Between September 2021 and January 2023, Germany allocated some *** billion euros to protect households and businesses from the energy crisis. In the United Kingdom, allocated funding amounted to *** billion euros.

Italians were among the most affected by the cost of living crisis in Europe in 2022. According to a September survey, 41 percent of Italians reported having struggled to pay their energy bills within the past three months. Natural gas is among the most impacted commodities by the Russia-Ukraine war, with European wholesale prices having skyrocketed throughout the year. In countries such as Italy and the United Kingdom where natural gas is the most consumed energy source, households were particularly affected by rising energy costs.

This dataset contains both time series describing the US natural gas market (prices, production, inventories and net exports) as well as Matlab/R scripts that allows to replicate the results described in the article "The European energy crisis and the US natural gas market dynamics. A structural VAR investigation" published in International Economics and Economic Policy 22. The detailed instruction on how to use the attached codes is presented in the readme.txt file.

Between September 2021 and January 2023, Germany was the leading European nation in terms of government spending as a share of GDP in response to the energy crisis. During this time, Germany's spending on government regulations and subsidies addressing the energy crisis amounted to *** percent of its GDP.

Data to perform latent hierarchical models based on the energy poverty index (Mazziotta-Pareto approach).

This dataset was collected to understand how Norwegian households responded to the electricity price shock due to the European energy crisis. It consists of consumer characteristics and their self-reported responses to the extraordinarily high electricity prices which were collected by a survey of 4,446 consumers. The consumer characteristics contain information about socio-demographics such as income, age, education, number of residents, residence type, residence size, and how conscious the respondents are about their electricity consumption. Furthermore, major electricity-consuming appliances are identified, such as whether the residents have an electric vehicle and how they heat their homes, and if they have a variable electricity tariff. In addition, hourly metered electricity consumption data covering October 2020 to March 2022 from a subset of 1,136 residential consumers of the surveyed households and the total hourly residential electricity consumption per Norwegian bidding area from July 2019 to July 2022as well as the hourly day-ahead electricity prices are included in the dataset. These data are interesting to researchers that aim to gain insight into the electricity consumption behaviour of the residential sector and the impact of different socio-demographic variables.

A detailed description is available as a data article in Data in Brief: Norwegian hourly residential electricity demand data with consumer characteristics during the European energy crisis - ScienceDirect

Supplementary figures containing the survey results are available here: Supplementary result diagrams from household surveys on implicit demand response (zenodo.org)

Survey answers in Norwegian are available here: iFleks-prosjekt: Spørreundersøkelser med husholdninger og næringsliv om forbruksrespons på elektrisitetspriser

This dataset contains transcripts from 30 semi-structured qualitative interviews, conducted as part of a sub-project to the research project eCAPE (New Energy Consumer Roles and Technologies – Actors, Practices and Equality), running from 2018-2024. eCAPE is financed by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union´s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 786643). The project is led by Professor Kirsten Gram-Hanssen from Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University. This sub-project examined how Danish households handled the energy crisis and what changes in their heating and other energy practices the crisis led to. The interviews were conducted in 2022-23 and different types of households were interviewed about their everyday life during the crisis. The interviews were conducted by Kirsten Gram-Hanssen, Line Valdorff Madsen and Line Kryger Aagaard from Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University. Interviews were transcribed by student assistants. The interviews were coded and analysed in Nvivo by Kirsten Gram-Hanssen, Line Valdorff Madsen and Rikke Skovgaard Nielsen. The recruitment process and interview method are further described in the related peer-reviewed publications. All names are removed in transcripts and participants’ age, occupation and other personal data have in some cases been altered and in some cases paragraphs have been removed, all to ensure anonymity. Alterations are marked with brackets, where anoymised words or sections are indicated with [anonymised]. Participants received written and oral information on the research purpose and handling of their personal data and gave their written or oral consent to participate. The interviews were conducted in the participants’ homes, except for two telephone interviews and one interview conducted in a language school which the participant attended. Photos were taken during the interviews with participants’ consent, but these photos are not published in the dataset due to the protection of the anonymity of participants. Apart from the interview transcripts this dataset contains the interview guide (Danish and English version).

