Introduction of a power generation price cap across Europe for combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) power plants could result in a considerable decrease in European energy bills. In a price cap scenario, the total increase in European energy bills in 2022 compared to the previous year is estimated to total *** billion euros. Meanwhile, an increase in energy bills of more than *** billion euros is the estimated result when no price cap is introduced.

This table contains consumer prices for electricity and gas. Weighted average monthly prices are published broken down into transport rate, delivery rates and taxes, both including and excluding VAT. These prices are published on a monthly basis. The prices presented in this table were used to compile the CPI up to May 2023. Prices for newly offered contracts were collected. Contract types that are no longer offered, but have been in previous reporting periods, are imputed. The average can therefore diverge from the prices paid for energy contracts by Dutch households.

Data available from January 2018 up to May 2023.

Status of the figures: The figures are definitive.

Changes as of 17 July 2023: This table will no longer be updated. Due to a change in the underlying data and accompanying method for calculcating average energy prices, a new table was created. See paragraph 3.

Changes as of 13 February: Average delivery rates are not shown in this table from January 2023 up to May 2023. With the introduction of the price cap, the average energy rates (delivery rates) of fixed and variable energy contracts together remained useful for calculating a development for the CPI. However, as a pricelevel, they are less useful. Average energy prices from January 2023 up to May 2023 are published in a customized table. In this publication, only data concerning new variable contracts are taken into account

When will new figures be published? Does not apply.

Low income households in Estonia may be required to use up to 25 percent of their income for energy bills in 2022, the highest share of any country in Europe. The rising inflation amid worsening energy supply issues are hitting the poorest particularly hard. In the United Kingdom, price caps (the maximum amount that energy suppliers are allowed to charge per annum) have already been raised significantly and are expected to increase further over the coming months. Here, households in the lowest 20th percentile could see around 15 percent of their income going towards covering electricity and heating costs.

This table contains figures on consumer prices for electricity and gas. These are subdivided into transport prices, delivery prices and taxes (including and excluding VAT). The figures are published as weighted average monthly prices. The average energy prices published here are the prices as used for the consumer price index (CPI) up to and including May 2023. Prices of new contracts were observed at the CPI. Contracts that were offered by energy companies in previous periods, but not in the relevant reporting period, have been mathematically continued and included in the calculation of the average tariff. The average prices in this table may therefore deviate from the average prices that Dutch households pay for energy. Data available from January 2018 to May 2023. Status of the figures: The data are final. Changes as of July 20, 2023: None, this table has been discontinued. Due to a change in the underlying data and associated method for calculating average energy rates, a new table will be published on 20 July. See section 3. Changes as of February 13, 2023: From January 2023, the average delivery rates will not be published. With the introduction of the price cap, the average energy rates (supply rates) of fixed and variable energy contracts together were very useful to calculate a development for the CPI. As a price point, however, they are less useful. The delivery rates from January 2023 to May 2023 are published in a custom table based on the data for new variable contracts. When will new numbers come out? Not applicable anymore.

This table shows the average prices for natural gas and electricity. The total price is the sum of the delivery price and the network price.

The total price is the price paid by the final consumer, for example a household or an industrial company that uses the energy in the production process. Natural gas used as feedstock or for electricity generation shall not be taken into account.

The price cap imposed by the Dutch government for 2023 is not reflected in the prices. This will be the case at the next update.

Data available from: 1st half year 2009

Status of figures: The figures in this table are provisional for the most recent half-year and current year, other figures are final. Please note: Due to the processing of the price cap that will still take place, the figures for the 1st half of 2023 are an extra period this time.

Changes as of 29 March 2024 Figures for the 2nd half of 2023 and annual data for 2023 have been added.

When will there be new figures? New figures are published three months after the end of the six-month period, at the end of September and at the end of March.

As of December 2023, Guatemala had the highest household electricity price among Latin American countries, with an average of *** U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. Argentina reported the lowest rate among the countries displayed, at less than **** U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. Electricity prices across the American continent Electricity prices vary considerably across the American continent. The Caribbean country of Jamaica accounted for the highest household electricity price on the continent, after Guatemala and Uruguay, at **** U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour. In comparison, the residential electricity price in the United States amounted to approximately **** U.S. dollars per kilowatt-hour, like in Brazil. Global electricity prices With the energy crisis of 2022, global electricity prices boomed to unprecedented values in most countries worldwide. The wildest price spikes occurred in countries that heavily rely on fossil fuels and energy imports, like the European countries. In some cases, price caps set by governmental institutions kept domestic electricity prices under a certain threshold, such as in Brazil.

