The Executive Education Program market is experiencing robust growth, projected to reach a market size of $8034 million in 2025 and maintain a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 6.8% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is fueled by several key factors. The increasing demand for upskilling and reskilling amongst professionals seeking career advancement is a primary driver. Organizations are increasingly investing in executive education to enhance leadership capabilities and improve employee performance, further boosting market demand. The expanding adoption of online and blended learning formats offers greater accessibility and flexibility, catering to diverse learning preferences and schedules. Furthermore, a growing number of specialized programs focused on emerging technologies, digital transformation, and sustainable business practices are attracting a wider range of participants. Competition remains intense, with prominent institutions like Harvard Business School, Wharton, and INSEAD leading the way, alongside a diverse range of universities, business schools, and specialized training providers. Significant market segmentation exists based on program type (e.g., duration – less than a week, 1-4 weeks, longer programs) and delivery mode (online, in-person, blended). The geographic distribution shows a concentration in North America and Europe, representing established markets with high disposable incomes and strong corporate training cultures. However, the Asia-Pacific region presents substantial growth potential, driven by rapid economic expansion and rising demand for skilled professionals. While challenges exist such as high program costs and the need to continuously adapt to evolving learning trends, the overall market outlook remains positive, suggesting sustained growth driven by a continuous need for professional development and leadership enhancement.

The executive education program market is estimated to be valued at US$ 46,322.0 million in 2023 and is expected to surpass US$ 133,794.3 million by 2033. The adoption of executive education program is likely to advance at a CAGR of 11.2% the forecast period.

Attribute	Details
Estimated Market Size (2023)	US$ 46,322.0 million
Projected Market Size (2033)	US$ 133,794.3 million
CAGR through (2023 to 2033)	11.2%

2018 to 2022 Global Executive Education Program Market Outlook Compared to 2023 to 2033 Forecast

Period	Market Size (in US$ million)
2018	US$ 29,723.6 million
2022	US$ 41,763.1 million
2023	US$ 46,322.0 million
2033	US$ 133,794.3 million

Report Scope

Attribute	Details
Market Value in 2023	US$ 46,322.0 million
Market Value in 2033	US$ 133,794.3 million
Growth Rate	CAGR of 11.2% from 2023 to 2033
Base Year for Estimation	2022
Historical Data	2018 to 2022
Forecast Period	2023 to 2033
Quantitative Units	Revenue in US$ million and CAGR from 2023 to 2033
Report Coverage	Revenue Forecast, Company Ranking, Competitive Landscape, Growth Factors, Trends and Pricing Analysis
Segments Covered	Program Type Leadership Level Type of Learner Mode of Learning Duration Type of Courses Industry Type Region
Regions Covered	North America Latin America Europe South Asia East Asia Oceania Middle East and Africa
Key Countries Profiled	United States Canada Brazil Mexico Germany United Kingdom France Spain Italy China Japan South Korea Singapore India Thailand Indonesia Australia New Zealand GCC Countries South Africa Israel
Key Companies Profiled	Harvard Business School Columbia University MIT Sloan School of Management Stanford Graduate School of Business Baruch College Wharton School of Business UCLA Anderson School of Business Kellogg School of Management Stephen M. Ross School of Management The University of Chicago Booth School of Business The University of Texas at Austin Cornell SC Johnson Rotman School of Management Ted Rogers UBC Sauder School of Business Durham University - Business School
Customization & Pricing	Available upon Request

The Executive Education Program market is experiencing robust growth, with a market size of $49.94 billion in 2025 and a projected Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 14.3% from 2025 to 2033. This expansion is driven by several key factors. Firstly, the increasing demand for upskilling and reskilling among professionals to remain competitive in a rapidly evolving job market fuels significant investment in executive education. Secondly, the growing adoption of online learning platforms offers greater accessibility and flexibility, catering to the busy schedules of executives. Furthermore, the shift towards customized programs tailored to specific organizational needs and individual career goals further propels market growth. The market is segmented by learning method (in-person and online) and program type (pre-designed and customized), offering diverse options to cater to various learning styles and preferences. North America, particularly the US and Canada, currently hold a significant market share, driven by a strong emphasis on continuous professional development. However, rapid growth is also anticipated in the APAC region, particularly in China and India, due to increasing economic development and a burgeoning middle class seeking advanced professional qualifications. Competition within the market is fierce, with leading companies employing various competitive strategies including strategic partnerships, mergers and acquisitions, and continuous innovation in program design and delivery. While industry risks such as economic downturns and evolving technological landscapes exist, the overall long-term outlook for the Executive Education Program market remains positive. The sustained growth trajectory is projected to continue through 2033, propelled by ongoing technological advancements in online learning, increasing corporate investments in employee development, and a growing recognition of the return on investment from executive education programs. The strategic focus of leading companies on delivering high-quality, customized programs aligned with specific industry needs will continue to shape market dynamics. The ongoing evolution of learning methodologies, the integration of cutting-edge technologies (such as virtual reality and gamification), and the increasing demand for specialized executive education in emerging fields, such as data analytics and artificial intelligence, are expected to create new growth opportunities in the coming years. While regional disparities will persist, growth across all major regions – North America, Europe, APAC, and others – is anticipated, driven by factors such as globalization, increasing cross-border collaborations, and the growing need for globally competitive leadership skills.

