The EUR/USD exchange rate rose to 1.1619 on December 2, 2025, up 0.08% from the previous session. Over the past month, the Euro US Dollar Exchange Rate - EUR/USD has strengthened 0.86%, and is up by 10.57% over the last 12 months. Euro US Dollar Exchange Rate - EUR/USD - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

The euro-to-dollar exchange rate fluctuated significantly in 2022, reaching its lowest recorded value since 2008 during that time. Figures were different later in the year, however, with a rate of 1.16 USD recorded at the end of November 14, 2025. The average (standardized) measure is based on the calculation of many observations throughout the period in question. It is therefore different from an annual measure at a point, which reflects concrete values as of end of the year.EstablishmentThe euro, which was established in 1992, introduced in non-physical form in 1999 and finally rolled out in 2002, is used by 19 of the 27 member states of the European Union. This group of countries is otherwise known as the eurozone or euro area. By 2018, the total value of euro currency in circulation was almost 1.2 trillion euros, or over 3.4 thousand euros per capita.Euro to USDBetween 2001 and 2008, the average annual exchange rate of the euro to the U.S. dollar noted a steep increase. In 2008, the euro to U.S. dollar annual average exchange rate was equal to 1.47, which meant that one euro could buy 1.47 U.S. dollars. By 2019, this value had decreased overall, to a value of 1.12 which meant that one euro could buy 1.12 U.S. dollars. Similar dynamics in the euro to U.S. dollar exchange rate were also reflected in the monthly exchange rate recently.

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The pound to euro history reveals that exchange rates in 2022 were not as low as they were during 2008 or since the Brexit referendum. Since the United Kingdom (UK) held a referendum on its European Union membership in June 2016, the British pound (GBP) weakened against the euro. From a high of 1.43 at the end of November 2015, the GBP to EUR exchange rate has remained below 1.2 since July 2016, sitting at 1.11 as of October 2020. By November 14, 2025, values had reached 1.13 euros per pound. The euro to pound exchange rate can be found on a different page.Hitting UK citizens' pocketsIt is not just European holidaymakers that are hit when the British pound to Euro exchange rate falls. The average UK consumer also feels the pinch as inflation rates often rise to cover the shortfall of the pound. When the inflation rate rises, the price of imported goods goes up and the consumer ends up paying more. GBP to U.S. dollarSince 2016's referendum, the British pound (GBP) fell across the exchange. The GBP's fall against the Euro was also reflected against the U.S. dollar where the exchange rate in May 2016 (pre-referendum) of 1.46 dollars to the pound has fallen significantly.

Consumer Confidence In the Euro Area remained unchanged at -14.20 points in November. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Euro Area Consumer Confidence - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

A graphic that displays the dollar performance against other currencies reveals that economic developments had mixed results on currency exchanges. The third quarter of 2023 marked a period of disinflation in the euro area, while China's projected growth was projected to go up. The United States economy was said to have a relatively strong performance in Q3 2023, although growing capital market interest rate and the resumption of student loan repayments might dampen this growth at the end of 2023. A relatively weak Japanese yen Q3 2023 saw pressure from investors towards Japanese authorities on how they would respond to the situation surrounding the Japanese yen. The USD/JPY rate was close to ***, whereas analysts suspected it should be around ** given the country's purchase power parity. The main reason for this disparity is said to be the differences in central bank interest rates between the United States, the euro area, and Japan. Any future aggressive changes from, especially the U.S. Fed might lower those differences. Financial markets responded somewhat disappoint when Japan did not announce major plans to tackle the situation. Potential rent decreases in 2024 Central bank rates peak in 2023, although it is expected that some of these will decline in early 2024. That said, analysts expect overall policies will remain restrictive. For example, the Bank of England's interest rate remained unchanged at **** percent in Q3 2023. It is believed the United Kingdom's central bank will ease its interest rate in 2024 but less than either the U.S. Fed or the European Central Bank. This should be a positive development for the pound compared to either the euro or the dollar.