Italy Electricity decreased 21.69 EUR/MWh or 15.74% since the beginning of 2025, according to the latest spot benchmarks offered by sellers to buyers priced in megawatt hour (MWh). This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Italy Electricity Price.

As of 2027, the EU will implement a second Emission Trading System (EU ETS 2) to cap emissions in buildings, road transport and small industries not covered by the already existing European Emissions Trading System. Substantial uncertainty remains regarding potential price trajectories and their underlying drivers. In light of this, we explore EU ETS 2 price paths using the energy system model PRIMES. We focus on the effect of complementary efficiency policies (EPs), as earlier research suggests they could have a profound impact. Indeed, analyzing three scenarios with different EPs stringency, we find that they make EU ETS 2 prices vary between 71 EUR/tCO2 and 261 EUR/tCO2 in 2030. Despite different instruments driving emission abatement, comparable emission reductions at the EU level (−41%) are achieved in all three scenarios. Energy efficiency policies at both EU and national levels are expected to significantly impact EU ETS 2 price levelsThe more stringent energy efficiency policies are, the lower the EU ETS 2 priceModeled EU ETS 2 prices lie in the range of 71–261 EUR/tCO2, depending on the stringency of complementary energy efficiency policies assumed in scenariosFundamentally modeled EU ETS 2 prices point to the possibility of price stability mechanisms of EU ETS 2 being triggered Energy efficiency policies at both EU and national levels are expected to significantly impact EU ETS 2 price levels The more stringent energy efficiency policies are, the lower the EU ETS 2 price Modeled EU ETS 2 prices lie in the range of 71–261 EUR/tCO2, depending on the stringency of complementary energy efficiency policies assumed in scenarios Fundamentally modeled EU ETS 2 prices point to the possibility of price stability mechanisms of EU ETS 2 being triggered

The European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is a carbon emission trading scheme (or cap and trade scheme) which began in 2005 and is intended to lower greenhouse gas emissions by the European Union countries. The "ETS prices 2008-2024" dataset contains a summary of ETS prices in 2008-2024.

Since the early 1970s the European Commission´s Standard & Special Eurobarometer are regularly monitoring the public opinion in the European Union member countries. Principal investigators are the Directorate-General Communication and on occasion other departments of the European Commission or the European Parliament. Over time, candidate and accession countries were included in the Standard Eurobarometer Series. Selected questions or modules may not have been surveyed in each sample. Please consult the basic questionnaire for more information on country filter instructions or other questionnaire routing filters. In this study the following modules are included: 1. Fairness perceptions of the green transition, 2. Intra-EU labour mobility after the pandemic, 3. Fairness, inequality and inter-generational mobility.
Topics: 1. Fairness perceptions of the green transition: attitude towards the following statements: feeling of personal responsibility to act to limit climate change, green transition should not leave anyone behind, climate change frightens respondent, confidence that by 2050 sustainable energy as well as products and services will be affordable for everyone; sufficiency of measures taken by the following actors to ensure that green transition is fair: private companies and businesses, local or regional public authorities, national government, EU; attitudes towards selected statements about green transition and the fight against climate change: reinforce personal measures, no need to take action personally if other people in the own country take no action either, own country does not need to take action if other countries take no action either; main reason for personal energy reduction; confidence about each of the following issues with regard to reducing energy use (scale): less personal energy use, readiness of a large number of people in the own country to limit their energy use; personal energy consumption compared with other people in the own country; preferred group of people in the own country to undertake more efforts to reduce their energy consumption; applicability of the following statements on respondent: taken one or more measures in the last five years to make own home more energy efficient, received public funds / subsidies / financial help to make own house more sustainable or energy efficient, own home needs energy efficiency renovation; main obstacles to making own home more energy efficient; attitude towards selected statements about the role of work and jobs in the green transition: own job is contributing to advancing the green transition, being in a job that contributes to advancing the green transition is important to respondent, policies to fight climate change will create more new jobs than they will remove, policies to tackle climate change will create good quality jobs, personal current skills allow respondent to contribute to the green transition; main mode of transport used on a typical day; assessment of public transport in the own area with regard to: availability, affordability, quality (i.e. punctuality, cleanliness, safety, ease of access, comfort); most important aspects with regard to adopting a more sustainable transport mode; time to walk from own home to nearest green space; satisfaction with the quality of the nearest green space; attitude towards the following policies in the own country to limit climate change in a way that it is inclusive and fair and leaves no one behind: increasing own country´s investments in public transport infrastructure, taxing products and services that contribute most to climate change and redistributing revenues to the poorest and most vulnerable households, allocating a quota of energy to each citizen to ensure everyone makes their fair share of effort to tackle climate change, subsidising especially poorer people to help make their homes more energy efficient, encouraging private companies through rules and incentives to reduce their emissions faster / switch to more energy-efficient production methods / adopt more circular and sustainable processes / retrain their workforce as needed; seriousness of each of the following problems: level of energy prices for people in the own country in general, current cost of own household´s energy needs, current cost of fuel for personal transport needs; willingness to pay higher energy prices to speed up green transition.

