Abstract

The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically-driven multi-country survey, which has been administered in over 30 countries to date. Its three aims are, firstly - to monitor and interpret changing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe's changing institutions, secondly - to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national survey measurement in Europe and beyond, and thirdly - to develop a series of European social indicators, including attitudinal indicators.

In the sixth round, the survey covers 29 countries and employs the most rigorous methodologies. It is funded via the European Commission's 7th Framework Programme, the European Science Foundation and national funding bodies in each country.

The survey involves strict random probability sampling, a minimum target response rate of 70% and rigorous translation protocols. The hour-long face-to-face interview includes questions on a variety of core topics repeated from previous rounds of the survey and also two modules developed for Round Six covering Europeans' Understandings and Evaluations of Democracy and Personal and Social Wellbeing (the latter is a partial repeat of a module from round 3).

Geographic coverage

1) European Union countries - Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. 2) Non-European Union countries: Albania, Iceland, Israel, Kosovo, Norway, Switzerland, Russian Federation, Ukraine.

Analysis unit

Individuals

Universe

All persons aged 15 and over, resident within private households, regardless of their nationality, citizenship, language or legal status, in participating countries.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling procedure varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on how sampling was conducted in each of the 29 countries.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Albania - structured questionnaires in Albanian and Greek (5 interviews). Belgium - structured questionnaires in Dutch, French Bulgaria - structured questionnaires in Bulgarian Cyprus - structured questionnaires in Greek Czech Republic - structured questionnaires in Czech, 2 interviews in Slovak, respondent induced. Denmark - structured questionnaires in Danish Estonia - structured questionnaires in Estonian, Russian Finland - structured questionnaires in Finnish, Swedish, English France - structured questionnaires in French Germany - structured questionnaires in German Hungary - structured questionnaires in Hungarian Iceland - structured questionnaires in Icelandic Ireland - structured questionnaires in English Israel - structured questionnaires in Hebrew, Arabic, Russian Italy - structured questionnaires in Italian Kosovo - structured questionnaires in Albanian, Serbian Lithuania - structured questionnaires in Lithuanian and Russian Netherlands - structured questionnaires in Dutch Norway - structured questionnaires in Norwegian, English (28 interviews), Arabic (1 interview). One interview in Arabic conducted with an interpreter present. Poland - structured questionnaires in Polish Portugal - structured questionnaires in Portuguese Russian Federation - structured questionnaires in Russian Slovakia - structured questionnaires in Slovak, Hungarian Slovenia - structured questionnaires in Slovenian Spain - structured questionnaires in Spanish and Catalan Sweden - structured questionnaires in Swedish Switzerland - structured questionnaires in German/Swiss-German, French, Italian Ukraine - structured questionnaires in Ukrainian, Russian United Kingdom - structured questionnaires in English

Cleaning operations

Sampling procedure varied slightly by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on how data entry and editing was conducted in each of the 29 countries.

Response rate

Response rate varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on the response rate in each of the 29 countries.

Abstract

The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically-driven multi-country survey covering over 20 nations. Its three aims are, firstly - to monitor and interpret changing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe's changing institutions, secondly - to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national survey measurement in Europe and beyond, and thirdly - to develop a series of European social indicators, including attitudinal indicators.

In the second round, the survey covers over 20 nations and employs the most rigorous methodologies. It is funded via the European Commission's 5th Framework Programme, the European Science Foundation, and national funding bodies in each country. It involves strict random probability sampling, a minimum target response rate of 70% and rigorous translation protocols. The hour-long face-to-face interview includes (amongst others) questions on family, work and well-being, health and economic morality.