Wages In the Euro Area increased 3.70 percent in June of 2025 over the same month in the previous year. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Euro Area Wage Growth - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Monthly unemployment across the EU generally fell throughout 2019, reaching a low of 6.5 percent in March 2020 - thereafter, the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic saw a sharp rise in unemployment, peaking at 7.8 percent in August. Unemployment remained high throughout the pandemic's first year, before falling in its second year, when it then fell to pre-pandemic levels 18 months after it began. From January to July 2025, unemployment in the EU remained fairly consistent at around six percent.

European furniture manufacturing revenue is slated to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.7% over the five years through 2025. A recent turbulent economic climate has weighed on furniture manufacturers' growth levels. Challenges initially stemmed from the COVID-19 pandemic but worsened with inflationary pressures. Macroeconomic headwinds weakened demand for new construction projects across most European countries in 2023 and 2024, reducing the number of new spaces that required furnishing. Businesses have increasingly preserved cash and opted to postpone or cancel significant construction projects, especially after interest rates were hiked to help combat soaring inflation, causing the cost of borrowing to spike. This dampened demand for furniture manufacturers, causing revenue growth to stagnate. Inflationary pressures also weakened disposable incomes and caused people to cut their discretionary spending, limiting furniture purchases. In 2025, revenue is expected to rise slightly by 0.9% to €175.8 billion. Revenue growth is supported by the improving global economic climate, easing inflation and falling interest rates. This is helping to lift consumer confidence, albeit the cost of living pressures are still on the mind of consumers and this is helping to lift spending on furniture slowly in faster-growing European countries like Spain. Construction activity is also increasing in Spain and Eastern Europe, with building permits on the rise again. More commercial and residential buildings will help boost furniture demand from new homeowners and corporate companies looking to fit out their offices. Still, in countries like Germany, the construction sector has a long road to recovery, which is continuing to subdue revenue growth in 2025. Over the five years through 2030, revenue is forecast to expand at a compound annual rate of 4.7% to reach €221.7 billion. The European economy is forecast to continue to improve as inflation eases, prompting central banks to lower interest rates. As interest rates fall, the cost of borrowing will follow suit, driving up the number of people meeting the affordability criteria for mortgages and spurring new construction activity from housebuilders, which will create a greater need for new furniture. Businesses will also be more likely to undertake significant construction projects and buy new furniture, creating more revenue opportunities for furniture makers.

As the population ages and healthcare spending increases, medical and dental instrument and supply manufacturers in Europe experience strong demand. An ageing population across European nations and rising chronic disease cases fuel demand for healthcare services. However, manufacturers also face challenges, including strict regulatory burdens and intense competition. Revenue is expected to hike at a compound annual rate of 0.9% to €135.8 billion over the five years through 2025, including a 2.5% hike in 2025. The profit margin is estimated at 16.2%. Favourable demographics support demand for medical and dental instruments. Strong healthcare sectors and significant funding across European nations benefit medical and dental equipment manufacturers. However, local manufacturers have to contend with competition from cheaper import alternatives, particularly from Asian countries, putting pressure on prices. Despite this, Europe’s renowned reputation for high-quality, advanced medical equipment supports exports. Stricter EU regulations, like the MDR and IVDR, have severely inflated compliance costs for manufacturers. Supply chain issues, heightened manufacturing costs, and the Russia-Ukraine conflict have posed challenges to European manufacturers since 2022, hampering production and weakening industry profitability. Revenue is forecast to expand at a compound annual rate of 4.9% to €172.8 billion over the five years through 2030. The ageing European population will create a steady demand for healthcare services—a big win for medical and dental equipment manufacturers. Technological advances, like 3D printing, will make it faster and cheaper to produce equipment while improving patient care. However, major hurdles for manufacturers include the strict regulations and upcoming bans on certain chemicals in Europe, alongside increasing competition from Asia. Efficiency gains through automation and digital processes, along with strong demand for healthcare services, will support manufacturers’ profitability.