1. Intra-EU labour mobility after the pandemic: assessment of the movement of people between countries within the EU as a good thing for: individuals, families, labour market, European integration; influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on work-related mobility across countries within the EU: more challenging to move, more awareness of how important labour mobility is for the functioning of the economy, more awareness that free movement is a great opportunity, more skepticism about labour mobility as mobile workers increase the risk of spreading the COVID-19 virus,...

The UK inflation rate was 3.5 percent in April 2025, up from 2.6 percent in the previous month, and the fastest rate of inflation since February 2024. Between September 2022 and March 2023, the UK experienced seven months of double-digit inflation, which peaked at 11.1 percent in October 2022. Due to this long period of high inflation, UK consumer prices have increased by over 20 percent in the last three years. As of the most recent month, prices were rising fastest in the communications sector, at 6.1 percent, but were falling in both the furniture and transport sectors, at -0.3 percent and -0.6 percent respectively.
The Cost of Living Crisis High inflation is one of the main factors behind the ongoing Cost of Living Crisis in the UK, which, despite subsiding somewhat in 2024, is still impacting households going into 2025. In December 2024, for example, 56 percent of UK households reported their cost of living was increasing compared with the previous month, up from 45 percent in July, but far lower than at the height of the crisis in 2022. After global energy prices spiraled that year, the UK's energy price cap increased substantially. The cap, which limits what suppliers can charge consumers, reached 3,549 British pounds per year in October 2022, compared with 1,277 pounds a year earlier. Along with soaring food costs, high-energy bills have hit UK households hard, especially lower income ones that spend more of their earnings on housing costs. As a result of these factors, UK households experienced their biggest fall in living standards in decades in 2022/23. Global inflation crisis causes rapid surge in prices The UK's high inflation, and cost of living crisis in 2022 had its origins in the COVID-19 pandemic. Following the initial waves of the virus, global supply chains struggled to meet the renewed demand for goods and services. Food and energy prices, which were already high, increased further in 2022. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 brought an end to the era of cheap gas flowing to European markets from Russia. The war also disrupted global food markets, as both Russia and Ukraine are major exporters of cereal crops. As a result of these factors, inflation surged across Europe and in other parts of the world, but typically declined in 2023, and approached more usual levels by 2024.

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Europe Commercial Real Estate Market Size 2025-2029

The europe commercial real estate market size is forecast to increase by USD 91.4 billion at a CAGR of 5.7% between 2024 and 2029.

The European commercial real estate market is experiencing significant growth, with increasing private investments fueling the expansion. This trend is driven by the region's robust economic conditions and the attractiveness of European markets to global investors. However, the market's growth trajectory is not without challenges. Rising interest rates pose a threat to potential investors, increasing the cost of borrowing and potentially reducing the appeal of commercial real estate investments. Additionally, regulatory hurdles and supply chain inconsistencies temper growth potential, necessitating careful planning and strategic navigation. Despite these challenges, opportunities abound for companies seeking to capitalize on the market's momentum. By staying informed of regulatory changes and supply chain developments, and maintaining a strong understanding of market trends, businesses can effectively navigate these challenges and seize growth opportunities in the European commercial real estate market.

What will be the size of the Europe Commercial Real Estate Market during the forecast period?

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In Europe's commercial real estate market, environmental impact assessments are increasingly important in property development, as sustainability becomes a key consideration. Real estate consulting firms provide valuable insights through property appraisals and predictive modeling, helping investors make informed decisions. Zoning regulations and planning permissions shape the landscape for asset management, while green certifications offer competitive advantages. Flexible workspaces, such as serviced and coworking spaces, are on the rise, catering to the changing needs of businesses. Energy audits and facility management ensure efficient operations, reducing costs and enhancing tenant satisfaction. Lease administration, tenant screening, and property valuations are essential components of effective asset management. Real estate analytics and property listings enable data-driven insights, driving transaction advisory services. Construction management and project management are crucial for delivering high-quality buildings, while virtual offices provide flexibility for remote teams. Property marketing and maintenance round out the essential services for successful real estate investments.