The Europe leadership development program market size is estimated to be valued at US$ 14,810.9 million in 2023. It is projected to reach US$ 35,187.9 million by 2033.

Attribute	Key Insights
Europe Leadership Development Program Market Estimated Size (2023E)	US$ 14,810.9 million
Projected Market Valuation (2033F)	US$ 35,817.9 million
Value-based CAGR (2023 to 2033)	9.0%
Collective Value Share: Top 5 Company (2022A)	24% to 32%

Country-wise Insights

Country	United Kingdom
Market Share (2023)	27.0%
Market Share (2033)	21.3%
BPS Analysis	(-) 578

Country	Germany
Market Share (2023)	23.2%
Market Share (2033)	26.9%
BPS Analysis	(+)366

Country	France
Market Share (2023)	12.1%
Market Share (2033)	13.5%
BPS Analysis	(+)137

Scope of the Report

Attribute	Details
Estimated Market Size (2023)	US$ 14,810.9 million
Projected Market Valuation (2033)	US$ 35,187.9 million
Value-based CAGR (2023 to 2033)	9.0%
Forecast Period	2023 to 2033
Historical Data Available for	2018 to 2022
Market Analysis	Value (US$ million)
Key Regions Covered	Europe
Key Countries Covered	United Kingdom Germany France Italy Spain Ireland Benelux & Nordic Rest of Europe
Key Segments Covered	Program Participants Learner Type Mode of Learning Duration Country
Key Companies Profiled	Management Centre Europe EADV (eadv.org) AIMS International Emeritus Institute of Management Linkedin Learning LEADx Franklin Covey Co. Hone Group Inc. Grow 360 International Pte Ltd LifeLabs Learning University of Oxford University of Cambridge Institute for Sustainability Leadership London Business Training & Consulting CIM Academy DSM Assessment & Training The BCF Group Nottingham Valettes's Business School MDT International Future London Academy Others
Report Coverage	Market Forecast, Company Share Analysis, Competition Intelligence, DROT Analysis, Market Dynamics and Challenges, and Strategic Growth Initiatives

Snapshot img

Europe Corporate Training Market Size 2025-2029

The Europe corporate training market size is forecast to increase by USD 15.29 billion at a CAGR of 7.6% between 2024 and 2029.

The corporate training market is experiencing significant growth due to several key trends. One of the primary drivers is the digitization of learning materials, which has become increasingly important in today's digital age. With the availability of advanced technologies such as Learning Management Systems (LMS) and e-learning platforms, corporations can now offer more flexible and convenient training options to their employees. Additionally, there is an increased emphasis on learning new skills to keep up with the ever-evolving business landscape. However, some challenges need to be addressed, such as technical constraints to implementing corporate training programs. These challenges include limited IT resources, lack of standardization, and data security concerns. Despite these challenges, the benefits of corporate training, including improved employee performance and engagement, make it a worthwhile investment for businesses.

What will be the Size of the market During the Forecast Period?

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The corporate training market encompasses a diverse range of industries and functions, including retail, human resources, project management, manufacturing, customer service, diversity and inclusion, change management, and more. This dynamic market is driven by the ongoing need for businesses to upskill and reskill their workforce to remain competitive. Innovations in technology have enabled the delivery of training solutions in various formats, such as online courses, leadership assessment tools, and coaching services. Millennials and remote teams have fueled the growth of leadership training online, while large enterprises continue to invest in executive leadership training and strategic planning. Sectors like healthcare, finance, IT, and government are significant contributors to the market, alongside small businesses and non-profits.
Key trends include a focus on project management, operations, crisis management, and leadership skills development. The market is expected to grow as businesses prioritize employee engagement, talent retention, and the adoption of digital transformation initiatives. Additionally, the increasing importance of diversity and inclusion In the workplace is driving demand for training solutions tailored to these areas.

How is this market segmented and which is the largest segment?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Product

  Technical course
  Non-technical course


Type

  Blended
  E-learning


End-user

  Large enterprises
  Small and medium enterprises


Geography

  Europe

    Germany
    UK
    France
    Spain

By Product Insights

The technical course segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The European corporate training market is experiencing steady growth, particularly In the area of technical training. Technical training encompasses the instruction and development of employees' skills in applications, technology, service tactics, and sales. This type of training is essential for companies as it enhances employee productivity and career prospects. With the rapid advancement of technology, it is crucial for employees to stay updated on the latest tools and techniques to remain competitive In the business landscape. Moreover, the integration of technological advancements, such as virtual delivery, mobile learning, virtual reality, and augmented reality, into corporate training programs further boosts their effectiveness.

Additionally, the emphasis on leadership development, talent development, employee engagement, sustainability practices, and environmental awareness has become increasingly important In the corporate world. Online training programs, green certification, and blended training are some of the popular approaches to meeting these needs. Corporate leadership training is a key component of business success, as it fosters financial health, competitive advantage, and corporate social responsibility.

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Market Dynamics

Our Europe Corporate Training Market researchers analyzed the data with 2024 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

What are the key market drivers leading to the rise in adoption of Europe Corporate Training Market?

Digitization of learning materials is the key driver of the market.