Geographic coverage

1) European Union countries - Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. 2) Non-European Union countries - Iceland, Norway, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

All persons aged 15 and over, resident within private households, regardless of their nationality, citizenship, language or legal status, in participating countries.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling procedure varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on how sampling was conducted in each of the 20 countries.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Austria - structured questionnaires in German Belgium - structured questionnaires in Dutch and French Czech Republic - structured questionnaires in Czech Denmark - structured questionnaires in Danish Estonia - structured questionnaires in Estonian and Russian Finland - structured questionnaires in Finnish and Swedish France - structured questionnaires in French Germany - structured questionnaires in German Greece - structured questionnaires in Greek Hungary - structured questionnaires in Hungarian Iceland - structured questionnaires in Icelandic Ireland - structured questionnaires in English Italy - structured questionnaires in Italian Luxembourg - structured questionnaires in French, German, Luxembourgish, Portuguese, English Netherlands - structured questionnaires in Dutch Norway - structured questionnaires in Norwegian and English Poland - structured questionnaires in Polish Portugal - structured questionnaires in Portuguese Slovakia - structured questionnaires in Slovak and Hungarian Slovenia - structured questionnaires in Slovenian Spain - structured questionnaires in Spanish and Catalan Sweden - structured questionnaires in Swedish Switzerland - structured questionnaires in Swiss German, French, and Italian Turkey - structured questionnaires in Turkish Ukraine - structured questionnaires in Ukrainian and Russian United Kingdom - structured questionnaires in English

Response rate

Response rate varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on the response rate in each of the 20 countries.

This survey is the Swedish part of the 2002 'European Social Survey ' (ESS), and is focusing on immigration and citizen involvement in particular as well as on media and social trust, politics, subjective well being, household characteristics and socio-demographics as well as human values which are part of the core model of ESS.

Purpose:

The European Social Survey (the ESS) is an academically-driven social survey designed to chart and explain the interaction between Europe's changing institutions and the attitudes, beliefs and behaviour patterns of its diverse populations.

Data were checked for logical coherence and for correct use of filter instructions, and edited via both individual and automatic corrections.

This survey is the Swedish part of the 2014 'European Social Survey ' (ESS), and is focusing on democracy and personal and social well-being. The survey also includes data on media and social trust, politics, subjective well-being, household characteristics and socio-demographics as well as human values as part of the core module of ESS.

Purpose:

The European Social Survey (the ESS) is an academically-driven social survey designed to chart and explain the interaction between Europe's changing institutions and the attitudes, beliefs and behaviour patterns of its diverse populations.

Using micro-data on six surveys–the Gallup World Poll 2005–2023, the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993–2022, Eurobarometer 1991–2022, the UK Covid Social Survey Panel, 2020–2022, the European Social Survey 2002–2020 and the IPSOS Happiness Survey 2018–2023 –we show individuals’ reports of subjective wellbeing in Europe declined in the Great Recession of 2008/9 and during the Covid pandemic of 2020–2021 on most measures. They also declined in four countries bordering Ukraine after the Russian invasion in 2022. However, the movements are not large and are not apparent everywhere. We also used data from the European Commission’s Business and Consumer Surveys on people’s expectations of life in general, their financial situation and the economic and employment situation in the country. All of these dropped markedly in the Great Recession and during Covid, but bounced back quickly, as did firms’ expectations of the economy and the labor market. Neither the annual data from the United Nation’s Human Development Index (HDI) nor data used in the World Happiness Report from the Gallup World Poll shifted much in response to negative shocks. The HDI has been rising in the last decade reflecting overall improvements in economic and social wellbeing, captured in part by real earnings growth, although it fell slightly after 2020 as life expectancy dipped. This secular improvement is mirrored in life satisfaction which has been rising in the last decade. However, so too have negative affect in Europe and despair in the United States.

The political institutions of the European Community and of single nations are facing new challenges and changes in the 21st century. The European Social Survey poses the question of how this change is reflected in the thinking and behaviour of the various population groups within Europe. The Austrian sub-study also explores this question. What personal ideas do Austrians have about democracy and society in their country and in the European Union? The project idea of the ESS was developed by the European Science Foundation (ESF) and the European Social Survey includes population surveys in all participating countries. A uniform questionnaire on various problems of political and social coexistence (social and political trust, governance, morality, media, social and political values and attitudes, well-being, national identity) is used, which is supplemented by country-specific questions as well as changing focus topics. The country studies are conducted with the highest possible methodological standards of empirical survey research (translation, sampling, reliability and validity control by the Scientific Monitoring Committee). The ESS is designed as a time series; the surveys are to take place every two years. The first survey wave took place in 2002/2003 and focused on migration, citizenship and social participation. The second survey wave was in 2004/2005, the main focus of the ESS 2 was on health, economic morality, family and work. The third wave of the ESS took place in 2006/2007 with the topics life biography, well-being, satisfaction. The fourth wave of the ESS was in 2008/2009, the thematic focuses were welfare state, social policy, age discrimination. The main long-term objective of the European Social Survey (ESS) is to describe and explain the interaction between the changing political and economic institutions and the attitudes, beliefs and behaviour patterns of the populations of the respective countries. The additional Austrian questions include the areas of health, social status and housing conditions (questions H37 - H65, page 49 - 51 of the questionnaire).