How is this market segmented?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD billion' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments. TypeRentalLeaseSalesEnd-userOfficesRetailLeisureOthersEnd-UserCorporateInvestmentGovernmentLocationUrbanSuburbanGeographyEuropeFranceGermanyItalyUK

By Type Insights

The rental segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

Commercial real estate in Europe encompasses various sectors, including rental, office buildings, industrial properties, residential, and retail spaces. Debt financing plays a crucial role in the market, with mortgage lending and equity financing facilitating property transactions. Logistics facilities are in high demand due to the growth of e-commerce, necessitating infrastructure development and urban planning. ESG factors are increasingly influencing investment decisions, with a focus on energy efficiency, green building, and property technology. Building Information Modeling (BIM) and big data analytics are transforming property management and due diligence. Occupancy rates and rental yields remain essential indicators of market health, with vacancy rates impacting property values. Urban regeneration and mixed-use developments are shaping cityscapes, while market volatility and real estate cycles pose risks. Artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things, and smart building technologies are revolutionizing property management and investment strategies. Despite the robust leasing market and rising rents, investment markets exhibit caution due to economic uncertainties and finance rates. Office rental growth, particularly in the UK, Benelux markets, and peripheral Europe, accelerated in the third quarter of 2022, increasing annual growth to over 5%. However, buyers remain hesitant to pay earlier price levels, impacting capital markets and property values. Risk management and portfolio diversification are essential strategies for navigating these evolving trends.

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The Rental segment was valued at USD billion in 2019 and showed a gradual increase during the forecast period.

Market Dynamics

Our researchers analyzed the data with 2024 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challeng

The global solar ceiling fan market, valued at $351 million in 2025, is projected to experience robust growth, driven by increasing electricity costs, rising environmental awareness, and government initiatives promoting renewable energy solutions. The market's Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.3% from 2025 to 2033 indicates a significant expansion, with a projected market value exceeding $600 million by 2033. Key growth drivers include the decreasing cost of solar panels and advancements in battery technology, making solar ceiling fans a more affordable and efficient alternative to traditional fans. The increasing adoption of smart home technology is also fueling demand for solar-powered ceiling fans with integrated features such as remote control and energy monitoring capabilities. Market segmentation reveals strong demand for both indoor and outdoor ceiling fans across various applications, including residential and commercial settings. Online sales channels are expected to witness faster growth compared to offline channels due to increased e-commerce penetration and the convenience of online purchasing. Geographic analysis suggests North America and Asia Pacific are key markets, driven by strong government support for renewable energy and high consumer adoption rates. However, challenges remain, including high initial investment costs compared to conventional fans and the dependence on sunlight availability, particularly in regions with limited sunshine. Despite these restraints, the long-term prospects for the solar ceiling fan market appear positive, propelled by ongoing technological advancements and growing consumer preference for sustainable and energy-efficient products. The competitive landscape is characterized by a mix of established players and emerging companies. Companies like SolAir World International, Shanghai Fusuo Energy Technology, and others are actively involved in product development and market expansion. Strategic partnerships and collaborations among manufacturers, distributors, and technology providers are expected to play a significant role in shaping market dynamics. Future growth will likely be influenced by factors such as technological innovations, government regulations promoting renewable energy, and shifts in consumer preferences towards environmentally friendly products. Continued innovation in solar panel technology, improved battery life, and the integration of smart features will be crucial for sustaining the market's growth trajectory. Furthermore, effective marketing strategies that highlight the cost savings and environmental benefits of solar ceiling fans will be essential for driving greater consumer adoption.

This output follows on from the RRD Prioritisation Map for the promotion of landscape functions, which is a synthetic map expressing the urgency of complex measures on individual parcels. According to the prioritisation layer, 15 % of the area of arable land in the Czech Republic was found within individual regions with the highest priority and here selected energy crops were allocated according to their greatest contribution to landscape functions. Expertly, the ranking of energy crops according to the benefits of landscape functions has been established as follows: 1. RRD, 2. Mistresses, 3. It’s a beetle. Furthermore, the current legislative restrictions and the limit of the maximum production price for biomass in levels 8 and EUR 10 entered the allocation.