Corporate training is un

The global professional development market is experiencing robust growth, driven by the increasing need for upskilling and reskilling in a rapidly evolving technological landscape. The demand for continuous learning and development programs across various industries, coupled with significant investments in employee training and education by organizations, is fueling market expansion. Key trends include the rising adoption of online and blended learning models, the growing focus on personalized learning experiences, and the increasing integration of technology such as AI and VR/AR in training programs. While the market shows strong potential, challenges remain, including the high cost of professional development programs and the need for effective measurement of training outcomes. The market is segmented by type (online, offline, blended) and application (leadership development, technical skills training, soft skills training, compliance training), with online learning experiencing the fastest growth rate due to its accessibility and cost-effectiveness. Major players such as Discovery Education, Edmodo, McGraw-Hill Education, and Pearson Education are actively shaping the market through technological advancements and strategic partnerships. The North American region currently holds a significant market share, primarily due to high investment in employee training and the presence of established educational institutions. However, significant growth opportunities exist in Asia-Pacific and other emerging economies as businesses prioritize human capital development to drive competitiveness. Future growth will be influenced by factors like government initiatives promoting skills development, evolving workforce demographics, and the adoption of innovative learning methodologies. The market is projected to maintain a healthy CAGR (let's assume a conservative 8% based on industry trends) over the forecast period (2025-2033), leading to significant market expansion. Competition is likely to intensify, prompting companies to focus on offering customized and highly effective training solutions.

The leadership development program market is expected to be valued at US$ 81.19 billion in 2024. The leadership development program is predicted to rise at an impressive CAGR of 10.3% from 2024 to 2034. The global market is anticipated to reach US$ 216.9 billion by 2034.

Attributes	Key Insights
Estimated Market Size in 2024	US$ 81.19 billion
Projected Market Value in 2034	US$ 216.9 billion
Value-based CAGR from 2024 to 2034	10.3%

2019 to 2023 Historical Analysis vs. 2024 to 2034 Market Forecast Projections

Historical CAGR from 2019 to 2023	9%
Forecast CAGR from 2024 to 2034	10.3%

Country-wise Analysis

Countries	Forecast CAGRs from 2024 to 2034
United States	5.3%
Canada	8.5%
France	6.9%
China	11%
Australia	8.4%

Category-wise Insights

Category	Market Share in 2024
Business Owners	25.9%
Individual/ Private Learners	52%

Report Scope

Attributes	Details
Estimated Market Size in 2024	US$ 81.19 billion
Projected Market Valuation in 2034	US$ 216.9 billion
Value-based CAGR 2024 to 2034	10.3%
Forecast Period	2024 to 2034
Historical Data Available for	2019 to 2023
Market Analysis	Value in US$ billion
Key Regions Covered	North America Latin America Western Europe Eastern Europe South Asia and Pacific East Asia Middle East and Africa
Key Market Segments Covered	Learner Type Program Participants Mode of Learning Duration Region
Key Countries Profiled	The United States Canada Brazil Mexico Germany The United Kingdom France Spain Italy Russia Poland Czech Republic Romania India Bangladesh Australia New Zealand China Japan South Korea GCC countries South Africa Israel
Key Companies Profiled	Articulate Global Inc. City & Guilds Group D2L Corp. Franklin Covey Co. GP Strategies Corp. Interaction Associates Inc. Learning Technologies Group Plc Miller Heiman Group Inc. Jaro Education Skillsoft Ltd. Wilson Learning Worldwide Inc.

Attitude towards the EU and EU enlargement.

Topics: life satisfaction; subjective rating of the development of the general life situation, the economic situation, the financial situation of the household, personal job situation, national labor market situation and the personal professional outlook in the coming year; native language; knowledge of foreign languages; frequency of political discussions with friends; self-rated opinion leadership; frequency of news consumption (television, newspaper and radio); interest in following news topics: local and national politics, social issues, EU, economics, sports, the environment, foreign politics, culture; spontaneous associations with the EU; general attitude towards the EU; knowledge of international institutions and trust into these institutions: UN, UNESCO, NATO, EU, European Parliament, European Commission, OSCE, Council of Europe, European Court of Human Rights, International Court of Justice; Self-rated knowledge about the EU (scale); awareness of application for EU membership by own country; accession to EU of own country as a good thing; approval of EU membership of own country if a referendum was held; advantageousness of EU accession for the own country, the own person and following groups: people with and without foreign language skills, entrepreneurs, politicians, professionals such as doctors or lawyers, young people, children, employees, industrial workers, medium-sized businesses, teachers, civil servants, middle-aged people, farmers, the rural population, the unemployed, pensioners, elderly, population of the capital, cultural, religious and other minorities; some regions benefit more than others, all population groups; agreement with the following statements: accession of the own country would be beneficial for the EU, increasing size of EU increases security and peace, would promote the national economy, increase the influence of the own country in Europe, satisfaction of the national government accession policy, increasing influence of the EU in the world if number of members increases, historical and geographical legitimacy of EU membership of the country, increased cultural wealth and standard of living, rising unemployment due to EU enlargement; expected and desired EU accession year of the own country; consent to possible EU accession of Bulgaria, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Turkey; EU or own country as preferred decision-making authority for the following policies: defense, environmental protection, currency, Humanitarian Aid, health and welfare, broadcasting and press, poverty reduction, combating unemployment, agriculture and fisheries, regional compensation, education, science and technology, information on EU , non-European foreign policy, culture, immigration, asylum, fighting against organized crime, police, justice, refugee resettlement, combat of youth delinquency, urban crime and human trafficking, the fight against drugs; preferred source of information about the EU; desire for additional information on the following topics: history of the EU, the EU institutions, European Economic and Monetary Union, Euro, European economy, European single market, further financial / economic issues, agriculture in the EU, European Foreign and Security Policy, international relations of the EU; regional policy of the EU, the European budget, European research and development policy, education policy, cultural policy, youth policy, EU citizenship, consumer protection and environmental protection in the EU, European social policy.

