Land area (sq. km) in European Union was reported at 3996695 sq. Km in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. European Union - Land area (sq. km) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Surface area (sq. km) in European Union was reported at 4254541 sq. Km in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. European Union - Surface area (sq. km) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

Russia is the largest country in Europe, and also the largest in the world, its total size amounting to 17 million square kilometers (km2). It should be noted, however, that over three quarters of Russia is located in Asia, and the Ural mountains are often viewed as the meeting point of the two continents in Russia; nonetheless, European Russia is still significantly larger than any other European country. Ukraine, the second largest country on the continent, is only 603,000 km2, making it about 28 times smaller than its eastern neighbor, or seven times smaller than the European part of Russia. France is the third largest country in Europe, but the largest in the European Union. The Vatican City, often referred to as the Holy Sea, is both the smallest country in Europe and in the world, at just one km2. Population Russia is also the most populous country in Europe. It has around 144 million inhabitants across the country; in this case, around three quarters of the population live in the European part, which still gives it the largest population in Europe. Despite having the largest population, Russia is a very sparsely populated country due to its size and the harsh winters. Germany is the second most populous country in Europe, with 83 million inhabitants, while the Vatican has the smallest population. Worldwide, India and China are the most populous countries, with approximately 1.4 billion inhabitants each. Cities Moscow in Russia is ranked as the most populous city in Europe with around 13 million inhabitants, although figures vary, due to differences in the methodologies used by countries and sources. Some statistics include Istanbul in Turkey* as the largest city in Europe with its 15 million inhabitants, bit it has been excluded here as most of the country and parts of the city is located in Asia. Worldwide, Tokyo is the most populous city, with Jakarta the second largest and Delhi the third.

The average for 2021 based on 27 countries was 148029 sq. km. The highest value was in France: 547557 sq. km and the lowest value was in Malta: 320 sq. km. The indicator is available from 1961 to 2022. Below is a chart for all countries where data are available.

In 2022, the length of the motorway network in the 27 European Union member states (EU-27) amounted to some 76,100 kilometers. The length of the motorway network showed a trend of continuous growth over between 1990 and 2022.

Population density (people per sq. km of land area) in European Union was reported at 112 sq. Km in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. European Union - Population density (people per sq. km) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on July of 2025.

In 2022, the population density in the European Union remained nearly unchanged at around 112.05 inhabitants per square kilometer. Still, the population density reached its highest value in the observed period in 2022. Population density refers to the number of people living in a certain country or area, given as an average per square kilometer. It is calculated by dividing the total midyear population by the total land area.

Between 1990 and 2020, the total length of railway networks in the European Union declined. The network was extended to 202.6k kilometers in 2021 before decreasing again slightly by just under 500 kilometers in the following year. In 1990, the total railway length in the EU-27 member states had still stood at a significantly higher 220.8k kilometers. High-speed rail defies trend In contrast to the overall decline in railway length, the high-speed rail network saw a prominent extension. Between 1985 and 2022, the number of kilometers available grew almost twentyfold, reaching 12,015 kilometers in 2022. As of 2022, Spain had the greatest length of high-speed rail networks in Europe. It was closely followed by France, with Germany coming in third. Germany home to most extensive rail network Of European countries, Germany recorded the most extensive rail network. As of 2022, Germany’s rail network amounted to over 38,800 kilometers. By comparison, Spain’s network had a total length of about 16,500 kilometers.

European Union population density for 2022 was 112.05, a 0.29% increase from 2021.

<ul style='margin-top:20px;'>

<li>European Union population density for 2021 was <strong>111.73</strong>, a <strong>0.25% decline</strong> from 2020.</li>
<li>European Union population density for 2020 was <strong>112.01</strong>, a <strong>0.08% increase</strong> from 2019.</li>
<li>European Union population density for 2019 was <strong>111.92</strong>, a <strong>0.08% increase</strong> from 2018.</li>
</ul>Population density is midyear population divided by land area in square kilometers. Population is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all residents regardless of legal status or citizenship--except for refugees not permanently settled in the country of asylum, who are generally considered part of the population of their country of origin. Land area is a country's total area, excluding area under inland water bodies, national claims to continental shelf, and exclusive economic zones. In most cases the definition of inland water bodies includes major rivers and lakes.

Forest area (sq. km) in European Union was reported at 1595847 sq. Km in 2022, according to the World Bank collection of development indicators, compiled from officially recognized sources. European Union - Forest area (sq. km) - actual values, historical data, forecasts and projections were sourced from the World Bank on June of 2025.

Between 1985 and 2022, the length of high-speed railway lines in the EU-27 presented a trend of growth. In 1985, the total length amounted to 599 kilometers. By 2022, this value rose to its peak, with 12,015 kilometers of high-speed railway lines in use.

