Monthly income, expenses and disposable income comparison for middle-class families across 10 European cities

Croatia HR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 11.440 % in 2023. This records a decrease from the previous number of 13.100 % for 2022. Croatia HR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 7.395 % from Dec 1993 (Median) to 2023, with 31 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 13.100 % in 2022 and a record low of 1.848 % in 1993. Croatia HR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Croatia – Table HR.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

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Greece GR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 19.649 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 21.666 % for 2015. Greece GR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 2.181 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27.098 % in 2013 and a record low of 1.002 % in 1960. Greece GR: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greece – Table GR.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

The period from 1980 to 2023 saw an increase in the share of national income in Europe taken by the top 10 percent of earners. This period has generally been categorized by economists as a period of rising income inequality, especially when compared with the postwar period (1945-1970s) in Europe which saw a compression of the income distribution, with the middle classes in particular making large gains. As financial and labor markets were liberalized in the 1980s and as the effects of economic globalization took hold, however, a growing share of income went to the top earners. This European trend mirrors increases in inequality across the globe during this period, with the United States seeing a particularly sharp rise in the share taken by its top one percent. Rising income inequality has been linked to the rise of populism in Europe throughout the 2000s and 2010s, as voters sought to hit back at economic elites.

By 2030, the middle-class population in Asia-Pacific is expected to increase from **** billion people in 2015 to **** billion people. In comparison, the middle-class population of sub-Saharan Africa is expected to increase from *** million in 2015 to *** million in 2030. Worldwide wealth While the middle-class has been on the rise, there is still a huge disparity in global wealth and income. The United States had the highest number of individuals belonging to the top one percent of wealth holders, and the value of global wealth is only expected to increase over the coming years. Around ** percent of the world’s population had assets valued at less than 10,000 U.S. dollars, while less than *** percent had assets of more than one million U.S. dollars. Asia had the highest percentage of investable assets in the world in 2018, whereas Oceania had the highest percentage of non-investable assets. The middle-class The middle class is the group of people whose income falls in the middle of the scale. China accounted for over half of the global population for middle-class wealth in 2017. In the United States, the debate about the middle class “disappearing” has been a popular topic due to the increase in wealth among the top billionaires in the nation. Due to this, there have been arguments to increase taxes on the rich to help support the middle class.

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.

Classic partisan theory posits that political parties translate their electorates’ preferences into policies. Accordingly, the recent changes in left parties’ voter base, from predominantly working-class to middle-class voters, should have resulted in changing policy positions and policy effects of left parties. We test this expectation for economic policies (i.e., subsidies, product market regulation, and privatization) in 16 European countries between 1980 and 2012. We find the expected relationships for subsidies but not for regulation and privatization. This can be explained by the fact that only with regard to subsidies, preferences substantially differ between the working- and the middle-class. Thus, economic policy preferences of voters of left parties diverge less than could be expected. Methodologically, the study suggests that empirically testing the complete causal mechanism of classic partisan theory, assessing voters’ preferences and investigating more than one issue area, are promising ways to study partisan effects on public policies.

Canada CA: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 0.284 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.226 % for 2022. Canada CA: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 0.141 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2023, with 64 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.400 % in 2008 and a record low of 0.035 % in 1963. Canada CA: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Canada – Table CA.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies within region (% of total merchandise exports) in European Union was reported at 3.6301 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. European Union - Merchandise exports to developing economies within region (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Time series data for the statistic Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise exports) and country Bermuda. Indicator Definition:Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.The indicator "Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise exports)" stands at 0.1997 as of 12/31/2023. Regarding the One-Year-Change of the series, the current value constitutes an increase of 82.13 percent compared to the value the year prior.The 1 year change in percent is 82.13.The 3 year change in percent is 476.14.The 5 year change in percent is -99.20.The 10 year change in percent is -64.63.The Serie's long term average value is 1.40. It's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is 85.69 percent lower, compared to it's long term average value.The Serie's change in percent from it's minimum value, on 12/31/1995, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is +3,516,578.99%.The Serie's change in percent from it's maximum value, on 12/31/2018, to it's latest available value, on 12/31/2023, is -99.20%.

Average net earnings in the European Union was ****** Euros for a single person with no children in 2022, while for a couple with children who both worked it was ****** Euros. Among countries in Europe, *********** was the country with the highest net earnings in 2022, followed by *******************************. The lowest net earnings were found in Bulgaria and Romania, where a single person without children earned on average less than ***** Euros in 2022.

Chad TD: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 3.461 % in 2023. This records an increase from the previous number of 2.400 % for 2022. Chad TD: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 0.390 % from Dec 1987 (Median) to 2023, with 30 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 4.089 % in 2020 and a record low of 0.001 % in 2007. Chad TD: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Chad – Table TD.World Bank.WDI: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.;World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.;Weighted average;

Palau PW: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 0.020 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 0.035 % for 2015. Palau PW: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 0.020 % from Dec 2006 (Median) to 2016, with 11 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 0.078 % in 2009 and a record low of 0.002 % in 2011. Palau PW: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Palau – Table PW.World Bank.WDI: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Greenland GL: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 1.292 % in 2016. This records an increase from the previous number of 0.769 % for 2015. Greenland GL: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 0.165 % from Dec 1992 (Median) to 2016, with 19 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1.292 % in 2016 and a record low of 0.004 % in 2000. Greenland GL: Exports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Exports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Greenland – Table GL.World Bank: Exports. Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise exports from the reporting economy to low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to World Bank classification of economies. Data are as a percentage of total merchandise exports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Libya LY: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data was reported at 17.385 % in 2016. This records a decrease from the previous number of 19.274 % for 2015. Libya LY: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data is updated yearly, averaging 4.364 % from Dec 1960 (Median) to 2016, with 57 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 19.274 % in 2015 and a record low of 0.827 % in 1962. Libya LY: Imports: Low- and Middle-Income Economies: % of Total Goods Imports: Europe & Central Asia data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by World Bank. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Libya – Table LY.World Bank: Imports. Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Europe and Central Asia are the sum of merchandise imports by the reporting economy from low- and middle-income economies in the Europe and Central Asia region according to the World Bank classification of economies. Data are expressed as a percentage of total merchandise imports by the economy. Data are computed only if at least half of the economies in the partner country group had non-missing data.; ; World Bank staff estimates based data from International Monetary Fund's Direction of Trade database.; Weighted average;

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports) in European Union was reported at 1.6404 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. European Union - Merchandise exports to developing economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) in European Union was reported at 1.9637 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. European Union - Merchandise imports from developing economies in Middle East & North Africa (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on August of 2025.

Merchandise exports to low- and middle-income economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise exports) in Greenland was reported at 2.7382 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. Greenland - Merchandise exports to developing economies in Europe & Central Asia (% of total merchandise exports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.

Merchandise imports from low- and middle-income economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise imports) in European Union was reported at 10.15 % in 2023, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. European Union - Merchandise imports from developing economies in East Asia & Pacific (% of total merchandise imports) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on September of 2025.