Demography: nationality; family situation; age at end of education; gender; age; occupation; professional position; degree of urbanization; household size; possession of durable goods, role of respondent in the household: main breadwinner, responsible for purchases and household maintenance, religious affiliation, frequency of church attendance, household income

The Europe Learning Management Systems (LMS) market refers to the industry focused on platforms and software that facilitate the management, delivery, and tracking of educational and training content. LMS platforms are widely used across schools, universities, corporate training programs, and other educational institutions to enhance learning efficiency and engagement. The growing demand for e-learning, driven by technological advancements and the digital transformation of education, is a significant driver of this market. The COVID-19 pandemic further accelerated the adoption of LMS solutions, highlighting the need for scalable, remote education and training platforms. Corporate training is another major driver, as businesses increasingly adopt LMS platforms to upskill their workforce and ensure compliance with industry standards. Additionally, government initiatives promoting digital education and the growing demand for personalized learning experiences are fueling the growth of the LMS market in Europe. Recent developments include: October 2022, Cornerstone presented its new Talent Experience Platform (TXP), which is intended to assist talent leaders in unlocking their workforce's boundless potential while also streamlining their operations., October 2022, Google Classroom got a new function. Teachers can save time by including assessment category information when exporting Google Classroom assignments., July 2022, Anthology launched Anthology Intelligent Experiences (X)TM, a vision for a linked ecosystem of products and services that use data to drive meaningful interactions both within and beyond the classroom. The Anthology iX approach will create interactive moments by breaking down data silos and merging insights from core systems to enable more relevant involvement among staff, teachers, and students.. Key drivers for this market are: Rise of mobile learning and gamification. Potential restraints include: Adopting LMS platforms requires significant initial investment. Notable trends are: Online learning has created new opportunities for LMS platforms.

The major topics are: 1. Political attitudes and questions on the European Union 2. European Parliament 3. Minorities 4. Public services 5. Labeling of genetically modified food 6. Emergency phone number 7. Information and communication technologies. Topics: 1. Political attitudes and questions on the European Union: nationality (multiple responses possible); interest in politics; personal opinion leadership; personal employment situation, employment situation in one's family and satisfaction with life in general; deterioration or improvement in personal life in the last and in the next five years; media usage; self-assessment of extent to which informed about the EU, its policies and its institutions; adequate reporting about interests of the EU in national media; judgement on membership of the country in the EU; advantageousness of this membership; EU image in general; advantageousness of EU membership for selected social groups; satisfaction with democracy in one's country and in the EU; preferred source of information, information channels and means of information about the EU, its policies and its institutions; assessment of current speed of integration of Europe; importance of the role of the EU for daily life of respondent in five years; knowledge about European institutions and judgement on their importance for the EU; trust in European institutions; expected personal identity as European citizen or national citizen in the near future; national pride; attitude to the common European currency, foreign policy and defense policy; attitude to a European Central Bank independent of the member countries or responsible to the European Parliament; attitude to responsibility of the EU for matters that cannot effectively be solved on national, regional and local level; attitude to support of the president and members of the European Commission by a majority of the European Parliament; attitude to school instruction about the work of European institutions; preference for national or European decision-making power over selected political areas; desired priorities in EU policies, such as e.g. accepting new member countries, populism of the EU, successful introduction of the Euro, fight against poverty, environmental protection, consumer protection, fighting unemployment, reform of EU institutions, securing of peace and protection of the right to privacy and democratic principles in Europe; self-assessment of personal extent to which informed about the Euro; means of information about the Euro used; preferred new EU member countries; criteria for accepting new countries. 2. European Parliament: knowledge and significance of the European Parliament; desire for a strengthening of the European Parliament; assessment of the representation of interests of European citizens by the European Parliament; most important interests that should be represented by the European Parliament; attitude to a European constitution; decision-making power of all or only selected member countries after the EU extension to the east. 3. Minorities: perceived disturbances from people of another race, religion or culture; belonging to a majority or minority; origin of parents or grandparents from another culture, religion, race or nationality; assessment of proportion of minorities in the country; attitude to the role of minorities in education, job market, economy and culture; most important measures to improve relations with people of another race, religion and culture in one's country; job market acceptance of muslims, Eastern Europeans, refugees, persons seeking asylum and EU citizens; attitude to assimilation and integration of minorities and immigrants in society; attitude to immigrants from non-EU countries; advantages for the country from presence of immigrants from non-EU countries. 4. Public services: accessibility and affordablility of mobile phones, conventional telephones, electricity, gas, water, mail, public transportation and railroad travel; quality, extent to which informed and contract conditions of these public services; personal complaints in the last 12 months and satisfaction with the way the service provider dealt with these complaints. 5. Labeling of genetically modified food: frequency of noticing such identification of foods and degree of extent to which informed; judgement on product information on food packaging; significance of health information for purchase decision; extent to which informed about genetically modified food; necessity of identification of genetically modified food, trust in them and influence on purchase decision; preferred sources of information, information channels and means of information about genetically modified food. 6. Emergency phone number: degree of familiarity of the European emergency phone number 112 in case of accident in other European countries. 7. Information and communication technologies: possession and use of satellite dish, cable television, digital television, DVD...

