Government bond spreads as of October 30, 2024, varied widely among the largest economies when compared to German Bunds and U.S. Treasury notes. Australia's bond spread was the higest against both, with 217.6 basis points (bps) over Germany and 27.1 bps over the U.S. In contrast, China and Japan display negative spreads, with Japan having the lowest spread at -328.1 bps against U.S. Treasuries. Italy, the United Kingdom, and Canada showed moderate spreads. Positive bond spreads indicate that a country’s government bonds have higher yields compared to the benchmark bonds - in this case, the German Bunds and U.S. Treasury notes. Higher spreads often signal perceived higher risk or economic uncertainty, as investors demand greater returns for holding these bonds. expectations. Conversely, negative spreads mean that these bonds offer lower yields than the benchmark. Negative spreads often indicate strong investor confidence, safe-haven status, or lower inflation expectations, as investors are willing to accept lower returns for the perceived stability of these bonds.

This paper investigates the determinants of credit spread changes in euro-denominated bonds. We adopt a factor model framework, inspired by the credit risk structural approach, as credit spread changes can be easily viewed as an excess return on corporate bonds over Treasury bonds. We try to assess the relative importance of market and idiosyncratic factors as an explanation of movements in credit spreads. We adopt a heterogeneous panel with a multifactor error model and propose a two-step estimation procedure, which yields consistent estimates of unobserved factors. The analysis is carried out with a panel of monthly redemption yields on a set of corporate bonds for a time span of 3?years. Our results suggest that the euro corporate market is driven by observable and unobservable factors. The unobservable factors are identified through a consistent estimation of individual and common observable effects. The empirical results suggest that an unobserved common factor has a significant role in explaining the systematic changes in credit spreads. However, in contrast to evidence regarding US credit spread changes, it cannot be identified as a market factor.

The report covers Dairy Spreads Market in Europe and is segmented by Product Type (Nut and Seed-based Spread, Fruit-based Spread, Honey, Chocolate-based Spread, and Other Product Types), Distribution Channel (Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, Convenience Stores, Specialist Retailers, Online Retail Stores, and Other Distribution Channels), and Geography (Spain, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, and Rest of Europe).

As of December 30, 2024, 14 economies reported a negative value for their ten year minus two year government bond yield spread: Ukraine with a negative spread of 1,370 percent; Turkey, with a negative spread of 1332 percent; Nigeria with -350 percent; and Russia with -273 percent. At this time, almost all long-term debt for major economies was generating positive yields, with only the most stable European countries seeing smaller values. Why is an inverted yield curve important? Often called an inverted yield curve or negative yield curve, a situation where short term debt has a higher yield than long term debt is considered a main indicator of an impending recession. Essentially, this situation reflects an underlying belief among a majority of investors that short term interest rates are about to fall, with the lowering of interest rates being the orthodox fiscal response to a recession. Therefore, investors purchase safe government debt at today's higher interest rate, driving down the yield on long term debt. In the United States, an inverted yield curve for an extended period preceded (almost) all recent recessions. The exception to this is the economic downturn caused by the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic – however, the U.S. ten minus two year spread still came very close to negative territory in mid-2019. Bond yields and the coronavirus pandemic The onset of the coronavirus saw stock markets around the world crash in March 2020. This had an effect on bond markets, with the yield of both long term government debt and short term government debt falling dramatically at this time – reaching negative territory in many countries. With stock values collapsing, many investors placed their money in government debt – which guarantees both a regular interest payment and stable underlying value - in contrast to falling share prices. This led to many investors paying an amount for bonds on the market that was higher than the overall return for the duration of the bond (which is what is signified by a negative yield). However, the calculus is that the small loss taken on stable bonds is less that the losses likely to occur on the market. Moreover, if conditions continue to deteriorate, the bonds may be sold on at an even higher price, partly offsetting the losses from the negative yield.

European Import of Chocolate Spreads by Country, 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

The Europe Nut-based Spreads market is segmented by Product Type (Peanut-based Spreads, Hazelnut-based Spreads, Almond based Spreads, Walnut-based Spreads, Others), Distribution Channel (Hypermarket/Supermarket, Convenience Stores, Online Retail Store, and Other Channels), and Geography (Spain, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, and the Rest of Europe). The report offers market size and forecasts in value (USD million) for the above segments.

European Chocolate Spreads Market Size Value Per Capita by Country, 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

As of December 30, 2024, the major economy with the highest yield on 10-year government bonds was Turkey, with a yield of 27.38 percent. This is due to the risks investors take when investing in Turkey, notably due to high inflation rates potentially eradicating any profits made when using a foreign currency to investing in securities denominated in Turkish lira. Of the major developed economies, United States had one the highest yield on 10-year government bonds at this time with 4.59 percent, while Switzerland had the lowest at 0.27 percent. How does inflation influence the yields of government bonds? Inflation reduces purchasing power over time. Due to this, investors seek higher returns to offset the anticipated decrease in purchasing power resulting from rapid price rises. In countries with high inflation, government bond yields often incorporate investor expectations and risk premiums, resulting in comparatively higher rates offered by these bonds. Why are government bond rates significant? Government bond rates are an important indicator of financial markets, serving as a benchmark for borrowing costs, interest rates, and investor sentiment. They affect the cost of government borrowing, influence the price of various financial instruments, and serve as a reflection of expectations regarding inflation and economic growth. For instance, in financial analysis and investing, people often use the 10-year U.S. government bond rates as a proxy for the longer-term risk-free rate.

