In 2022, Latvia consumed 11.9 liters of alcohol per capita, which was the highest among European countries. Spain had the second-highest alcohol consumption per capita, at 11.8 liters, with Turkey having the lowest at 1.6 liters.

This statistic displays the distribution of alcohol consumption by males in the European Union aged 25 to 29 years, by country and frequency. Bulgaria had the highest rate of daily drinking and Luxembourg had the highest rate of weekly drinking of men this age. Of Croatian males **** percent stated that they had either never drunk alcohol or not drunk it within the past year.

Definition: share of the population aged 15 and over reporting daily drinking of alcohol. The data comes from the National Health Surveys carried out by the Scientific Institute of Public Health/Sciensano. Eurostat data are used for international comparisons. As these indicators are based on surveys, a margin of uncertainty should be taken into account. This margin of uncertainty increases as the indicator is calculated on smaller sub-populations. The Sciensano website presents the data with confidence intervals and for European data, they are available from Eurostat upon request.

Frequency of alcohol consumption by sex, age and income quintile

Spain - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics was 4.10% in December of 2022, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Spain - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Spain - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics reached a record high of 5.20% in December of 1995 and a record low of 3.90% in December of 2019.

Frequency of alcohol consumption by sex, age and educational attainment level

Denmark - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics was 3.60% in December of 2022, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Denmark - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics - last updated from the EUROSTAT on July of 2025. Historically, Denmark - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics reached a record high of 6.10% in December of 1990 and a record low of 3.40% in December of 2019.

Frequency of alcohol consumption by sex, age and income quintile Copyright notice and free re-use of data on: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright

In 2023, Czechia had the highest per capita consumption of beer in Europe with *** liters of beer consumed. At the same time, it was the only country with a consumption of over *** liters per capita that year. It was followed by Austria with ** liters per person. In comparison, French consumption of beer was at ** liters. European beer consumption Per capita consumption levels of beer differ from the overall volume of beer consumed, although the distribution of alcoholic drink sales is made up predominantly of beer in Europe when based on value. Beer in retail and gastronomy Taxation also plays a large role, with varying levels of excise rates added depending on the country. As such, average retail prices of beer differ drastically across European supermarkets, as well as the share of beer sold on-trade or off-trade, with on-trade prices being generally higher than off-trade prices. On trade beer sales were highest in Portugal.

Frequency of alcohol consumption by sex, age and degree of urbanisation Copyright notice and free re-use of data on: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright

Netherlands - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics was 3.00% in December of 2022, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Netherlands - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics - last updated from the EUROSTAT on August of 2025. Historically, Netherlands - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics reached a record high of 3.40% in December of 2021 and a record low of 2.90% in December of 2008.

Frequency of alcohol consumption by sex, age and degree of urbanisation

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The alcoholic hepatitis treatment market share is expected to increase by USD 695.42 million from 2020 to 2025, and the market’s growth momentum will accelerate at a CAGR of 6.39%. This alcoholic hepatitis treatment market research report provides valuable insights on the post COVID-19 impact on the market, which will help companies evaluate their business approaches. The alcoholic hepatitis treatment market report also offers information on several market vendors, including Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Dr. Reddys Laboratories Ltd., Gilead Sciences Inc., Johnson & Johnson, Mylan NV, Novartis AG, Sanofi SA, Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., Takeda Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. among others. Furthermore, this report extensively covers alcoholic hepatitis treatment market segmentation by type (corticosteroids, xanthine derivatives, and others) and geography (North America, Europe, Asia, and ROW).

What will the Alcoholic Hepatitis Treatment Market Size be During the Forecast Period?

Download the Free Report Sample to Unlock the Alcoholic Hepatitis Treatment Market Size for the Forecast Period and Other Important Statistics

Alcoholic Hepatitis Treatment Market: Key Drivers, Trends, and Challenges

The increasing consumption of alcohol worldwide is notably driving the alcoholic hepatitis treatment market growth, although factors such as lack of therapies to treat severe alcoholic hepatitis may impede market growth. Our research analysts have studied the historical data and deduced the key market drivers and the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the alcoholic hepatitis treatment industry. The holistic analysis of the drivers will help in deducing end goals and refining marketing strategies to gain a competitive edge.