The GDP of the European Union could fall by as much as 2.7 percent if Russia completely shuts-off energy supply to the EU, with this improving to -0.4 percent if the EU is heavily integrated into global liquefied natural gas (LNG) markets.

Since 2021, the world has been immersed in an energy supply shortage that has greatly affected markets worldwide. According to a survey carried out in ***********, European respondents listed renewable energy development as their priority regarding energy in the current context, with a share of ** percent in the European Union and ** percent in the United Kingdom. Meanwhile, respondents in China and the United States ranked diversification of energy supplies as their priority.

Datasets and raw results and code for the submitted article:

"Overcoming the energy crisis in Europe: Collaborative and selfish mitigation strategies of the gas shortage"

by Jacob Mannhardt, Paolo Gabrielli, Giovanni Sansavini (sansavig@ethz.ch) Reliability and Risk Engineering Lab, Institute of Energy and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich

All rights lie with the authors. Refer to the README.txt for a description of the datasets and their usage in the article.

The results were generated using a larger multipurpose optimization framework, which is not yet published. The shared code is only meant to ensure reproducibility but no support with the code will be offered until the framework is published.

The Eurobarometer series is a unique cross-national and cross-temporal survey program conducted on behalf of the European Commission. These surveys regularly monitor public opinion in the European Union (EU) member countries and consist of standard modules and special topic modules. The standard modules address attitudes towards European unification, institutions and policies, measurements for general socio-political orientations, as well as respondent and household demographics. The special topic modules address such topics as agriculture, education, natural environment and resources, public health, public safety and crime, and science and technology. This round of Eurobarometer surveys covers the following special topics: (1) Europe 2020 strategy, (2) the financial and economic crisis, (3) European citizenship, and (4) information on EU political matters. Opinions were collected on the European economic crisis and the importance of the Europe 2020 strategies for improving the crisis. Respondents were also asked about their thoughts on the effects of the formation of the European Union and the rights of its citizens. Additional information includes respondents' sources of political knowledge and to what extent they feel well informed on political matters. Demographic and other background information collected include age, gender, nationality, marital status and parental relations, occupation, age when stopped full-time education, household composition, ownership of durable goods, difficulties in paying bills, level in society, and Internet use. In addition, country-specific data includes type and size of locality, region of residence, and language of interview (select countries).

{"At present, renewable energy resources are very important for sustainable development as an alternative way of fossil fuel for energy crisis. The aim of this research is to investigate the potentials of renewable energy resources. The research also tried to find out the way to support and improve the growth of renewable energy resources in Bangladesh. About 70% of the people of Bangladesh live in rural areas and renewable energy is considered right choice for their power supply. Bangladesh produces electricity is mainly from natural gas and coal. Some electricity is imported from near neighboring countries. However, the total power generation capacity of Bangladesh (captive power and renewable energy) has increased 17,340 MW with only 3.02% share renewable energy which can’t fulfill country’s whole demand. Bangladesh government has planned to produce 10% of total electricity from renewable energy resources within 2021. Climate change caused by carbon emissions and environmental pollution has attracted worldwide attention and as forced the government to formulate new policy. So fossil fuel is not only main concern of Bangladesh, also along with will adapt and switch to the use of renewable energy resources. This problem can be reduced by organizing renewable energy resources (e.g. solar, wind, hydro, biomass, biogas etc.) and contributing to the country’s energy crisis. Renewable energy is considered as clean energy and can serve the electricity demand in the rural areas where grid connection is not possible."}