This line graph shows the length of the inland waterway transport network in Europe (EU-28) from 1990 to 2016, in kilometers. The total length of navigable waterways (i.e. canals, rivers, and lakes) used for transport in European Union member states in 2009 was estimated to be 41,360 kilometres.

In 2020, the European road freight market was sized at ***** billion euros. Forecasts for 2021 suggest the market to increase even further, climbing to around ***** billion euros. This growth is in line with the positive trend recorded between 2010 and 2020. Figures had seen year-on-year increases in every year except for 2012. By the end of 2021, the road freight market will have seen an overall increase of **** percent compared to 2010. European road freight market Freight was transported across some 1,764 billion kilometers of European roads in 2019. In the European Union, approximately **** percent of all inland freight was moved via roads in 2018. In recent years, the share of road freight increased incrementally, while rail transportation declined. DHL is the largest logistics company in Europe In 2020, Deutsche Post DHL was the leading goods moving company in Europe. In that year, it generated over **** billion euros in revenue in Germany alone, which put it ahead of its nearest German competitor – Deutsche Bahn. Denmark’s Maersk Group was the third greatest performing European company, with over **** billion euros.

Germany has the largest solar collector surface area across the European Union. As of 2023, solar thermal units in Germany covered some 22.4 square kilometers. This was far more than in any other EU member state. By comparison, the solar thermal surface area in Spain was 4.6 square kilometers.

Summary of model parameters.

High-speed railway lines are lines or sections of lines on which trains can go faster than *** kilometers per hour on upgraded lines or *** km/h on dedicated lines. In 2022, the country with the longest high-speed railway line in Europe was Spain, with a total of ***** kilometers. In second and third place, France and Germany had the longest high-speed railway lines, with ***** and ***** kilometers, respectively. Denmark had the shortest high-speed line among these countries, with a length of ** kilometers. High-speed rail in the wider network When comparing the length of the high-speed railway network to that of the entire railway network in 2022, we see that even though Spain had the longest high-speed railway line, it was fifth among the European countries with the longest railway networks in general, with ****** kilometers. Further, Germany and France were in the opposite order, with Germany having a longer total railway length. While Germany has a network length of ****** kilometers, France’s network is ****** kilometers long. This also shows that high-speed rail only constitutes a fraction of the entire rail network in European countries. Evolution of high-speed rail There appears to be an ever-increasing demand for high-speed rail services over the years. From 1985 to 2022, the total length of the high-speed railway lines in use in the European Union (EU-27) increased from *** kilometers in 1985 to ****** kilometers in 2021, an increase of over ***** percent. In addition, there are plans for future expansion of the high-speed rail network in Europe, where, as of 2022, about ***** kilometers of high-speed rail kilometers were planned or under construction.

Metadata Title: Indices of Change and Extremes from Regional Climate Change Data Description: Indicators of climate change and extremes from regional models coming from 3 sources: PRUDENCE project of the Danish Meteorological Institute, consortial simulation of the Climate Limited-area Modelling (CLM) Community, 12 runs of bias-corrected data from the ENSEMBLES project. Datasets refer to Temperature, Precipitation, Precipitation intensity, Relative Humidity, Aridity Index, HUMIDEX, Heat wave plus statistical indicators such as Min, Max, Percentiles and Standard deviation. Spatial coverage: Europe Pixel size: 10 km Format: Raster (IDRISI) Projection: ETRS89 Lambert Azimuthal Equal Area Release date: 5 April 2013 Information about the data: Climate Change Regional Indicators of Change and Extremes. Data avaialble: Mean Daily temperatureMaximum daily temperature Minimum daily temperatureDaily diurnal temperature rangeTotal precipitationPrecipitation intensity on wet daysLongest period of consecutive dry daysMaximum amount of precipitation in 5 consecutive daysRelative HumidityAridity Index5th percentile of monthly mean of maximum daily temperature 99th percentile of monthly mean of maximum daily temperature 99th percentile of precipitation during wet day No. of days with Tmax>25C (Summer days) No. of days with Tmax>35C No. of Days with Tmin>20C (Tropical nights)No. of Days with Tmin>25C Total annual number of wet daysHeating Degree Days Cooling Degree Days HUMIDEX HUMIDEX > 25 HUMIDEX > 35 Heat Wave

SinMod data, average monthly ocean temperatures at depth 50 m (Barents Sea). IPCC scenario A4R SRES A1B, downscaling atmospheric model: Remo 5.1. Grid size: 20x20 km ||| SinMod data, integrated biomasses of small zooplankton in the water column (Barents Sea). IPCC scenario A4R SRES A1B, downscaling atmospheric model: Remo 5.1. Grid size: 20x20 km ||| Bathymetric SinMod data for the Barents Sea, grid: 20x20km ||| Raw data and Integrated FishExchange data sets covering 2004-2010 (ecosystem suveys, winter surveys and catches). Grid size: 80x80 km