Description of the work and education situation of young people in Europe. Living conditions, morals, values and future prospects. Attitudes to society and to a united Europe.

Topics: contentment with life and satisfaction with democracy in one´s country; personal opinion leadership; frequency of political discussions; most important personal interests; willingness to act regarding selected social and political goals; educational goals; most important problem of young people; belonging to selected political, social sport and leisure organizations; attendance at youth clubs and communication centers; knowledge of a foreign language; language used at home; origins and importance of language proficiency; judgement on foreign language courses available; desired knowledge of a foreign language; reasons for learning further languages; knowledge about the European Community and interest in additional information; preferred sources of information for EC topics; knowledge about the EC from school; knowledge about EC member countries; stays abroad as tourist and as employee; participation in international youth exchange programs; visits to other EC countries; preferred EC countries for work or study; major problems of a stay abroad; living together with one´s parents, with spouse or friends; satisfaction in selected situations in life; membership in a youth organization; perceived discrimination against selected groups; discrimination experienced personally; financial situation; source of income and amount of income; computer knowledge and origin of this knowledge; interest in further computer knowledge; reference persons; reference groups in important decisions in life; evaluation of support on the part of public agencies and perceived major difficulties; frequency of utilization of public agencies and initiator of contact; knowledge of places of information for young people run by young people; knowledge and evaluation of the EC-commission as well as of the Common Market 1992; attitude to the European Community; judgement on the progress of European unification; attitude to EC membership of one´s own country; regret of a failure of the EC; perceived change in the relationship of the EC-countries among each other during the last 12 months; attitude to social changes.

Those part-time or full-time employed were also asked: full-time or part-time occupation and time worked each week; reasons for part-time employment; further education possiblities at work; how job was found; job satisfaction; level of job standards; planned resumption of studies or training; current duration of employment; number of times employed previously; frequency of unemployment since end of school; union membership and reasons for not being a member.

School and college students were asked: study of a desired subject; reasons for study; selection of the subject; anticipated age at end of studies; type of institution of study or college.

Respondents currently in training were additionally asked: duration of occupational instruction up to now; detailed information on occupational training.

For unemployed or job-seekers: duration and manner of search for work; major reason for unemployment.

All no longer in training were asked: duration of general further education after conclusion of mandatory school; reasons for dropping out of training; begin and conclusion of one or more programs for occupational further education; total duration of these programs; information on demands of the occupation, benefit and perceived help in the search for work from these measures for further education; supplemental qualifications through measures for further education.

Demography: further education after school; age; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; party allegiance; marital status; age at end of education; sex; size of household; number of children in household; occupational position; position in household; occupation of head of household; degree of urbanization; religious denomination; frequency of church attendance; religiousness; city size; region.

Also encoded was: date of interview; length of interview; presence of third persons during interview; willingness of respondent to cooperate.

Indices: opinion leadership (cognitive mobility); postmaterialism; EC support; status in profession; EC support; political orientation.

The main survey focus areas of this Eurobarometer are:

1. Personal and economic situation of the respondent,

2. His attitude to foreign aid and

3. Attitude to the EC.

Topics: 1. Evaluation of general and personal economic situation; development of cost of living; expected personal development in the coming year and expected strikes as well as international conflicts; probability of a world war; assessment of the degree of self-determination (scale); fear of loss of job; development of unemployment in residential surroundings; evaluation of influence of government policies on the economic situation, employment situation, prices and the financial situation of personal household; judgement on the economic policy of the government; most able party to deal with economic problems; general contentment with life; satisfaction with the functioning of democracy in the country; personal opinion leadership; postmaterialism; intent to participate in the election; assessment of personal as well as national prosperity; most important social-political problems; assessment of future political problems; judgement on economic, cultural and historical relations with selected countries of the world.

1. Interest in the problems of the third world; evaluation of extent of information about developing countries in the media; objectivity of media information; attitude to foreign aid and causes for the problems of the third world (scale); preferred forms of foreign aid; personal experience in the third world; proportion of persons from developing countries in one´s country; judgement on government aid for these people; assumed significance of development of foreign aid countries for one´s own country; knowledge about foreign aid providers and assessment of the most effective foreign aid organization; countries who soonest should be given foreign aid; readiness for personal involvement in foreign aid; attitude to an increase of foreign aid, even with decreasing standard of living; knowledge and willingness to support selected foreign aid organizations.

2. Attitude to the unification of Western Europe; attitude to membership of the country in the EC; development of agreement between EC partners; noticing media information about the European Parliament; memory of the news content; intent to participate in the next European Election; the significance of the European Election; actual and desired influence of the European Parliament; ideas about the tasks and objectives of the European Parliament as well as judgement on the populism of the European parliamentarians; frequency of political discussions with friends; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; attitude to social change; party allegiance; religiousness; feeling of being happy.

Demography: age; sex; marital status; religious denomination; school education; age at conclusion of school; employment; company size; household income; household size; household composition; respondent is head of household; characteristics of head of household; respondent is person managing household; voting behavior at the last federal parliament election; degree of urbanization.

In 2025, it was the United States that led the world in research capacity on AI. And led with a lead of nearly 50 points beyond its nearest competitor, China. Across the globe, no other nation comes close to the U.S. research capacity in AI.