Electricity prices in Europe are expected to remain volatile through 2025, with Italy projected to have some of the highest rates among major European economies. This trend reflects the ongoing challenges in the energy sector, including the transition to renewable sources and the impact of geopolitical events on supply chains. Despite efforts to stabilize the market, prices still have not returned to pre-pandemic levels, such as in countries like Italy, where prices are forecast to reach ****** euros per megawatt hour in September 2025. Natural gas futures shaping electricity costs The electricity market's future trajectory is closely tied to natural gas prices, a key component in power generation. Dutch TTF gas futures, a benchmark for European natural gas prices, are projected to be ***** euros per megawatt hour in July 2025. The reduced output from the Groningen gas field and increased reliance on imports further complicate the pricing landscape, potentially contributing to higher electricity costs in countries like Italy. Regional disparities and global market influences While European electricity prices remain high, significant regional differences persist. For instance, natural gas prices in the United States are expected to be roughly one-third of those in Europe by March 2025, at **** U.S. dollars per million British thermal units. This stark contrast highlights the impact of domestic production capabilities on global natural gas prices. Europe's greater reliance on imports, particularly in the aftermath of geopolitical tensions and the shift away from Russian gas, continues to keep prices elevated compared to more self-sufficient markets. As a result, countries like Italy may face sustained pressure on electricity prices due to their position within the broader European energy market. As of August 2025, electricity prices in Italy have decreased to ****** euros per megawatt hour, reflecting ongoing volatility in the market.

Under the Energy Efficiency Directive and the Renewable Energy Directive, EU Member States were required to report national figures and plans on heat and cold by the end of June 2024. This is in line with the European Energy Union's strategy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The main products are maps for the territory of Flanders with the heat demand at the level of the municipalities and the statistical sectors, maps of the existing and planned heat networks and finally also locations of potential heat supply points. The study was carried out by the Flemish Energy and Climate Agency. You can consult the accompanying report here: https://www.vlaanderen.be/building-living-and-energy/green-energy/heat map. For the update of the detailed heat demand within Flanders, the data of consumption year 2020 or 2021 are not representative, because of the corona crisis (lower mobility, lower industrial activity) and the energy crisis with a major impact on energy demand. Therefore, the global analysis was carried out again on the basis of the demand figures 2019 and the consumption data for 2022 were not retrieved from Fluvius.In order to give an indication of the evolution of the heat demand, it was chosen to calculate a ‘Flemish rescaling coefficient’. This coefficient compares the total useful heat in Flanders (which was previously described in Chapter 2) between the data years 2022 and 2019. The rescaling coefficient is 0.915. This data layer is the result of a rescaling of the heat demand density map at the level of the statistical sectors from 2019 with the said rescaling coefficient. The sectors where the geometry has undergone significant changes, which could have a strong impact on the result, have not been retained in the final data layer.

A successful energy transition requires the reallocation of private capital away from fossil fuel assets to greener alternatives. This transition is typically hindered by investors' focus on today's returns. In times of crisis, however, credible and unambiguous political signals about the future profitability of green industries can steer investments towards low-carbon assets. Drawing on European Union interventions during the onset of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, we present an event study of daily stock market returns following the most salient policy announcements by the European Commission in 2022. Our analysis shows that markets for shares of EU-based energy firms were initially prepared to move capital to cleaner companies, suggesting support for the clean energy transition. However, the short-lived distributional effects materialized only for announcements that could unmistakably be understood as unwavering commitments to the EU's green renewal, while more ambiguous announcements did not have the same distributional implications. Our findings emphasize that repeated and unambiguous political signals during crisis episodes can create favorable market conditions, at least in the short-term, to support capital reallocation towards greener stocks.

Content

ENTSO-E Transparency Platform gives access to electricity generation, transportation, and consumption data for the pan-European market. Part of this data is provided by the various transmission system operators (TSOs) accross Europe.

Western Europe Consumption data has been retrieved for each of the following countries : Austria, Belgium, Switzerland, Denmark, Germany, Spain, France, UK, Italy, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, and Sweden. The time resolution is either 15 minutes, 30 minutes or 1 hour depending on the country.

The consumption is given in Megawatts (MW) and goes from January 2015 up to August 2020.

Acknowledgements

This data is publicly available via ENTSO-E transparency platform.