The global energy-saving DC ceiling fan market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing energy efficiency concerns and rising consumer preference for eco-friendly appliances. The market size in 2025 is estimated at $5 billion, exhibiting a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 7% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several factors, including government initiatives promoting energy conservation, increasing disposable incomes in developing economies leading to higher demand for premium home appliances, and technological advancements resulting in quieter and more efficient DC motor technology. The shift towards smart home automation is further accelerating market expansion, with consumers seeking energy-saving fans integrated with smart home ecosystems. Different applications like indoor and outdoor settings contribute to the market demand, with the indoor segment currently dominating due to higher residential consumption. Significant regional variations exist; North America and Europe hold substantial market shares, owing to higher adoption rates of energy-efficient technologies and increased awareness regarding energy costs. However, the Asia-Pacific region is projected to demonstrate the fastest growth, driven by the rapid urbanization and expanding middle class in countries like China and India. The major players in this market, including Delta Electronics, Hunter Fan Company, and others, are strategically investing in research and development to enhance product features and expand their market presence. Competitive pricing strategies, diverse product portfolios encompassing various designs and functionalities, and robust distribution networks are key factors shaping the competitive landscape. While challenges such as fluctuating raw material prices and potential supply chain disruptions exist, the overall market outlook remains positive. The long-term growth trajectory is strongly influenced by increasing adoption rates in emerging markets and continuing advancements in motor technology leading to greater energy savings and improved performance. The segment focused on energy-saving DC ceiling fans for commercial applications, such as offices and public spaces, is also anticipated to witness considerable growth in the coming years. The market is segmented into various applications (indoors, outdoors), further segmented by region which helps to establish strong insights for manufacturers, investors and other relevant stakeholders in this rapidly expanding market.

On January 1, 2025, the largest volume of Russian crude oil shipments went to India, at around ******* metric tons per day based on a 30-day running average. Since the beginning of 2022, the shipments to the European Union (EU) and the United States have decreased significantly. Both the EU and the U.S. imposed sanctions on oil imports from Russia in response to the invasion of Ukraine in 2022. The EU banned seaborne crude oil imports starting from December 5, 2022, while the U.S. banned all imports of oil and petroleum products from Russia on March 8, 2022. Existing deals had to be ended by April 22, 2022. Furthermore, the G7, the EU, and Australia imposed a price cap of 60 U.S. dollars per barrel from December 5, 2022, to reduce Russia's energy export revenue, which is one of its largest sources of income. Which countries started buying more oil from Russia? Faced with Western sanctions on Russian oil, Russia increased crude oil shipments to China, India, Turkey, Egypt, and the United Arab Emirates. In fact, China contributed the most to Russia's oil export revenue since the war in Ukraine, at approximately *** billion euros as of January 2025. However, the oil price ceiling imposed in December 2022 could make it more difficult for Russia to export to non-Western countries, too. This is because the policy also applies to tankers that belong to the sanctioning countries, as well as those insured or financed by them. For instance, Russian oil cannot be transported to Turkey for a price above the market cap if it is insured by EU or United Kingdom (UK) companies. How much does Russia earn from oil exports? Crude oil has traditionally been the main source of fuel and energy export revenue of Russia. Between February 24, 2022, and January 30, 2025, Russia earned around *** billion euros from oil exports, including crude oil and refined products. Over the same period, EU countries paid around *** billion euros for Russian oil.

The cost of UK ETS carbon permits (UKAs) was around *** GBP in February 2023, but prices have fallen considerably since then. Prices on January 16, 2025 were just ***** GBP, down ** percent from the same date the previous year. Formerly part of the EU ETS, the UK launched its own cap-and-trade system in 2021 following Brexit. Why has the UK’s carbon price fallen? Several factors have contributed to falling UK carbon prices, including mild winter weather and reduced power demand, as well as a surplus of carbon allowances on the market. While prices have recovered marginally from the record lows, they remain markedly below carbon prices on the EU ETS. The low cost of UK carbon permits has raised concerns that it could deter investment in renewable energy. Future of UK ETS The UK ETS covers emissions from domestic aviation and the industry and power sectors, amounting to some ** percent of the country’s annual GHG emissions. There are plans to expand the system over the coming years to cover CO₂ venting by the upstream oil and gas sector, domestic maritime emissions, and energy from waste and waste incineration. The UK is also looking to introduce a carbon border adjustment mechanism, which would place a carbon price on certain emissions-intensive industrial goods imported to the UK.