The Cloud Classification (CC) product is generated in Near Real-Time at European scale based on optical satellite data from the Sentinel-2 constellation. The product provides the extent of clouds and cloud shadows with a pixel spacing of 20 m x 20 m. CC is one of the products of the pan-European High-Resolution Water Snow & Ice portfolio (HR-WSI), which are provided at high spatial resolution from the Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 constellations data from September 1, 2016 onwards. The CC product is distributed in raster files covering an area of 110 km by 110 km with a pixel size of 20 m by 20 m in UTM/WGS84 projection, which corresponds to the Sentinel-2 input L1C product tile. Each product is composed of separate files corresponding to the different layers of the product, and another metadata file.

Motivation

In the European Union, there are many foods that have long histories of being produced in one specific region. You may be familiar with champagne, produced in the historical province of Champagne in northeastern France; products made outside this region, even if they are very similar to champagne, cannot be called “champagne” and are usually called “sparkling wine”.

To protect these local foods, European Union regulations recognize certain “geographical indications” (GIs) for food, and restrict the names and labels that can be used for certain food items. There are two categories of GI:

A Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) product must be completely produced within a specific region. For example, only prosciutto from a specific region of Italy can be called “prosciutto di Parma”. A Protected Geographic Indication (PGI) product must have at least one stage of production (but not necessarily all) within a specific region. For example, a product can only be called Black Forest ham if part of the production is done within the Black Forest region of Germany. Additionally, a Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG) product does not have to be from a specific region, but must be produced using certain traditional techniques or materials. For example, pizza napoletana (Neapolitan pizza) must be produced using a traditional method, but can be made anywhere.

Naturally, economists are interested in how this system affects the price of protected products. One theory is that a geographically indicated product’s price is inversely related to the area of the geographic region it can be produced in. If the area is very small, there can only be few producers, and the exclusivity of the product makes it seem more desirable or higher quality; if the area is large, there can be more producers, and the product seems less exclusive.

This dataset comes from a study meant to test this theory by using 22 types of GI ham (Höhn, Huysmans, and Crombez, 2023).

Data

The authors write:

We manually gathered data from online store websites operating in 11 EU countries, namely Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Slovenia and Spain. These countries were chosen based on the following criteria. Our study encompasses all countries of origin of an eligible GI ham that have the euro as currency. Also, it includes the Netherlands as a major pig meat producer (Augère-Granier, 2020) and Ireland as a major ham importer (Török & Jambor, 2016).

We selected 36 online stores of established supermarkets that are present with physical stores in the respective city chosen for delivery, for example, Monoprix in Paris, REWE in Berlin or Coop in Rome. To avoid strong price differences due to strongly different store types we excluded specialty shops focusing on specific product categories. […] To ensure consistency we only gathered observations on supermarket websites providing home delivery in the respective capital’s centre. We collected these cross-sectional data in April 2021.

Each row of the data represents one type of ham from one particular online store. Of the 768 observations, 190 are GI hams (either PDO or PGI), while the rest have no geographic restrictions.

Variable Description

• COO Country of origin of geographical indication (GI) ham, or NA if ham is not GI
• GI If ham has geographical indication (GI), 1, otherwise 0
• GI_cluster Cluster at GI level, or NA if not GI. Cluster is the specific geographic indication, such as “Prosciutto di Parma”
• GI_label Whether the ham is Non-GI, PDO (protected designation of origin), or PGI (protected geographical indication)
• NonGI 1 if not labeled PDO or PGI, 0 otherwise
• PDO 1 if the ham is PDO, 0 otherwise
• PGI 1 if the ham is PGI, 0 otherwise
• TSG 1 if the ham is TSG (traditional specialities guaranteed), 0 otherwise
• breed 1 if a special pig breed is used for the ham, 0 otherwise
• country Country in which the ham is sold
• domestic 1 if the ham is domestic to the country, 0 if it is foreign
• lnarea Natural logarithm of the GI area, square kilometers; NA for non-GI ham
• lnproduction Natural logarithm of the total production of GI ham by the consortium, tons; only available for certain Italian GI hams, and NA otherwise
• lnsourcing Natural logarithm of the area where the pig meat can be sourced, square kilometers
• longevity Years passed since the PDO, PGI, or TSG designation was registered in the European Union, as of April 1, 2021
• maturation The time the ham is matured, in months
• national 1 if the ham is a national brand, 0 if it is a private label brand (i.e. made for the supermarket under their brand name)
• organic 1 if the product is labeled/certified organic, 0 otherwise
• packsize Size of the ham package, in grams
• price Price of the ham per 100 grams, in Euros
• producers Number of producers ...