Computer science still male-driven Research requires educated and skilled individuals to do it and in the modern world, computer science education is still male-dominated. Both in Europe and the United States, it is males that trend far more towards bachelor’s degrees in computer science. However, females had a higher trend toward masters in this field in Europe, whereas, in the United States, their share was similar to their share of bachelor's degrees. U.S. tech giants play a significant role One primary driver of the United States' significant lead over other nations is the fact that it houses the largest tech companies on earth. Counting giants such as Microsoft, Google, Apple, and Amazon, the country has ample funds in private hands to drive AI research even without the enormous budget of the U.S. government.

Perception of security and threats: personal feeling of security; personal significance of various aspects of security (e.g. job security, military security, social security, security of income, ecological security, etc.) Interest in politics in general, in foreign policy, in security and defence policy as well as interest in the Federal Armed Forces; security policy interest at the beginning of the 1980s; security policy strategy of ´deterrence´ as a guarantee for peace in Europe, necessary Realpolitik or a threat to humanity; advocacy or rejection of military force; change in personal attitude towards military force; Reasons for change of attitude; reasons for not changing attitudes; personal relationship to the peace movement in the early 1980s and today; opinion on pacifism; opinion on the extent of public debate on security policy issues and on the Federal Armed Forces; future development of the number of international conflicts after the end of the Cold War; likelihood of a military threat to Germany; feeling threatened by: environmental destruction, violence, hatred, crime, unemployment, world wars, right-wing extremism, financial problems, new technologies, diseases and population growth; threat to world peace from various countries and regions (Islamic states, Third World, Russia, Central/Eastern Europe, USA, Western Europe, Germany, Middle East, China); current that will prevail worldwide in the future (national or nationalist thinking vs. voluntary cooperation and interdependence); assessment of nationalist thinking; assessment of voluntary cooperation; suitability of various institutions and instruments to protect Germany against military risks (NATO membership, other/ new treaties with neighbouring countries, United Nations (UN), European Union (EU), Federal Armed Forces, European Army, general disarmament, Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)). 2. Security policy attitudes, foreign missions of the Federal Armed Forces: Germany´s role in the world: preference for a rather active vs. rather passive international policy of Germany; approved or rejected measures for Germany´s international action (e.g. aid with food and medicine, aid of a financial and economic nature, technical aid by civil organisations, peacekeeping mission of the Federal Armed Forces within the framework of a UN mission, etc.); opinion on the peace-keeping mission of the Federal Armed Forces in various countries and regions (Eastern Europe, Russia, the Middle East, South-East Asia, Africa, NATO states, Western Europe; opinion on the future role of a state´s military power; opinion on the future staffing level of the Federal Armed Forces; assessment of Germany´s defence expenditure; general attitude towards the Federal Armed Forces. 3. Evaluation of public institutions: Institutional trust (Federal Constitutional Court, other courts, police, Bundesrat, state government, Federal Armed Forces, Bundestag, television, press, churches, trade unions, federal government, education, political parties); reliance on the Federal Armed Forces. 4. Attitude towards compulsory military service: Military service or alternative civilian service more important for society; decision for or against various community services (care of the sick, care of the elderly, military service/defence, care of the disabled, environmental protection/remedy of environmental damage, care of children in need of help, service with the police, border guards or fire brigade); community service which the interviewee would be most likely to opt for social service most likely to be refused; general attitude towards military service; opinion on the right to conscientious objection; frequency of different reasons for conscientious objection (religious reasons, military service as time lost, political reasons, military service not compatible with conscience, civilian service as a more convenient way, economic reasons, civilian service with greater benefit to society); general compulsory military service retained vs. conversion into a voluntary army; future of the Federal Armed Forces (Federal Armed Forces should be abolished, citizen´s army based on the Swiss model, purely voluntary army, current mix of conscripts, professional and temporary soldiers should be retained, fewer professional and temporary soldiers more military exercises for former soldiers); preference for the future of the Federal Armed Forces. 5. Tasks of the Federal Armed Forces: Preferences with regard to the tasks of the Federal Armed Forces (tasks of international arms control, fight against international terrorism, fight against international drug trafficking, border security against illegal immigrants, tasks in the field of environmental protection, international disaster relief, humanitarian aid and rescue services, reconstruction and development aid, international military advice, Combat operations on behalf of and under the control of the UN or other international organisations, peacekeeping operations on behalf of and under the control of the UN or international organisations, protection of the constitutional order in Germany, participation in celebrations and ceremonies, education and character building, defence of Germany, defence of allies, aid for threatened friendly nations); evaluation of the deployment of German soldiers in various UN missions with regard to: care of the suffering population, promotion of the international community, integration of Germany, strengthening of German national interests, stabilisation of world peace, strengthening of the reputation of the Federal Armed Forces, enforcement of human rights, establishment of democracy in the country of deployment, protection of the population in the country of deployment; assessment of the armament and equipment of the Federal Armed Forces; assessment of leadership training in the Federal Armed Forces; assessment of ´soldiering´ as a profession; personal acquaintance with a Federal Armed Forces soldier; personal advice to a relative or friend when considering volunteering for the Federal Armed Forces; importance of co-determination in civilian enterprises; importance of co-determination for soldiers in peacetime; preferences for voluntary service by women in the Federal Armed Forces (women do not belong in the Federal Armed Forces, only in unarmed service, all uses should be open to women); opinion on the complete withdrawal of US troops from Germany; opinion on the complete withdrawal of the Federal Armed Forces from the region; agreement on various possibilities for a new German security policy (extension of NATO security guarantees to Eastern Europe, common European foreign and security policy, restructuring of the military, return to national German interests, strengthening of political cooperation); the importance for Germany of a permanent seat on the UN Security Council; attitudes towards citizens of various neighbouring countries (Belgians, Danes, French, Dutch, Austrians, Poles, Swiss, Czechs and Luxemburgers); the most positive attitudes and the most negative attitudes towards neighbours; a feeling of belonging as West Germans, East Germans, Germans, Europeans or world citizens. 6. Military cooperation in Europe: familiarity of various associations with soldiers from different nations (e.g. German-French Brigade, Eurocorps, German-American Corps, German-Dutch Corps); opinion on military cooperation with various countries (USA, France, Netherlands, England, Belgium, Denmark, Italy); opinion on the creation of a European army; opinion on the political unification of Europe; opinion on the introduction of a common European currency, the Euro; evaluation of the performance of the Federal Armed Forces with regard to reunification in comparison to other institutions (trade unions, churches, political parties, employers´ associations, sports associations and media); opinion on the future NATO deployment of Federal Armed Forces combat troops. Demography: Sex; age (year of birth); education; additional vocational training; occupation; occupational group; net household income; marital status; denomination; residential environment (degree of urbanisation); city size; federal state; household size; number of persons in household aged 16 and over; Left-Right Self-Placement. Additionally coded: Respondent ID; age (categorised); West/East; weight.