Europe’s petroleum and natural gas extraction support services’ revenue is forecast to hike at a compound annual rate of 5.4% over the five years through 2025 to €52.5 billion, including a 10.4% hike in 2025. Widespread disruption caused by the COVID-19 pandemic weighed heavily on extraction and exploration activity in downstream oil and gas markets as poor demand conditions caused prices to plummet, disincentivising new investment and causing support service contractors to offer price concessions to customers, compounding the industry’s weak revenue performance and weighing on profitability. Demand then soared in 2022 as Russia’s invasion of Ukraine led to significant price increases in both oil and gas due to supply uncertainties. This also led to Norway becoming Europe’s largest natural gas supplier in 2022, supporting revenue opportunities for Norwegian contractors. Norway has also increased the level of investment into new oil and gas fields to alleviate uncertainties regarding supply following trade restrictions placed on Russian oil and gas. This is propping up demand for support services despite falling oil and gas extraction in Europe since 2023. Over the five years through 2030, revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 7.6% to €102.7 billion. New investments into oil and gas fields will provide contractors with new revenue opportunities, supporting revenue growth and expanding profitability. However, ongoing efforts across Europe to meet environmental and emissions targets, like net zero by 2050, will continue to threaten demand for oil and gas, somewhat limiting revenue growth.

Euro Stoxx 50 is the index designed by STOXX, a globally operating index provider headquartered in Zurich, Switzerland, which in turn is owned by Deutsche Börse Group. This index provides the broad representation of the Eurozone blue chips performance. Blue chips are corporations known on the European market for quality, reliability and the ability to operate profitably both in good and bad economic times.
Development of the Euro Stoxx 50 index The year-end value of the Euro Stoxx 50 peaked in 1999, with 4,904.46 index points. It noted significant decrease between 1999 and 2002, then an increase to 4,399.72 in 2007, prior to the global recession. Since the very sharp decline in 2008, there was a tentative increase, never yet reaching the pre-recession levels. As of the end of 2021, the Euro Stoxx 50 index was getting close to its historical heights, reaching 4,298.41 points, its highest position post recession, before falling again in 2022. In 2023 and 2024, the index rose again, reaching 4,862.28 points. Some of the following reputable companies formed the Euro Stoxx 50 index: Adidas, Airbus Group, Allianz, BMW, BNP Paribas, L'Oréal, ING Group NV, Nokia, Phillips, Siemens, Société Générale SA or Volkswagen Group.
European financial stock exchange indices Other European indices include the DAX (Deutscher Aktienindex) index and the FTSE 100 (Financial times Stock Exchange 100 index). FTSE, informally known as the “Footsie”, is a share index of the 100 companies listed on the London Stock Exchange with the highest market capitalization. The Index, which began in January 1984 with the base level of 1,000, reached 7,733.24 at the closing of 2023. More in-depth information can be found in the report on stock market indices.

This article analyzes the politicization of European integration in Italy. Has the euro crisis catalyzed a new electoral supply, which may have been matched by voters’ responses? After the crisis, Italian parties have increased their entrepreneurial efforts to prime EU issues into the political debate, trying to win over votes. This pattern may have led to a full politicization of European integration. To study the transformations in party strategies and voting behavior, I analyze the fluctuations in EU issue entrepreneurship and EU issue voting between 2009 and 2014. The findings reveal mixed results: parties have actually developed new strategies on EU issues, but without significantly changing voter preferences along the pro/anti-European dimension.

Technical testing and analysis companies provide crucial services to companies in all sectors of the economy. The construction, industrial production and energy sectors are the major markets for these services. These sectors rely on broader economic conditions, which often dictate their demand for testing and analysis services. The COVID-19 outbreak at the beginning of the previous five-year period, along with the subsequent inflationary environment, has significantly impacted construction and manufacturing output, reducing demand for testing and analysis services. However, the energy and IT sectors have increased their levels of demand in recent years, propping up revenue. Revenue is projected to grow at a compound annual rate of 2.7% to €79.7 billion over the five years through 2025, including an estimated rise of 2.8% in 2025. The reduced level of industrial production and construction activity limited spending on testing services in 2020. As conditions improved and activity in the manufacturing and construction sectors rebounded, the need for materials and products to be tested surged. However, soaring inflation and heightened economic uncertainty have weakened spending on technical testing and analysis services as output in downstream markets has suffered. However, as interest rates have been falling across Europe over the past two years through 2025, cheaper borrowing costs will support demand from the construction and industrial sectors, as more projects become financially feasible. Rising costs in 2025, driven by the introduction of tariffs from the US, have led to higher input expenses, including chemicals, which have hindered profit growth for the industry in 2025. Improving economic conditions and lower European inflation rates will stimulate greater investment and business spending, with demand for technical testing and analysis following suit. Government funding and initiatives supporting the manufacturing, nuclear energy and construction sectors will further bolster demand. Environmental efforts, driven by the EU and UK's sustainability targets, will also generate an uptick for testing services as businesses strive to achieve accreditations and comply with regulations. Investments in advanced technology like AI, drones and telecommunication infrastructure will boost the need for comprehensive testing, especially in cybersecurity due to increasing threats. A growing number of testing and analysis companies will consequently expand their capabilities to capitalise on these opportunities. Revenue is forecast to expand at a compound annual rate of 7.1% to €112.5 billion over the five years through 2030.