This survey is the Swedish part of the 2010 'European Social Survey ' (ESS), and is focusing on family, work and well-being as well as justice. The survey also includes data on media and social trust, politics, subjective well-being, household characteristics and socio-demographics as well as human values as part of the core module of ESS.

Purpose:

The European Social Survey (the ESS) is an academically-driven social survey designed to chart and explain the interaction between Europe's changing institutions and the attitudes, beliefs and behaviour patterns of its diverse populations.

Using micro-data on six surveys–the Gallup World Poll 2005–2023, the U.S. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 1993–2022, Eurobarometer 1991–2022, the UK Covid Social Survey Panel, 2020–2022, the European Social Survey 2002–2020 and the IPSOS Happiness Survey 2018–2023 –we show individuals’ reports of subjective wellbeing in Europe declined in the Great Recession of 2008/9 and during the Covid pandemic of 2020–2021 on most measures. They also declined in four countries bordering Ukraine after the Russian invasion in 2022. However, the movements are not large and are not apparent everywhere. We also used data from the European Commission’s Business and Consumer Surveys on people’s expectations of life in general, their financial situation and the economic and employment situation in the country. All of these dropped markedly in the Great Recession and during Covid, but bounced back quickly, as did firms’ expectations of the economy and the labor market. Neither the annual data from the United Nation’s Human Development Index (HDI) nor data used in the World Happiness Report from the Gallup World Poll shifted much in response to negative shocks. The HDI has been rising in the last decade reflecting overall improvements in economic and social wellbeing, captured in part by real earnings growth, although it fell slightly after 2020 as life expectancy dipped. This secular improvement is mirrored in life satisfaction which has been rising in the last decade. However, so too have negative affect in Europe and despair in the United States.

This survey is the Swedish part of the 2006 'European Social Survey ' (ESS), and is focusing on timing of life and personal and social well-being. The survey also includes data on media and social trust, politics, subjective well being, household characteristics and socio-demographics as well as human values as part of the core module of ESS.

Purpose:

The European Social Survey (the ESS) is an academically-driven social survey designed to chart and explain the interaction between Europe's changing institutions and the attitudes, beliefs and behaviour patterns of its diverse populations.

The European Social Survey (ESS) is a biennial cross-national survey of attitudes and behaviour established in 2001. The ESS is a cross-sectional survey using probability samples which are representative of all persons aged 15 and over resident within private households in each country.

The ESS organisational structure is characterised by its cross-national character and by the coordination of efforts from leading academics and social research professionals. The project was directed by a Central Co-ordinating Team led by Roger Jowell (Rounds 1 to 5) and Rory Fitzgerald (Rounds 6 to 8) at the Centre for Comparative Social Surveys, City University, London. All participating countries are required to contribute to the central coordination costs of the ESS European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC). This contribution is made up of a basic membership fee and an additional amount, calculated according to the GDP of each country. In addition, each country participating in the ESS ERIC undertakes, as a condition of participation, to cover the costs of fieldwork and national coordination. Prior to the award of ERIC status in 2013, the ESS was funded on a round-by-round basis. The central coordination and design was funded through the European Commission’s Fifth, Sixth and Seventh Framework Programmes, the European Science Foundation (ESF) and national funding councils in the participating countries.

The questionnaire includes two main sections, each consisting of approximately 120 items; a 'core' module which will remain relatively constant from round to round, plus two or more 'rotating' modules, repeated at intervals. The core module aims to monitor change and continuity in a wide range of social variables, including media use, social and public trust, political interest and participation, socio-political orientations, governance and efficacy, moral, political and social values, social exclusion, national, ethnic and religious allegiances, well-being, health and security, human values, demographics and socio-economics.

Accessing ESS Data
Data from rounds 1 to 8 of the ESS are now available via the Norwegian Social Science Data Service.

