researchers to use these data in their own work potentially contributing to the improvement of current data ecosystems and build sustainable, transparent, citizen-centered, and socially resilient open data-driven smart cities.

Purpose of the expert assessment The data in this dataset were collected in the result of the applying the developed benchmarking framework for assessing the compliance of open (government) data portals with the principles of transparency-by-design proposed by Lněnička and Nikiforova (2021)* to 34 portals that can be considered to be part of open data ecosystems in smart cities, thereby carrying out their assessment by experts in 36 features context, which allows to rank them and discuss their maturity levels and (4) based on the results of the assessment, defining the components and unique models that form the open data ecosystem in the smart city context.

Methodology Sample selection: the capitals of the Member States of the European Union and countries of the European Economic Area were selected to ensure a more coherent political and legal framework. They were mapped/cross-referenced with their rank in 5 smart city rankings: IESE Cities in Motion Index, Top 50 smart city governments (SCG), IMD smart city index (SCI), global cities index (GCI), and sustainable cities index (SCI). A purposive sampling method and systematic search for portals was then carried out to identify relevant websites for each city using two complementary techniques: browsing and searching. To evaluate the transparency maturity of data ecosystems in smart cities, we have used the transparency-by-design framework (Lněnička & Nikiforova, 2021)*. The benchmarking supposes the collection of quantitative data, which makes this task an acceptability task. A six-point Likert scale was applied for evaluating the portals. Each sub-dimension was supplied with its description to ensure the common understanding, a drop-down list to select the level at which the respondent (dis)agree, and a comment to be provided, which has not been mandatory. This formed a protocol to be fulfilled on every portal. Each sub-dimension/feature was assessed using a six-point Likert scale, where strong agreement is assessed with 6 points, while strong disagreement is represented by 1 point. Each website (portal) was evaluated by experts, where a person is considered to be an expert if a person works with open (government) data and data portals daily, i.e., it is the key part of their job, which can be public officials, researchers, and independent organizations. In other words, compliance with the expert profile according to the International Certification of Digital Literacy (ICDL) and its derivation proposed in Lněnička et al. (2021)* is expected to be met. When all individual protocols were collected, mean values and standard deviations (SD) were calculated, and if statistical contradictions/inconsistencies were found, reassessment took place to ensure individual consistency and interrater reliability among experts’ answers. *Lnenicka, M., & Nikiforova, A. (2021). Transparency-by-design: What is the role of open data portals?. Telematics and Informatics, 61, 101605 *Lněnička, M., Machova, R., Volejníková, J., Linhartová, V., Knezackova, R., & Hub, M. (2021). Enhancing transparency through open government data: the case of data portals and their features and capabilities. Online Information Review.

Test procedure (1) perform an assessment of each dimension using sub-dimensions, mapping out the achievement of each indicator (2) all sub-dimensions in one dimension are aggregated, and then the average value is calculated based on the number of sub-dimensions – the resulting average stands for a dimension value - eight values per portal (3) the average value from all dimensions are calculated and then mapped to the maturity level – this value of each portal is also used to rank the portals.

Description of the data in this data set Sheet#1 "comparison_overall" provides results by portal Sheet#2 "comparison_category" provides results by portal and category Sheet#3 "category_subcategory" provides list of categories and its elements

Format of the file .xls

Licenses or restrictions CC-BY

For more info, see README.txt

Attitudes to the EC, 2. Problems of environmental protection. Topics: 1. Attitudes to the EC: citizenship and eligibility to vote at place of residence; contentment with life; satisfaction with democracy; opinion leadership and frequency of political discussions; postmaterialism; frequency of obtaining news from television, radio and newspapers; preference for a dictatorship under certain conditions; major reasons for one´s own election participation; associations with the terms European Community and European Union; judgment on personal level of information about the EC; attitude to European unification and membership of one´s own country in the EC; advantages or disadvantages for the country from EC membership; regret of a possible failure of the EC; knowledge about the location of selected EC institutions; future significance of EC membership of the country for the country and the people; most important personal interests that will be achieved through the EC; satisfaction with the attitude of selected institutions and persons to Europe; self-perception as European or member of a nation-state (split: in the second case the key word ´citizen´ was introduced in the formulation of the question); judgment on current and desired speed of unification for Europe; knowledge about the European flag; cities, media and events, at which the European flag was seen; attitude to the European flag; attitude to the European Commission; preference for a national or European decision-making authority in selected political areas; attitude to reform of EC agricultural policy; knowledge about the European domestic market; expectations of the domestic market and reasons for hopes or fears; general attitude to the domestic market and a European social policy; expected effects from the domestic market; attitude to a European Government and the European Parliament; general significance of the European Parliament in selected political areas; attitude to an increasing significance of this parliament; agreement with expanded transfer of authority to the EC in an economic and currency union as well as in a political unification; knowledge about the Maastricht conference, the treaty and contents; evaluation of the significance of the Maastricht Treaty for the EC; expected effects of the Maastricht Treaty for the EC, for one´s own country and personal life; agreement with admission of selected countries into the EC and positive or negative effects originating from this for the old member countries; willingness to pay increased taxes to support Eastern Europe; knowledge about the most powerful EC institution; attitude to an eligibility to vote for EC foreigners at local and EC level; attitude to admission of Southern European job-seekers, emigrants from Eastern Europe as well as political applicants for political asylum; judgment on the proportion of foreigners from non-EC countries in one´s country and an extension of their rights; perceived disturbance from presence of people of foreign nationality, race and religion.2. Problems of environmental protection: urgency of environmental protection; personal concern about selected environmental problems(scale); preference for economic growth or environmental protection; concern about the effects of selected economic areas on the environment; most important economic areas polluting the environment; classification of the extent of various types of environmental pollution in one´s residential surroundings (scale); concern about individual areas of environmental pollution in one´s country (scale); perceived seriousness of dangers to the environment and most important effects of these dangers; actual commitment and general readiness for active environmental protection (scale); assessment of the efficiency of local, regional, national, European as well as world-wide environmental protection institutions; need for information about environmental protection; most trustworthy sources of information; preferred topics for the environmental protection conference in Rio de Janeiro; interest in information on the year of ´civil defense´. Demography: self-classification on a left-right continuum; party allegiance; party preference (Sunday question); behavior at the polls in the last election; union membership; marital status; age at end of education; resumption of school training after an interruption and length of school training; length of further education; sex; age; size of household; number of children in household; possession of durable economic goods; occupational position; weekly number of working hours; supervisor status; employment in the civil service or private enterprise (company sector); person managing household; head of household; age of head of household at end of education; occupation of head of household; supervisor status of head of household; self-assessment of social class; residential status; degree of urbanization; religious denomination; frequency of church attendance; religiousness; monthly household income; city size; region. Also encoded was: date of interview; length of interview; presence of third persons during interview; willingness of respondent to cooperate. Indices: opinion leadership (cognitive mobility); postmaterialism; attitude to Europe; status in profession; party preference on European level; EC support; support for the EC domestic market; media usage. The following questions were posed only in Norway: highest school degree; further education and college attendance. The following additional questions were posed only in the new states: use of selected sources of information about the EC; perceived EC topics; most important sources of information about occurrences in the state, in the Federal Republic and in Europe; classification of credibility of selected sources of information; interest in further information about the EC; preference for brief or detailed information on political questions; assessment of the EC role in the achievement of equivalent standard of living between East and West Germany; knowledge about individual EC organs and their tasks; knowledge about EC member countries. The following questions were posed only in Portugal: knowledge and significance of the Portuguese EC presidency. The following questions were posed only in Ireland: agreement with Irish participation in a common European defense policy.