Scripts, resources, and instructions to replicate the results of "Weak support for ergodic processes in structuring Pleistocene mammal communities in Western Europe".

Europe's Sports, Amusement and Recreation Activities industry is a significant pillar of the continent's ever-evolving culture. This industry is profoundly enriched by an all-thrilling sports culture, complemented by robust tourism, health trends and demand for unique leisure experiences. Governments accentuate this growth by investing heavily in infrastructural facilities and promoting active involvement in various sports activities. Large-scale sports tournaments, climbing health consciousness and innovations in entertainment shape industry demand. Revenue is expected to expand at a compound annual rate of 2.2% to €200.5 billion over the five years through 2025, including a 0.1% dip in the current year. Various sports are proving popular in Europe, including tennis, cycling, volleyball, basketball and swimming, though football remains the crowd’s favourite. A wave of health consciousness across the continent nudges more individuals towards embracing physical activities. Gyms and sports clubs have recorded a surge in membership, especially in countries like Denmark, Sweden and Germany. Revived tourism and flagship sporting events like the UEFA European Championships and the Paris Olympics have provided strong revenue injections. However, the industry hasn't been immune to the economic disruptions caused by inflationary pressures since 2023. Though inflation is slowing, lingering financial challenges continue to pressure budgets and subdue consumer sentiment, weakening spending on sports, amusement and recreation activities. The rise of digital streaming is reshaping revenue streams for sports, but also exposing clubs and broadcasters to piracy risks. Meanwhile, competition from digital at-home entertainment is intensifying, especially among younger consumers, forcing traditional operators to innovate or risk losing engagement. Industry revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 4% to just under €244 billion over the five years through 2030. The health craze sweeping Europe will continue to catalyse demand for more innovative fitness routines, with specialised boutique gyms standing to benefit greatly. Sports tourism, backed by iconic stadiums and international tournaments, is set to remain a key growth driver. This will be compounded by stadium developments and government investment in sports infrastructure. Fierce competition from digital entertainment platforms will continue to draw consumers away from sporting activities and events, hindering gate receipts. Greater investment in technology at sports and fitness facilities, stadiums and amusement parks, including AI-driven fan engagement, immersive VR experiences and personalised digital offerings, will add value and enhance the customer experience. Additionally, sports clubs and facilities alongside theme parks are implementing green initiatives to appeal to increasingly eco-friendly consumers.

During 2022, the GBP/USD exchange rate reached its lowest value ever recorded after the UK government announced its initial plans to combat inflation. Prices did increase again after these plans were turned back shortly after. As of November 14, 2025, one pound was valued at roughly 1.32 U.S. dollars.What affects an exchange rate?There are several factors that can impact an exchange rate. In terms of the current situation, the political and economic standings surrounding Brexit are probably the largest driver in the current form of the British pound. Other factors include inflation and interest rates, public debts, and deficits, as well as the country's export prices to import prices ratio.British pound to EuroSince the United Kingdom (UK) held a referendum on its European Union membership in June 2016, the British pound's (GBP) standing against the Euro has also been impacted. During the first half of 2020, the British pound against the Euro weakened overall.