European Sold Production of Chocolate Spreads Share by Country (Kilograms), 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Statistics illustrates consumption, production, prices, and trade of Dairy Spreads in the European Union from 2007 to 2024.

Statistics illustrates consumption, production, prices, and trade of Butter and Dairy Spreads in Europe from 2007 to 2024.

The long-term interest rate on government debt is a key indicator of the economic health of a country. The rate reflects financial market actors' perceptions of the creditworthiness of the government and the health of the domestic economy, with a strong and robust economic outlook allowing governments to borrow for essential investments in their economies, thereby boosting long-term growth.

The Euro and converging interest rates in the early 2000s

In the case of many Eurozone countries, the early 2000s were a time where this virtuous cycle of economic growth reduced the interest rates they paid on government debt to less than 5 percent, a dramatic change from the pre-Euro era of the 1990s. With the outbreak of the Global Financial Crisis and the subsequent deep recession, however, the economies of Greece, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Ireland were seen to be much weaker than previously assumed by lenders. Interest rates on their debt gradually began to rise during the crisis, before rapidly increasing beginning in 2010, as first Greece and then Ireland and Portugal lost the faith of financial markets.

The Eurozone crisis

This market adjustment was initially triggered due to revelations by the Greek government that the country's budget deficit was much larger than had been previously expected, with investors seeing the country as an unreliable debtor. The crisis, which became known as the Eurozone crisis, spread to Ireland and then Portugal, as lenders cut-off lending to highly indebted Eurozone members with weak fundamentals. During this period there was also intense speculation that due to unsustainable debt loads, some countries would have to leave the Euro currency area, further increasing the interest on their debt. Interest rates on their debt began to come back down after ECB Chief Mario Draghi signaled to markets that the central bank would intervene to keep the states within the currency area in his famous "whatever it takes" speech in Summer 2012.

The return of higher interest rates in the post-COVID era

Since this period of extremely high interest rates on government debt for these member states, the interest they are charged for borrowing has shrunk considerably, as the financial markets were flooded with "cheap money" due to the policy measures of central banks in the aftermath of the financial crisis, such as near-zero policy rates and quantitative easing. As interest rates have risen to combat inflation since 2022, so have the interest rates on government debt in the Eurozone also risen, however, these rises are modest compared to during the Eurozone crisis.

European Fruit Spreads Market Size Value Share by Country (Euros), 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Statistics illustrates prices of dairy spreads in the European Union from 2007 to 2024.

European Butter and Dairy Spreads Market Size Volume Share by Country (Kilograms), 2023 Discover more data with ReportLinker!

Statistics illustrates production of dairy spreads in the European Union from 2007 to 2024.

The report covers Global Food Spreads Market Size and the market is segmented by Product Type (Honey, Chocolate-Based Spreads, Fruit-Based Spreads, Nut and Seed Based Spreads, and Other Product Types); by Distribution Channel (Supermarkets/Hypermarkets, Convenience Stores, Online Retail Stores, and Other Distribution Channels); and by Geography (North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, South America, and Middle East and Africa). The market size and forecasts are provided in terms of value (USD million) for all the above segments.

"Savoury Spreads (Syrups & Spreads) Market in Europe – Outlook to 2020: Market Size, Growth and Forecast Analytics" is a broad level market review of Europe Savoury Spreads’ market by country. The research handbook provides the up-to-date market size data for period 2011-2015 and illustrative forecast to 2020 covering key market aspects like Sales Value and Volume for Savoury Spreads and its variants Beef/Yeast Based, Meat & Fish Pastes and Sandwich Fillers. The research handbook also provides analytics on Sales by Brands and by Distribution Channel. Read More

The timeline gives an overview of the household purchase value of chilled seafood spreads in France from 2009 to 2020. It shows that the purchase value steadily increased until 2012. From 2013 until 2015, the purchase value of seafood spreads sank from 130.6 million euros to around 129.8 million euros. Since then, the purchase value has been increasing again, and in 2020, it amounted to 144.5 million euros.

ICE Futures Europe iMpact is the primary data feed for ICE Futures Europe and covers 50% of worldwide crude and refined oil futures trading, as well as other options and futures contracts like natural gas, power, coal, emissions, and soft commodities. This dataset includes all commodities on ICE Futures Europe—all listed outrights, spreads, options, and options combinations across every expiration month. Interest rates and financial products are not included at this time and will be part of a separate dataset.

Asset class: Futures, Options

Origin: Captured at Aurora DC3 with an FPGA-based network card and hardware timestamping. Synchronized to UTC with PTP

Supported data encodings: DBN, CSV, JSON (Learn more)

Supported market data schemas: MBO, MBP-1, MBP-10, TBBO, Trades, OHLCV-1s, OHLCV-1m, OHLCV-1h, OHLCV-1d, Definition, Statistics (Learn more)

Resolution: Immediate publication, nanosecond-resolution timestamps