Inspiration

• train prediction model to forecast consumption with various lead times,
• compare consumption profile of the various countries,
• assess how the COVID-19 crisis is impacting power consumption in Europe

External crises have recently placed European governments under significant pressure, prompting deeper supranational cooperation in search of effective policy solutions. This paper investigates how such crises shape citizens’ support for supranational policies, and how this effect varies geographically. We analyze the impact of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine on public attitudes toward European integration across 229 regions in four key policy domains. Using geocoded data from eight Eurobarometer surveys (July 2020–June 2023) and an event-study design, we find that individuals living closer to the Russian border became more supportive of common European defense and foreign policies, as well as EU enlargement. In contrast, the energy crisis triggered only a short-lived increase in support for a common EU energy policy. These results underscore the spatial dimension of geopolitical shocks and provide evidence for a functionalist interpretation of public attitudes toward European integration.

The Gas Utilities industry in Europe has been anything but steady recently. The Russia-Ukraine war has rocked the whole supply chain, with Russia tightening its gas supply, Europe hustling to cut its reliance on Russian gas and gas prices shooting up following the initial invasion. Amid unprecedented price increases and threats to the supply of gas into Europe, European governments have been forced to step in to support customers and protect energy supplies. All that aside, the industry remains threatened by a long-term decline in gas consumption and accelerating efforts to transition to renewable sources of energy. Revenue is forecast to climb at a compound annual rate of 1.4% over the five years through 2025, reaching €401.9 billion. This growth is almost solely attributable to a spike in revenue recorded during 2022, which followed a recovery from pandemic-induced lows during 2021, when prices and demand recovered as global economic activity rebounded. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine kicked off a period of significant disruption in energy markets, with a surge in gas prices leading to record revenue and profitability for gas manufacturers while causing substantial losses for gas suppliers. Wholesale prices have eased from record highs as European governments have reduced reliance on Russian gas. At the same time, a drop in demand for gas has also contributed to a revenue contraction since the height of the energy crisis. Revenue is set to decline by 3.9% in 2025. Revenue is forecast to increase at a compound annual rate of 1% to €422.2 billion over the five years through 2030. European markets are set to pursue a green revolution in the coming years, with investment in renewable energy sources gathering pace as European governments strive towards emissions reduction targets. Investment in green alternatives to natural gas is likely to lead to a fall in demand, with plans set out by the European Commission to at least triple solar thermal capacity by 2030, displacing the consumption of nine billion cubic metres of gas annually. Gas prices are set to continue to stabilise in the short term, before falling rapidly as renewable generation capacity rises.

This database contains original files extracted from Google forms which present the results of a survey on perceptions of the EU during the 2022 and ongoing Ukraine crisis. The goal is to determine levels of satisfaction with the EU's response to the energy crisis and determine whether accelerated integration poses some risks to the integration process

Under the Energy Efficiency Directive and the Renewable Energy Directive, EU Member States were required to report national figures and plans on heat and cold by the end of June 2024. This is in line with the European Energy Union's strategy to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The main products are maps for the territory of Flanders with the heat demand at the level of the municipalities and the statistical sectors, maps of the existing and planned heat networks and finally also locations of potential heat supply points. The study was carried out by the Flemish Energy and Climate Agency. You can consult the accompanying report here: https://www.vlaanderen.be/building-living-and-energy/green-energy/heat map. For the update of the detailed heat demand within Flanders, the data of consumption year 2020 or 2021 are not representative, because of the corona crisis (lower mobility, lower industrial activity) and the energy crisis with a major impact on energy demand. Therefore, the global analysis was carried out again on the basis of the demand figures 2019 and the consumption data for 2022 were not retrieved from Fluvius.In order to give an indication of the evolution of the heat demand, it was chosen to calculate a ‘Flemish rescaling coefficient’. This coefficient compares the total useful heat in Flanders (which was previously described in Chapter 2) between the data years 2022 and 2019. The rescaling coefficient is 0.915. This data layer is the result of a rescaling of the 2019 municipal heat demand density map with the aforementioned rescaling coefficient, taking into account the municipal mergers that took place between 2019 and 2022.