Key Alcoholic Hepatitis Treatment Market Driver

Increasing consumption of alcohol worldwide is a major driver fueling the alcoholic hepatitis treatment market growth. Heavy consumption of alcohol leads to alcoholic hepatitis, which results in hepatic encephalopathy. There has been an increase in the consumption of alcohol globally, which resulted in increased cases of alcoholic hepatitis and mortality rates. In 2017, according to Our World in Data, worldwide alcohol disorders had the highest death toll of 184,934 due to substance use disorders. Brazil, Sub-Saharan Africa, China, India, Russia, and the US, among others, were the countries that observed a high death rate due to alcohol use disorders. Also, every year, 21,815 deaths are caused by alcohol liver diseases in the US. Furthermore, in 2016, a total of 2,744,248 resident deaths were registered in the US. Similarly, according to Eurostat, in wine-producing countries such as Spain, Italy, and Portugal, people tend to drink daily. According to Eurostat, in 2016, 18.6 liters of pure alcohol were consumed per person in Lithuania, followed by Romania (13.7 liters), Bulgaria (13.6 liters), and Belgium (13.2 liters). The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in lockdowns. With the orders of stay at home or work-from-home, the consumption of alcohol spiked in some cities of the US and India. Growing consumption of alcohol is increasing the risk of alcoholic hepatitis. This will drive the global alcoholic hepatitis treatment market during the forecast period.

Key Alcoholic Hepatitis Treatment Market Trend

The development of combination therapies to treat severe alcoholic hepatitis is a major trend influencing the alcoholic hepatitis treatment market growth. The market has witnessed the development of combination therapies to treat severe alcoholic hepatitis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for severe alcoholic hepatitis. Therefore, researchers are focusing on developing combination therapies, as they are more effective. For instance, the researchers at the University of Massachusetts Medical School are studying a combination therapy with Kineret, Trental, and zinc sulfate. During the multicenter study, the combination showed short- and long-term survival benefits in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis with no unexpected treatment-related severe adverse events. Similarly, Gilead Sciences is conducting a Phase II clinical trial to evaluate the safety and tolerability of selonsertib (GS-4997) in combination with prednisolone in patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis. Furthermore, researchers are evaluating an antibiotic combined with a corticosteroid by targeting the group of patients at high risk of death due to alcoholic hepatitis. Also, researchers are conducting a study on N-acetylcysteine and prednisolone combination therapy for people with severe alcoholic hepatitis in order to improve short-term mortality. Such developments of combination therapies are expected to drive the growth of the market during the forecast period.

Key Alcoholic Hepatitis Treatment Market Challenge

The lack of therapies to treat severe alcoholic hepatitis is a majo

Slovakia - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics was 5.00% in December of 2024, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Slovakia - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics - last updated from the EUROSTAT on August of 2025. Historically, Slovakia - Final consumption expenditure of households: Alcoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics reached a record high of 7.60% in December of 1995 and a record low of 4.90% in December of 2008.

Hungary - Final consumption expenditure of households: Food and non-alcoholic beverages was 16.70% in December of 2022, according to the EUROSTAT. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for Hungary - Final consumption expenditure of households: Food and non-alcoholic beverages - last updated from the EUROSTAT on August of 2025. Historically, Hungary - Final consumption expenditure of households: Food and non-alcoholic beverages reached a record high of 23.20% in December of 1995 and a record low of 16.40% in December of 2005.

This database that can be used for macro-level analysis of road accidents on interurban roads in Europe. Through the variables it contains, road accidents can be explained using variables related to economic resources invested in roads, traffic, road network, socioeconomic characteristics, legislative measures and meteorology. This repository contains the data used for the analysis carried out in the papers:

1. Calvo-Poyo F., Navarro-Moreno J., de Oña J. (2020) Road Investment and Traffic Safety: An International Study. Sustainability 12:6332. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12166332

2. Navarro-Moreno J., Calvo-Poyo F., de Oña J. (2022) Influence of road investment and maintenance expenses on injured traffic crashes in European roads. Int J Sustain Transp 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15568318.2022.2082344

3. Navarro-Moreno, J., Calvo-Poyo, F., de Oña, J. (2022) Investment in roads and traffic safety: linked to economic development? A European comparison. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22567

The file with the database is available in excel.