Users will need to register with the service in order to access ESS data. Further details about this and other aspects of the project may be found on the European Social Survey web pages. In addition, ESS rounds 1 to 7 are available using the ESS Cumulative Data Wizard, where users can customise their own subsets of data in different formats.

For the thirteenth edition (October 2017) data and documentation for Round 8 have been added. This includes data from 18 of the 23 participating countries. The 18 countries are: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russian Federation, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

The survey studied several themes, including the use of media, social trust, political participation and interest, political trust, political orientation and commitment, satisfaction with own circumstances and certain public services, perceptions of own well-being, religious views, experiences of discrimination, and national and ethnic identity. These themes are recurring in different ESS rounds. Themes for the rotating modules in this collection round included health, use of medication and natural remedies, medical treatment and doctor's appointments, economic morality, trust and interaction between producers and consumers, balance between different areas of life, division of household work, family, work and well-being. The self-administered follow-up questionnaire included the Schwartz Human Values Scale as well as test questions controlling the main questionnaire. Questions about alternative medicine, science and technology, and paranormal phenomena were also asked. The respondents' socio-demographics were widely charted, including, among others, household composition, gender, age, type of neighbourhood, education, occupation, background information on spouse and parents, trade union membership, household income, and marital status.

This study examined the measurement invariance of the positive and negative affect scales in the European Social Survey (ESS) in 2006 and 2012. We employed Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analysis with an estimator for ordinal data, allowing us to test threshold invariance, which had not been previously investigated for these scales. A 3-item measure of Positive Affect and a 5-item measure of Negative Affect showed that configural, threshold and metric (loading) and partial scalar (intercept) invariance held across almost all countries and between the two ESS Rounds. Our results provide cross-cultural validity to a broader measure of negative affect than past research using the ESS and examine these scales across more countries than any past study. Besides providing valuable insights for researchers interested in well-being and the ESS, our study also contributes to the ongoing discussion about diverging analytical choices in invariance testing.

Percentages for self-rated health, labour force status, financial strain and class and mean for age by country for men.

This survey is the Swedish part of the 2008 'European Social Survey ' (ESS), and is focusing on welfare attitudes and ageism. The survey also includes data on media and social trust, politics, subjective well being, household characteristics and socio-demographics as well as human values as part of the core module of ESS.

Purpose:

The European Social Survey (the ESS) is an academically-driven social survey designed to chart and explain the interaction between Europe's changing institutions and the attitudes, beliefs and behaviour patterns of its diverse populations.

Percentages for self-rated health, labour force status, income strain and class and mean for age by country for women.

The European System of Social Indicators provides a systematically selected collection of time-series data to measure and monitor individual and societal well-being and selected dimensions of general social change across European societies. Beyond the member states of the European Union, the indicator system also covers two additional European nations and – depending on data availability – the United States and Japan as two important non-European reference societies. Guided by a conceptual framework, the European System of Social Indicators has been developed around three basic concepts – quality of life, social cohesion, and sustainability. While the concept of quality of life is supposed to cover dimensions of individual well-being, the notions of social cohesion as well as sustainability are used to conceptualize major characteristics and dimensions of societal or collective well-being. The indicator system is structured into 13 life domains altogether. Time-series data are available for nine life domains, which have been fully implemented.

Time series start at the beginning of the 1980s at the earliest and mostly end by 2013. As far as data availability allows, empirical observations are presented yearly. Most of the indicator time-series are broken down by selected sociodemographic variables, such as gender, age groups, employment status, or territorial characteristics. Regional disaggregations are being provided at the NUTS-1 or similar levels as far as meaningful and data availability allows. The European System of Social Indicators is preferably based on harmonized data sources, ensuring the best possible level of comparability across countries and time. The data sources used include international aggregate official statistics, for example, provided by EUROSTAT and the OECD, as well as microdata from various official as well as science-based cross-national surveys, such as the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), Eurobarometer Surveys, the World Value Surveys, or the European Social Survey.

