In 2024, Germany recorded the highest residential electricity price for users within Europe, at 44.11 euro cents per kilowatt-hour. This was followed by Ireland, at 36.11 euro cents per kilowatt-hour. Italy, Cyprus, Belgium, Denmark and Czechia were also among the countries with the highest electricity costs.

Electricity prices in Europe are expected to remain volatile through 2025, with Italy projected to have some of the highest rates among major European economies. This trend reflects the ongoing challenges in the energy sector, including the transition to renewable sources and the impact of geopolitical events on supply chains. Despite efforts to stabilize the market, prices still have not returned to pre-pandemic levels, such as in countries like Italy, where prices are forecast to reach ****** euros per megawatt hour in September 2025. Natural gas futures shaping electricity costs The electricity market's future trajectory is closely tied to natural gas prices, a key component in power generation. Dutch TTF gas futures, a benchmark for European natural gas prices, are projected to be ***** euros per megawatt hour in July 2025. The reduced output from the Groningen gas field and increased reliance on imports further complicate the pricing landscape, potentially contributing to higher electricity costs in countries like Italy. Regional disparities and global market influences While European electricity prices remain high, significant regional differences persist. For instance, natural gas prices in the United States are expected to be roughly one-third of those in Europe by March 2025, at **** U.S. dollars per million British thermal units. This stark contrast highlights the impact of domestic production capabilities on global natural gas prices. Europe's greater reliance on imports, particularly in the aftermath of geopolitical tensions and the shift away from Russian gas, continues to keep prices elevated compared to more self-sufficient markets. As a result, countries like Italy may face sustained pressure on electricity prices due to their position within the broader European energy market. As of August 2025, electricity prices in Italy have decreased to ****** euros per megawatt hour, reflecting ongoing volatility in the market.

Germany Electricity decreased 17.60 EUR/MWh or 15.21% since the beginning of 2025, according to the latest spot benchmarks offered by sellers to buyers priced in megawatt hour (MWh). This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Germany Electricity Price.

In 2024, electricity prices for an annual consumption between 2,500 and 5,000 kilowatt-hours in the European Union were the highest for households in Germany. The nation's residences paid on average more than 40 euro cents per kilowatt-hour. In comparison, costs were the lowest in Hungary, where households paid 10.6 euro cents per kilowatt-hour. Household electricity prices in the European Union averaged 28.7 euro cents per kilowatt-hour in the second half of the year.

Table comparing electricity prices per kWh and their annual changes in France, Germany, Spain, and Italy, highlighting the variations across European countries. Source: Eurostat.

The European energy market is one of the most complex and dynamic in the world, undergoing a rapid transition towards renewable energy sources. This dataset offers a granular, hourly look into the heart of this system, providing a unique opportunity to analyze market dynamics, the impact of renewables, and price volatility across a wide range of European countries.

The data covers the period from January 1, 2024, to June 30, 2025. It uniquely combines two critical pieces of information for each hour:

1. Day-Ahead Price: The market clearing price for electricity to be delivered the following day (€/MWh).
2. Generation Mix: The actual amount of electricity generated from various sources like solar, wind, nuclear, and fossil fuels (in MW).

This combination allows for deep analysis, moving beyond simple price forecasting to understanding the fundamental drivers of energy markets.

In 2024, Ireland recorded the highest electricity prices in the European Union for non-household consumers, with prices of 20.69 and 25.56 euro cents per kilowatt-hour for annual consumption levels of 20,000 to 70,000 megawatt-hours and 500 and 2,000 megawatt-hours, respectively. Finland recorded the lowest prices in the same period.

In the third quarter of 2025, Bermuda had the highest household electricity prices worldwide, followed by Ireland, Italy, and Germany. At the time, Irish households were charged around 0.44 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour, while in Italy, the price stood at 0.42 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. By comparison, in Russia, residents paid almost 10 times less. What is behind electricity prices? Electricity prices vary widely across the world and sometimes even within a country itself, depending on factors like infrastructure, geography, and politically determined taxes and levies. For example, in Denmark, Belgium, and Sweden, taxes constitute a significant portion of residential end-user electricity prices. Reliance on fossil fuel imports Meanwhile, thanks to their great crude oil and natural gas production output, countries like Iran, Qatar, and Russia enjoy some of the cheapest electricity prices in the world. Here, the average household pays less than 0.1 U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. In contrast, countries heavily reliant on fossil fuel imports for electricity generation are more vulnerable to market price fluctuations.

