The value of residential mortgage lending picked up across 11 of the 16 ranked European countries in 2025. In the UK, new lending in the first quarter of the year amounted to **** billion euros, up from ** billion euros in the same quarter in 2024. This trend was also observed across the rest of the large mortgage markets in Europe — Germany, France, and the Netherlands. One of the main reasons for the recovery was the easing of the mortgage interest rates.

Mortgage interest rates in Europe soared in 2022 and remained elevated in the following two years. In many countries, this resulted in mortgage interest rates across the region more than doubling. In the first quarter of 2025, the average mortgage interest rate in the UK stood at **** percent. Spain had the lowest rate, at **** percent, while Poland had the highest, at *** percent. Why did mortgage interest rates increase? Mortgage rates have risen as a result of the European Central Bank (ECB) interest rate increase. The ECB increased its interest rates to tackle inflation. As inflation calms, the ECB is expected to cut rates, which allows mortgage lenders to reduce mortgage interest rates. What is the impact of interest rates on home buying? Lower interest rates make taking out a housing loan more affordable, and thus, encourage home buying. That can be seen in many countries across Europe: In France, the number of residential properties sold rose in the years leading up to 2021, and fell as interest rates increased. The number of houses sold in the UK followed a similar trend.

The European Mortgage Federation house price index in Italy increased with significant fluctuation between the fourth quarter of 2016 and the second quarter of 2024. The house price index in Italy decreased initially, reaching a value of **** index points as of the first quarter of 2019, after which a general increase was observed to *** index points in the second quarter of 2024. Compared to other European countries, the house prices in Italy have remained very stable.

The Bitext Synthetic Data consist of pre-built training data for intent detection and are provided for 20 verticals for Spanish language (see ELRA-L0182 to ELRA-L0201). They cover the most common intents for each vertical and include a large number of example utterances for each intent, with optional entity/slot annotations for each utterance. The Mortgage and loans domain comprises 39 intents for Spanish.Data is distributed as models or open text files.

Graph and download economic data for Firms with a Bank Loan or Line of Credit to Total Firms for Euro Area (DISCONTINUED) (DDAI03EZA156NWDB) from 2009 to 2013 about Euro Area, credits, Europe, and business.

Policy interest rates in the U.S. and Europe are forecasted to decrease gradually between 2024 and 2027, following exceptional increases triggered by soaring inflation between 2021 and 2023. The U.S. federal funds rate stood at **** percent at the end of 2023, the European Central Bank deposit rate at **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate at **** percent. With inflationary pressures stabilizing, policy interest rates are forecast to decrease in each observed region. The U.S. federal funds rate is expected to decrease to *** percent, the ECB refi rate to **** percent, the Bank of England bank rate to **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate to **** percent by 2025. An interesting aspect to note is the impact of these interest rate changes on various economic factors such as growth, employment, and inflation. The impact of central bank policy rates The U.S. federal funds effective rate, crucial in determining the interest rate paid by depository institutions, experienced drastic changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The subsequent slight changes in the effective rate reflected the efforts to stimulate the economy and manage economic factors such as inflation. Such fluctuations in the federal funds rate have had a significant impact on the overall economy. The European Central Bank's decision to cut its fixed interest rate in June 2024 for the first time since 2016 marked a significant shift in attitude towards economic conditions. The reasons behind the fluctuations in the ECB's interest rate reflect its mandate to ensure price stability and manage inflation, shedding light on the complex interplay between interest rates and economic factors. Inflation and real interest rates The relationship between inflation and interest rates is critical in understanding the actions of central banks. Central banks' efforts to manage inflation through interest rate adjustments reveal the intricate balance between economic growth and inflation. Additionally, the concept of real interest rates, adjusted for inflation, provides valuable insights into the impact of inflation on the economy.

In September 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In September 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 17 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.3 percent in September 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 8 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Inhabitants of the Ibizan municipality of Santa Eulalia del Río needed almost 60 years of household income to pay off their mortgage in 2018, making this coastal town the least affordable municipality to purchase a property in Spain. In contrast, the most affordable area to purchase a home in Spain that year was located in Andalusia. Furthermore, the central region of Castile-La Mancha appeared several times on the list of most affordable municipalities to rent in Spain.

The most expensive coastal areas Out of the five main islands that comprise the Balearic province, ***** are listed as the most expensive coastal areas of Spain. Ibiza and Formentera’s coasts ranked as the least affordable coasts in terms of property prices, with their average price per square meter amounting to nearly *** thousand euros. The Basque province of Gipuzkoa was the second most expensive coastal area of Spain, with an average price that reached approximately **** thousand euros per square meter as of the first quarter of 2019.

Spain: the rebirth of a broken property market After a long period of time in which Spain’s real estate prices increased sharply, the market was hit by the global financial crisis of 2007, making the Spanish property bubble collapse and damaging home value. According to the European Mortgage Federation (EMF), real estate prices in Spain initiated a solid recovery in 2015, reaching **** house price index points in 2018 from a lowest point of **** index points recorded in 2014. The property market has made great progress, but it is still far off the rest of its European counterparts, and it is positioned, in fact, at the bottom of the European list of the EMF’s house price index, which is led by Sweden at ***** index points. In 2016, 200 thousand euros could still buy a *** square-meter home on average in Spain, whereas it would only allow for a ** square-meter apartment in France.

印度 External Assistance: Authorization: Russia Fed & East European: Loan在2013达228,393.000 INR mn，相较于2000的112,503.000 INR mn有所增长。印度 External Assistance: Authorization: Russia Fed & East European: Loan数据按每年更新，1981至2013期间平均值为22,126.000 INR mn，共5份观测结果。该数据的历史最高值出现于2013，达228,393.000 INR mn，而历史最低值则出现于1981，为4,857.000 INR mn。CEIC提供的印度 External Assistance: Authorization: Russia Fed & East European: Loan数据处于定期更新的状态，数据来源于Ministry of Finance，数据归类于Global Database的印度 – Table IN.FD002: External Assistance: Controller of Aid, Account and Audit: INR: Authorization。