The Eurobarometer has three major topic areas:

1. The general satisfaction and mood of the population of the EC,

2. The attitudes to the EC,

3. The trust of the peoples among one another.

Topics: 1. The general satisfaction and mood of the Europeans: satisfaction with democracy in the country; attitude to preservation or to reform of the social system; most important long-term political goals of the country in 1981 in the areas: unemployment, strikes, economic prosperity and international conflicts.

1. The attitudes to Europe: attitudes to unification of Western Europe; attitude to membership of one´s country in the EC and to joining by Greece.

2. The trust of the peoples among one other: extent of trust in members of the various peoples of all EC member countries as well as Greeks, Spaniards, Portuguese, Americans, Russians, Japanese, Chinese and Swiss.

3. Miscellaneous: preferred foreign and security policies of the country; attitude to NATO and the amount of contribution of the country for NATO; frequency of political discussions in one´s circle of friends; personal opinion leadership; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; party preference (Sunday question); religiousness; city size.

Demography: age; sex; marital status; religious denomination; school education; employment; company size; household income; household size; head of household; degree of urbanization; state.

The match between the situations of young unemployed and the assistance offered to them by state agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGO). Topics: Family background; nationality status and religious affiliation; parents´professional status before and after 1989; occupational status of siblings; marital status; number and age of children and type of household; educational background; years spent into full-time education; type of school and specialty; involvement into post-compulsory education; plans for employment status while at school and source of career advice; sequence between education and past and present career aims; working careers since leaving school; number and types of jobs held; economic sector of the jobs and months they were held; why and how each job ended; experience of registered and unregistered unemployment; length of joblessness; amount of unemployment benefits; advantages and disadvantages of being jobless; involvement into the second economy; types of jobs and amount of informal earnings; strategies applied in the job search; degree of determination to find a job; work preferences; sources of assistance; forms of family support; forms of help received from friends, state labor offices and non-governmental organizations; main source of assistance during unemployment; expectations about the future; optimism or pessimism about own job status and financial situation in ten years; wishes for the future job status of own children; membership in occupational / industrial, political, recreational and religious organizations; number of holidays spent away from home in the past year; number of restaurants visits in the past four weeks; church attendance in the past four weeks; use of motor car, satellite or cable TV, PC and mobile phone; time for oneself, for family and friends; favorite activities during the day; requests for clubs, meeting spaces and recreation facilities; counseling and money during unemployment; socio-political attitudes; views about gender roles; quality of family life during the past and present regime; political preferences; advantages and disadvantages of market economy; desired model for own country´s development; foreign policy orientations; plans to vote in the next election; opinions about national and local politicians; trade unions and the church; evaluation of state and NGO programs available to young people in the labor market; scope of activities and target groups; organizational structure; personnel; budget of the NGO; history of the organization and plans for development; barriers for development; partners; professional career of the leaders; their perceptions of young people and youth problems.

Attitude towards parties and politicians after the parliamentary elections; voting behaviour and political knowledge.

Topics: Own opinion leadership in political questions: effort to convince others of a candidate or a party; campaign aid; attempts to become convinced by a party or by a candidate during the election campaign; participation in the election; party preference: first vote and second vote; most important political issues of the last four years and judgement of the goverment´s preformance to handle these issues; judgement of the performance of the Federal Government in general; satisfaction with democracy; significance of the party which forms the government for the respondent and for his personal vote; democracy as the best form of government; recall voting in 1998; judgement of the political work of the preferred party during the last four years; judgement of the representation of the voter by the representatives; perceived representation by a party and a candidate; party affiliation (ranking); party identification; sympathy scale for the parties; left-right classification of parties; political participation by writing letters, participation in a demonstration and in an initiative; judgement of the individual liberty and human rights in Germany; assessment of corruption in Germany; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; knowledge test: acting Interior Minister, number of the federal states and the member states of the European Union; constituency number of the respondent; date of the voting decision; remembrance of the direct candidate in the constituency, his name and his party membership; interest in politics; frequency of use of information sources redarding the elections; referring selected political issues to the parties; relevance of issues; competence of the possible government coalitions to solve problems; trustworthiness and assertiveness of Gerhard Schröder and Edmund Stoiber.