The European System of Social Indicators results from research activities within the former Social Indicators Research Centre at GESIS. In its initial stage, this research was part of the EuReporting-Project (Towards a European System of Social Reporting and Welfare Measurement), funded by the European Commission within its 4th European Research Framework Programme from 1998 to 2001. For more detailed information on the European System of Social Indicators, see the methodological report under „other documents“.
The Data of SIMon (German System of Social Indicators (DISI) and European System of Social Indicators (EUSI)) are available via the histat online database (https://histat.gesis.org/histat/) under the topic ´SIMon: Social Indicators Monitor´(https://histat.gesis.org/histat/de/data/themes/36) for the free download.

A) Conceptual framework

The development of the conceptual framework for the European System of Social Indicators builds on the theoretical discussion of welfare and quality of life as well as the goals of social development oriented towards them. Additionally, the tasks and fundamental objectives of European Union policy have been statistically measured and reported. Based on these two areas (theoretical debate on welfare on the one hand and EU policy objectives on the other), six perspectives and dimensions of social development in Europe were identified which form the conceptual core of the European system of social indicators and are related to the concepts of quality of life, social cohesion and sustainability.

Dimensions of quality of life: 1) The dimension of objective living conditions describes the actual living conditions of individuals (working conditions, state of health, material standard of living). 2) The dimension of subjective welfare includes perceptions, assessments, and assessments of living conditions by citizens.

Dimensions derived from the concept of social cohesion: 3) Disparities, inequalities and social exclusion relate to aspects of the distribution of wealth in society (regional disparities, equal opportunities). 4) Social relationships, bonds, and inclusion refer to the social capital of a society. The existence of informal networks, associations, and organizations as well as the functioning of social institutions are covered by the dimension of social cohesion.

Dimensions of sustainability. In this context, sustainability is primarily understood as the preservation or increase of social capital (physical capital, social capital, human capital, natural capital) for future generations. 5) Securing human capital: Measuring dimensions and indicators of this target dimension primarily concern aspects of people´s education, skills, and health. 6) Safeguarding natural capital: This dimension relates both to the current state of the environment and to processes and measures that improve or worsen the natural foundations of...

Abstract

The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically-driven multi-country survey, which has been administered in over 30 countries to date. Its three aims are, firstly - to monitor and interpret changing public attitudes and values within Europe and to investigate how they interact with Europe's changing institutions, secondly - to advance and consolidate improved methods of cross-national survey measurement in Europe and beyond, and thirdly - to develop a series of European social indicators, including attitudinal indicators.

In the third round, the survey covers 25 countries and employs the most rigorous methodologies. It is funded via the European Commission's 6th Framework Programme, the European Science Foundation, and national funding bodies in each country. It involves strict random probability sampling, a minimum target response rate of 70% and rigorous translation protocols. The hour-long face-to-face interview includes questions on a variety of core topics repeated from previous rounds of the survey and also two modules developed for Round Three covering personal and social well being and the organization of the life course in Europe.

Geographic coverage

1) European Union countries - Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, United Kingdom. 2) Non-European Union countries: Norway, Switzerland, Russian Federation, Ukraine.

Analysis unit

Individual

Universe

All persons aged 15 and over, resident within private households, regardless of their nationality, citizenship, language or legal status, in participating countries.

Kind of data

Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure

Sampling procedure varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on how sampling was conducted in each of the 25 countries.

Mode of data collection

Computer Assisted Personal Interview [capi]

Research instrument

Austria - structured questionnaires in German Belgium - structured questionnaires in Dutch and French Bulgaria - structured questionnaires in Bulgarian Cyprus - structured questionnaires in Greek Denmark - structured questionnaires in Danish Estonia - structured questionnaires in Estonian and Russian Finland - structured questionnaires in Finnish and Swedish France - structured questionnaires in French Germany - structured questionnaires in German Hungary - structured questionnaires in Hungarian Ireland - structured questionnaires in English Latvia - structured questionnaires in Latvian and Russian Netherlands - structured questionnaires in Dutch Norway - structured questionnaires in Norwegian and English Poland - structured questionnaires in Polish Portugal - structured questionnaires in Portuguese Romania - structured questionnaires in Romanian Russian Federation - structured questionnaires in Russian Slovakia - structured questionnaires in Slovak and Hungarian Slovenia - structured questionnaires in Slovenian Spain - structured questionnaires in Spanish and Catalan Sweden - structured questionnaires in Swedish Switzerland - structured questionnaires in Swiss German, French, and Italian Ukraine - structured questionnaires in Ukrainian and Russian United Kingdom - structured questionnaires in English

Response rate

Response rate varied by country. Please see the "Documentation Report" available in the 'Documentation' section for detailed information on the response rate in each of the 25 countries.