Dataset comprising data from five day-ahead electricity markets:

Nord pool: The Nord pool day-ahead electricity market, one of the largest European power market. PJM: The zonal prices of the COMED area in the Pennsylvania-New Jersey-Maryland (PJM) market. EPEX-FR: The French day-ahead electricity market. EPEX-BE: The Belgian day-ahead electricity market. EPEX-DE: The German day-ahead electricity market. Each market contains 6 years of data (we consider a year to be 364 days to have an integer number of weeks). The specific dates are:

Nord pool: 01.01.2013 – 24.12.2018 PJM: 01.01.2013 – 24.12.2018 EPEX-FR: 09.01.2011 – 31.12.2016 EPEX-BE: 09.01.2011 – 31.12.2016 EPEX-DE: 09.01.2012 – 31.12.2017 Each dataset comprises historical prices and two relevant exogenous inputs based on day-ahead forecasts of price drivers. The day--ahead forecast representing other exogenous inputs are market dependent:

Nord pool: System load + Wind power generation. PJM: System load + Zonal load in the COMED area. EPEX-FR: System load + Generation in France EPEX-BE: System load in France + Generation in France EPEX-DE: Zonal load in the TSO Amprion zone + Aggregated Wind and Solar power generation All datasets are given using the local timezone:

Nord pool: Central European Time (CET) PJM: Eastern Time (ET) EPEX-FR: Central European Time (CET) EPEX-BE: Central European Time (CET) EPEX-DE: Central European Time (CET) For all five datasets, the daylight saving times (DST) are pre-processed by interpolating the missing values in Spring and averaging the values corresponding to the duplicated time indices in Autumn.

DISCLAIMER

We do not own the data, but we simply have gathered it so other researchers can easily test their methods on multiple day-ahead markets. The data has been gathered using the respective websites of each day-ahead market where these data are freely available. The websites we used to gather the data are:

Nord Pool: Nord pool website PJM: PJM website EPEX-FR: ENTSO-E transparency platform + RTE website (French TSO) EPEX-BE: ENTSO-E transparency platform + RTE website (French TSO) + Elia website (Belgian TSO) EPEX-DE: ENTSO-E transparency platform + Amprion TSO website + TenneT website + 50Hertz website

View monthly updates and historical trends for European Union Consumer Price Index: Energy. Source: Eurostat. Track economic data with YCharts analytics.

This table contains consumer prices for electricity and gas. Weighted average monthly prices are published broken down into transport rate, delivery rates and taxes, both including and excluding VAT. These prices are published on a monthly basis. The prices presented in this table were used to compile the CPI up to May 2023. Prices for newly offered contracts were collected. Contract types that are no longer offered, but have been in previous reporting periods, are imputed. The average can therefore diverge from the prices paid for energy contracts by Dutch households.

Data available from January 2018 up to May 2023.

Status of the figures: The figures are definitive.

Changes as of 17 July 2023: This table will no longer be updated. Due to a change in the underlying data and accompanying method for calculcating average energy prices, a new table was created. See paragraph 3.

Changes as of 13 February: Average delivery rates are not shown in this table from January 2023 up to May 2023. With the introduction of the price cap, the average energy rates (delivery rates) of fixed and variable energy contracts together remained useful for calculating a development for the CPI. However, as a pricelevel, they are less useful. Average energy prices from January 2023 up to May 2023 are published in a customized table. In this publication, only data concerning new variable contracts are taken into account

When will new figures be published? Does not apply.

European statistics on electricity prices for household and final non-household customers.

Euro Area - Electricity prices: Non-household, medium size consumers was EUR0.09 Kilowatt-hour in December of 2021, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Euro Area - Electricity prices: Non-household, medium size consumers - last updated from the EUROSTAT on December of 2025. Historically, Euro Area - Electricity prices: Non-household, medium size consumers reached a record high of EUR0.10 Kilowatt-hour in December of 2012 and a record low of EUR0.08 Kilowatt-hour in December of 2017.

This dataset provides values for ENERGY PRICES. reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

This dataset presents a unified, cross-continental time-series day-ahead electricity prices compiled from major wholesale markets across Asia, Europe, North America, South America, and Oceania. The dataset offers a standardized format that supports time-series forecasting and enables robust comparative analysis across diverse global electricity markets.

Portugal - Electricity prices: Non-household, medium size consumers was EUR0.11 Kilowatt-hour in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Portugal - Electricity prices: Non-household, medium size consumers - last updated from the EUROSTAT on December of 2025. Historically, Portugal - Electricity prices: Non-household, medium size consumers reached a record high of EUR0.15 Kilowatt-hour in December of 2023 and a record low of EUR0.08 Kilowatt-hour in December of 2021.

European Union Electricity Price: HC: Less Than 1000 KwH: incl All Taxes & Levies: EA data was reported at 0.485 EUR/kWh in Dec 2024. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.488 EUR/kWh for Jun 2024. European Union Electricity Price: HC: Less Than 1000 KwH: incl All Taxes & Levies: EA data is updated semiannually, averaging 0.363 EUR/kWh from Jun 2007 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 36 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.488 EUR/kWh in Jun 2024 and a record low of 0.269 EUR/kWh in Dec 2007. European Union Electricity Price: HC: Less Than 1000 KwH: incl All Taxes & Levies: EA data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Eurostat. The data is categorized under Global Database’s European Union – Table EU.P001: Eurostat: Electricity Price: Household Consumers.