Europe’s Management Consultants industry plays a vital role in shaping businesses by offering expert advice and strategies. In recent years, IT strategy and environmental consulting have seen significant growth, supporting industry revenue. Management consultants have faced setbacks due to volatile economic conditions and subdued business spending, though countercyclical services have provided a buffer and supported revenue. Industry revenue is expected to climb at a compound annual rate of 5.4% to €473.4 billion over the five years through 2025, including a forecast hike of 3.7% in 2025. A growing number of enterprises across Europe has expanded the potential client pool for management consultants. Rising digitalisation and significant technology adoption among businesses and consumers fuel demand for IT strategy consulting. However, industry players face strong competition from computer consultants. Growing environmental awareness and sustainability targets in the EU and nations outside of the bloc are driving demand for environmental consulting, with businesses seeking ways to make operations more sustainable. Changing regulations and the introduction of new rules also provide support as management consultants help businesses navigate these regulatory changes. Growth in revenue has been subdued by economic headwinds, which have weighed on business sentiment and squeezed business budgets, weakening spending on non-essential external consulting services. However, revenue has been supported by resilient business demand for countercyclical services like risk management and cost optimisation. Competitive pressures have weighed on the industry’s profit margin. An anticipated improvement in economic conditions will pave the way for higher business activity and greater spending on management consultants as companies seek to make their operations more efficient. Revenue is forecast to surge at a compound annual rate of 8.1% to €698.4 billion over the five years through 2030. As digitalisation continues, demand for IT strategy consulting will fuel demand. The ongoing shift toward sustainability and ESG compliance will drive demand for high-value advisory opportunities related to environmental consulting. However, ongoing political scrutiny of government consulting contracts may hinder growth and prompt firms to pivot focus toward the private sector. Despite intensifying competitive pressures, management consultants will be forced to innovate, adopting technology advancements like AI and big data to enhance their offerings. Smaller firms will likely hone their focus on niche markets like IT strategy or environmental consulting.

The European Footwear Manufacturing industry is renowned for its craftsmanship. Shoes made in Europe are considered of high, durable quality, with manufacturers often tapping into the luxury market, where they can charge premium prices. Italy, for example, is seen globally as a country producing footwear of stand-out quality. Severe inflationary pressures have disrupted manufacturing operations during the past five-year period, particularly in 2022 and 2023, hindering the industry’s performance. Nonetheless, revenue is expected to swell at a compound annual rate of 3.2% over the five years through 2025 to €36.5 billion, including an estimated 1.8% contraction in 2025. Fashion trends and consumer spending habits drive demand for footwear. European shoemakers face intense import competition, especially from Asian countries like China and Vietnam, which produce cheaper shoes. Digitalisation and e-commerce have also been significant trends, with more manufacturers pivoting to online platforms to offer their products directly to consumers. The online shopping boom provides consumers with greater convenience, encouraging spending on footwear. Shoemakers faced higher production costs due to inflation and energy price hikes in 2022. High inflation has also forced consumers to tighten their purse strings, weakening spending on pricey shoes. Although inflation has subsided since the second half of 2023, geopolitical issues and supply chain challenges, like the Red Sea crisis and trade wars (mainly between the US and other countries) will continue pressuring footwear manufacturers in 2025. Growing disposable incomes and the strong reputation of European-made shoes will continue to prop up sales in the future. One major trend shaping the future of the shoemaking industry in Europe is the shift towards sustainability, with an increasing number of manufacturers using eco-friendly materials and processes. There's also growing demand for customisation and personalisation in high-end footwear. Shoemakers are leveraging technology to meet these evolving demands, with 3D printing and AI aiding in the creation of custom offerings. However, it's not all smooth sailing, as the flood of cheap imports from Asia will remain a significant threat. Still, revenue is forecast to grow at a compound annual rate of 2% over the five years through 2030 to €40.3 billion.

This paper examines how the decision-makers manage and deal with the Russian invasion from an economic perspective. The consequences of the made decisions in the long and short terms. Meantime, how were the European-American people influenced by these decisions, and to what extent did these decisions affect the economy of other nations? Consequently, to what extent could the current global financial system be exposed? Regardless of the damage and paralysis that this administration has caused to the Russian economy. We also discuss the beginning of the Russian threat and the precautions that should have been taken to avoid today's economic crisis. We also address the concept of the current applied siege model and mechanisms that can directly affect and weakening-off the regimes. Finally, we discuss the invasion of the Russian Federation and how this humanitarian catastrophe can be ended. Finally, we propose a scenario for ending the humanitarian and economic catastrophe caused by the Russian-Ukraine invasion.