The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) is a multidisciplinary and cross-national database of micro data on health, socio-economic status and social and family networks of individuals aged 50 or over which was designed after the role models of the United States Health and Retirement Study (HRS) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). SHARE-Israel was added to the collection during 2005 and 2006 and required a complex adaptation of the SHARE survey instruments for implementation in Israel. In order to access the three major population groups that make up Israeli society, veteran Jewish-Israelis, Arab-Israelis and new immigrants from the former Soviet Union after 1989, it was necessary to translate the CAPI questionnaire and the drop off questionnaire into Hebrew, Arabic and Russian. Data collected include health variables (e.g., self-reported health, physical functioning, cognitive functioning, health behavior, use of health care facilities), psychological variables (e.g., psychological health, well-being, life satisfaction), economic variables such as (current work activity, job characteristics, opportunities to work past retirement age, sources and composition of current income, wealth and consumption, housing, education), and social support variables (e.g., assistance within families, transfers of income and assets, social networks, volunteer activities). Two physical performance measures were also employed. The first was grip strength, the respondent's maximum handgrip strength measured by means of a dynamometer. The second physical performance measure was walking speed, which was asked only of persons aged 75 and older. This physical measurement involved asking the respondent to walk a certain distance and measuring the time it took for the respondent to complete the task. Unique to SHARE-Israel were questions in the drop-off questionnaire regarding trauma. Respondents were asked about difficult life events that they had experienced and the degree to which they were affected by them. The events were drawn from the following areas (1) having personally suffered injury in war, in a terrorist attack, a grave illness or accident, (2) having witnessed injury or death in war, in a terrorist attack, and/or in an accident or crime, (3) having been a victim of crime, abuse, sexual harassment and/or severe economic adversity, (4) having had a close person injured or lost due to war, a terrorist attack, accident or grave illness, (5) loss of spouse and/or offspring, and (6) having provided or received long term care due to functional disability. A separate inventory chronicled respondents' exposure to the Holocaust. Also included in the drop-off questionnaire were questions regarding pension reform: which addressed respondents' awareness of the legislated delay in the age of eligibility for retirement pension in Israel, (for men, age 67 and for women, age 64). It also inquired about implications of the change in pension age, information regarding personal plans for employment or retirement in light of the change, and sources of income that would be used to bridge the period between retirement and receipt of pension, if early retirement was contemplated. Full details regarding SHARE can be located at the SHARE Web site.

A poll released to mark World Mental Health Day reveals that during the 12 months preceding the survey, 15% of respondents across EU Member States sought professional help for psychological or emotional problems and 7% took antidepressants, mostly for depression or anxiety. According to the results, there is still stigma attached to mental disorders, with 22% of those surveyed saying they would find it difficult to speak to a person with a "significant mental disorder". This issue and the other results will be discussed during the next thematic conference under the European Pact for Mental Health and Well-being. The main themes addressed in this report are: • The state of mental well-being – how well people feel mentally and physically, and what impact has this had on their lives• Level of comfort at work – how secure people feel in their current jobs, whether they feel their skills match their current role and whether they feel they receive adequate recognition/respect for what they do • Care and treatment – what help and treatment people have sought to ameliorate any mental health conditions they have experienced • Perceptions of people with mental illness – how comfortable people feel about interacting with those with a mental health problem

The results by volumes are distributed as follows:

• Volume A: Countries
• Volume AA: Groups of countries
• Volume A' (AP): Trends
• Volume AA' (AAP): Trends of groups of countries
• Volume B: EU/socio-demographics
• Volume B' (BP) : Trends of EU/ socio-demographics
• Volume C: Country/socio-demographics ---- Researchers may also contact GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences: https://www.gesis.org/eurobarometer

Replication code and data for the research note "Does Health Vulnerability Predict Voting for Right-Wing Populist Parties in Europe?" in APSR. Data sources: European Social Survey, V-Dem Institute, and World Bank.