DATA SOURCES

The database presents data from 1998 up to 2016 from 20 european countries: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden and United Kingdom. Crash data were obtained from the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) [2], which offers enough level of disaggregation between crashes occurring inside versus outside built-up areas.

With reference to the data on economic resources invested in roadways, deserving mention –given its extensive coverage—is the database of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), managed by the International Transport Forum (ITF) [1], which collects data on investment in the construction of roads and expenditure on their maintenance, following the definitions of the United Nations System of National Accounts (2008 SNA). Despite some data gaps, the time series present consistency from one country to the next. Moreover, to confirm the consistency and complete missing data, diverse additional sources, mainly the national Transport Ministries of the respective countries were consulted. All the monetary values were converted to constant prices in 2015 using the OECD price index.

To obtain the rest of the variables in the database, as well as to ensure consistency in the time series and complete missing data, the following national and international sources were consulted:

• Eurostat [3]
• Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE). European Union [4]
• The World Bank [5]
• World Health Organization (WHO) [6]
• European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) [7]
• European Road Safety Observatory (ERSO) [8]
• European Climatic Energy Mixes (ECEM) of the Copernicus Climate Change [9]
• EU BestPoint-Project [10]
• Ministerstvo dopravy, República Checa [11]
• Bundesministerium für Verkehr und digitale Infrastruktur, Alemania [12]
• Ministerie van Infrastructuur en Waterstaat, Países Bajos [13]
• National Statistics Office, Malta [14]
• Ministério da Economia e Transição Digital, Portugal [15]
• Ministerio de Fomento, España [16]
• Trafikverket, Suecia [17]
• Ministère de l’environnement de l’énergie et de la mer, Francia [18]
• Ministero delle Infrastrutture e dei Trasporti, Italia [19–25]
• Statistisk sentralbyrå, Noruega [26-29]
• Instituto Nacional de Estatística, Portugal [30]
• Infraestruturas de Portugal S.A., Portugal [31–35]
• Road Safety Authority (RSA), Ireland [36]

DATA BASE DESCRIPTION

The database was made trying to combine the longest possible time period with the maximum number of countries with complete dataset (some countries like Lithuania, Luxemburg, Malta and Norway were eliminated from the definitive dataset owing to a lack of data or breaks in the time series of records). Taking into account the above, the definitive database is made up of 19 variables, and contains data from 20 countries during the period between 1998 and 2016. Table 1 shows the coding of the variables, as well as their definition and unit of measure.

Table. Database metadata

Code	Variable and unit
fatal_pc_km	Fatalities per billion passenger-km
fatal_mIn	Fatalities per million inhabitants
accid_adj_pc_km	Accidents per billion passenger-km
p_km	Billions of passenger-km
croad_inv_km	Investment in roads construction per kilometer, €/km (2015 constant prices)
croad_maint_km	Expenditure on roads maintenance per kilometer €/km (2015 constant prices)
prop_motorwa	Proportion of motorways over the total road network (%)
populat	Population, in millions of inhabitants
unemploy	Unemployment rate (%)
petro_car	Consumption of gasolina and petrol derivatives (tons), per tourism
alcohol	Alcohol consumption, in liters per capita (age > 15)
mot_index	Motorization index, in cars per 1,000 inhabitants
den_populat	Population density, inhabitants/km2
cgdp	Gross Domestic Product (GDP), in € (2015 constant prices)
cgdp_cap	GDP per capita, in € (2015 constant prices)
precipit	Average depth of rain water during a year (mm)
prop_elder	Proportion of people over 65 years (%)
dps	Demerit Point System, dummy variable (0: no; 1: yes)
freight	Freight transport, in billions of ton-km

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This database was carried out in the framework of the project “Inversión en carreteras y seguridad vial: un análisis internacional (INCASE)”, financed by: FEDER/Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades–Agencia Estatal de Investigación/Proyecto RTI2018-101770-B-I00, within Spain´s National Program of R+D+i Oriented to Societal Challenges.