Demography: Age (year of birth); sex; education degree; marital status; living together with a partner; labour union membership and labour union members in household; further memberships; temporal size of the gainful employment; profession (ISCO88) and required education; professional position; area of business; employment of the partner; profession of the partner and required education; professional position of the partner; area of business of the partner; monthly household net income; size of household; persons under 18 years living in the household; frequency of church attendance; religiousness; denomination; spoken language in the household.

Additionally coded was: Federal state; municipality size.

The main survey focus of this Eurobarometer is:

1. Vacation and travel behavior

2. Attitude to environmental problems

3. Attitude to traffic measures and projects in Europe

4. Attitude to Europe, the European Parliament and the EC in general

Topics: 1. Vacation and travel behavior: number of vacation trips undertaken in 1985; number of persons traveling along; means of transport used; type of housing; vacation destination; vacation form; general vacation satisfaction (scale); reasons for not traveling; vacation plans for the next year; EC countries already visited and particularly preferred for further visits; type of travel information used; criteria for the selection of vacation place.

1. Attitude to environmental problems: judgement on selected forms of environmental pollution at place of residence; intensity of concern for environmental problems; assessment of the urgency of problems of air and water pollution; most important environmental damages; personal environmentally-conscious conduct; readiness for further environmentally-conscious conduct; most important areas of application for financial environmental protection measures; judgement on the effort of authorities for environmental protection; balancing between economic and ecological interests; interest in information on selected environmental topics; preferred form of housing.

2. Attitude to traffic measures and projects in Europe: trust in the various peoples of the EC and further countries; attitude to a train tunnel under the English Channel; Attitude to Europe, the European Parliament and the EC in general: degree of familiarity and evaluation of the European Parliament; significance of the European Parliament in the EC; most important topics about which the EC Parliament debated in recent time; advantages for the country from membership in the EC; regret of a failure of the EC; attitude to admission of Turkey into the EC; approval of the efforts for European integration.

3. Miscellaneous: general contentment with life and satisfaction with the political system; personal opinion leadership; frequency of political discussions with friends; postmaterialism index; assessment of personal self-confidence; trust in fellow-man; interest in the future; self-assessment on a left-right continuum; attitude to social reforms; approval as well as personal membership in nature protection associations, ecology movements, nuclear power movements and peace movements; feeling of happiness.

Demography: age; sex; marital status; number of children; ages of children (classified); religious denomination; religiousness (scale); school education; occupational position; employment; company size; household income; size of household; composition of household; respondent is head of household; characteristics of head of household; person managing household; party allegiance; party preference (Sunday question); behavior at the polls in the last Federal Parliament election; city size; union membership; memberships; age at termination of school or university (classified).

Interviewer rating: date of interview.

Living and housing situation in rural municipalities in Tunisia as well as the influence of television on the rural population.

Topics: knowledge of selected personalities from the areas of politics, sport and music; preferred names for children (index of modernity); children or grandchildren without work; preferred work for sons and grandchildren; unmarried children; preferred place of residence for the children after marriage; personal marriage; preferred place of residence after personal marriage; traditional vs. modern objects; attitude to life in a large European or American city as dangerous; knowledge of a person who spent time in Europe in the last year; judgement on the life of a politician as easy or difficult; judgement on the housing situation in the city; preferred dress style for men; attitude to a life without work; preferred occupations (index of modernity); attitude to family planning; personal opinion leadership in the city; assumed frequency of selected activities of politicians; frequency of political discussions about the Tunisian government; unmarried daughters; attitude to a daughter´s employment in a modern city hotel; judgement on personal housing situation; observing obligatory prayer within the family; preferred dress style for women; perceived changes in the living conditions in the region; time of last visit of a welfare worker in the city; ownership of a television set by the most politically aware people in the city; judgement on life in a large Tunisian city; political discussion partner; assumed attitude of Islam to birth control; frequency of watching television as well as the use of programs in French and Arabic; location of television; social situation of television as well as number of people present; main television partner; length of watching television; frequency of watching selected programs; ownership of television set; preferred place to watch television; frequency of discussions about television programs; judgement on television programs as suitable for the whole family; possession of television and radio by friends and neighbors; frequency and length of use of radio; possession of a radio; ability to read; frequency of reading magazines; preferred medium for information on politics, sport, as well as topics from the areas of culture, religion and education; preference for personally taking part in political, religious, musical and sporting events or watching them on television; preferred acquisition in the case of having a particular sum of money; preferred occupations for young family members; attitude to birth control; attitude to wife or daughter taking part in a public political event; preferred time of the day and leisure preferences; attitude to work; frequency of leaving the city; perceived use of foreign aid programs; marital status; size of household; education level; employment status; occupation; ownership of selected pieces of furniture, consumer goods and articles of decoration.

Additionally encoded were: respondent´s place of residence; place of interview; presence of third party during the interview; date of interview; length of interview; interviewer identification.