Moreover, the authors would like to express their gratitude to the Ministry of Transport, Mobility and Urban Agenda of Spain (MITMA), and the Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure of Germany (BMVI) for providing data for this study.

REFERENCES

1. International Transport Forum OECD iLibrary | Transport infrastructure investment and maintenance.

2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNECE Statistical Database Available online: https://w3.unece.org/PXWeb2015/pxweb/en/STAT/STAT_40-TRTRANS/?rxid=18ad5d0d-bd5e-476f-ab7c-40545e802eeb (accessed on Apr 28, 2020).

3. European Commission Database - Eurostat Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (accessed on Apr 28, 2021).

4. Directorate-General for Mobility and Transport. European Commission EU Transport in figures - Statistical Pocketbooks Available online: https://ec.europa.eu/transport/facts-fundings/statistics_en (accessed on Apr 28, 2021).

5. World Bank Group World Bank Open Data | Data Available online: https://data.worldbank.org/ (accessed on Apr 30, 2021).

6. World Health Organization (WHO) WHO Global Information System on Alcohol and Health Available online: https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.GISAH?lang=en (accessed on Apr 29, 2021).

7. European Transport Safety Council (ETSC) Traffic Law Enforcement across the EU - Tackling the Three Main Killers on Europe’s Roads; Brussels, Belgium, 2011;

8. Copernicus Climate Change Service Climate data for the European energy sector from 1979 to 2016 derived from ERA-Interim Available online: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/cdsapp#!/dataset/sis-european-energy-sector?tab=overview (accessed on Apr 29, 2021).

9. Klipp, S.; Eichel, K.; Billard, A.; Chalika, E.; Loranc, M.D.; Farrugia, B.; Jost, G.; Møller, M.; Munnelly, M.; Kallberg, V.P.; et al. European Demerit Point Systems : Overview of their main features and expert opinions. EU BestPoint-Project 2011, 1–237.

10. Ministerstvo dopravy Serie: Ročenka dopravy; Ročenka dopravy; Centrum dopravního výzkumu: Prague, Czech Republic;

11. Bundesministerium

Frequency of heavy episodic drinking by sex, age and income quintile

Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices (HICP) are designed for international comparisons of consumer price inflation. HICPs are used for the assessment of the inflation convergence criterion as required under Article 121 of the Treaty of Amsterdam and by the ECB for assessing price stability for monetary policy purposes. The ECB defines price stability on the basis of the annual rate of change of the euro area HICP. HICPs are compiled on the basis of harmonised standards, binding for all Member States. Conceptually, the HICP are Laspeyres-type price indices and are computed as annual chain-indices allowing for weights changing each year. HICP are broken down by category of consumption expenditure on the basis of the ECOICOP-HICP classification. HICP are produced and published using a common index reference period (2015 = 100). Growth rates are calculated from published index levels. Indexes, as well as both growth rates with respect to the previous month (M/M-1) and with respect to the corresponding month of the previous year (M/M-12) are neither calendar nor seasonally adjusted. Copyright notice and free re-use of data on: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright

Drinking milk - distribution of enterprises by volume of annual production

Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices (HICP) are designed for international comparisons of consumer price inflation. HICPs are used for the assessment of the inflation convergence criterion as required under Article 121 of the Treaty of Amsterdam and by the ECB for assessing price stability for monetary policy purposes. The ECB defines price stability on the basis of the annual rate of change of the euro area HICP. HICPs are compiled on the basis of harmonised standards, binding for all Member States. Conceptually, the HICP are Laspeyres-type price indices and are computed as annual chain-indices allowing for weights changing each year. HICP are broken down by category of consumption expenditure on the basis of the ECOICOP-HICP classification. HICP are produced and published using a common index reference period (2015 = 100). Growth rates are calculated from published index levels. Indexes, as well as both growth rates with respect to the previous month (M/M-1) and with respect to the corresponding month of the previous year (M/M-12) are neither calendar nor seasonally adjusted. Copyright notice and free re-use of data on: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/about-us/policies/copyright