In this course, you will learn to work within the free and open-source R environment with a specific focus on working with and analyzing geospatial data. We will cover a wide variety of data and spatial data analytics topics, and you will learn how to code in R along the way. The Introduction module provides more background info about the course and course set up. This course is designed for someone with some prior GIS knowledge. For example, you should know the basics of working with maps, map projections, and vector and raster data. You should be able to perform common spatial analysis tasks and make map layouts. If you do not have a GIS background, we would recommend checking out the West Virginia View GIScience class. We do not assume that you have any prior experience with R or with coding. So, don't worry if you haven't developed these skill sets yet. That is a major goal in this course.

Background material will be provided using code examples, videos, and presentations. We have provided assignments to offer hands-on learning opportunities. Data links for the lecture modules are provided within each module while data for the assignments are linked to the assignment buttons below. Please see the sequencing document for our suggested order in which to work through the material.

After completing this course you will be able to:

prepare, manipulate, query, and generally work with data in R. perform data summarization, comparisons, and statistical tests. create quality graphs, map layouts, and interactive web maps to visualize data and findings. present your research, methods, results, and code as web pages to foster reproducible research. work with spatial data in R. analyze vector and raster geospatial data to answer a question with a spatial component. make spatial models and predictions using regression and machine learning. code in the R language at an intermediate level.

The establishment of a BES Multi-User Geodatabase (BES-MUG) allows for the storage, management, and distribution of geospatial data associated with the Baltimore Ecosystem Study. At present, BES data is distributed over the internet via the BES website. While having geospatial data available for download is a vast improvement over having the data housed at individual research institutions, it still suffers from some limitations. BES-MUG overcomes these limitations; improving the quality of the geospatial data available to BES researches, thereby leading to more informed decision-making.

   BES-MUG builds on Environmental Systems Research Institute's (ESRI) ArcGIS and ArcSDE technology. ESRI was selected because its geospatial software offers robust capabilities. ArcGIS is implemented agency-wide within the USDA and is the predominant geospatial software package used by collaborating institutions.


   Commercially available enterprise database packages (DB2, Oracle, SQL) provide an efficient means to store, manage, and share large datasets. However, standard database capabilities are limited with respect to geographic datasets because they lack the ability to deal with complex spatial relationships. By using ESRI's ArcSDE (Spatial Database Engine) in conjunction with database software, geospatial data can be handled much more effectively through the implementation of the Geodatabase model. Through ArcSDE and the Geodatabase model the database's capabilities are expanded, allowing for multiuser editing, intelligent feature types, and the establishment of rules and relationships. ArcSDE also allows users to connect to the database using ArcGIS software without being burdened by the intricacies of the database itself.


   For an example of how BES-MUG will help improve the quality and timeless of BES geospatial data consider a census block group layer that is in need of updating. Rather than the researcher downloading the dataset, editing it, and resubmitting to through ORS, access rules will allow the authorized user to edit the dataset over the network. Established rules will ensure that the attribute and topological integrity is maintained, so that key fields are not left blank and that the block group boundaries stay within tract boundaries. Metadata will automatically be updated showing who edited the dataset and when they did in the event any questions arise.


   Currently, a functioning prototype Multi-User Database has been developed for BES at the University of Vermont Spatial Analysis Lab, using Arc SDE and IBM's DB2 Enterprise Database as a back end architecture. This database, which is currently only accessible to those on the UVM campus network, will shortly be migrated to a Linux server where it will be accessible for database connections over the Internet. Passwords can then be handed out to all interested researchers on the project, who will be able to make a database connection through the Geographic Information Systems software interface on their desktop computer. 


   This database will include a very large number of thematic layers. Those layers are currently divided into biophysical, socio-economic and imagery categories. Biophysical includes data on topography, soils, forest cover, habitat areas, hydrology and toxics. Socio-economics includes political and administrative boundaries, transportation and infrastructure networks, property data, census data, household survey data, parks, protected areas, land use/land cover, zoning, public health and historic land use change. Imagery includes a variety of aerial and satellite imagery.


   See the readme: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/readme.txt


   See the file listing: http://96.56.36.108/geodatabase_SAL/diroutput.txt

About this itemStory Maps are a powerful platform that integrate spatial thinking with storytelling to present information in a compelling, interactive and easy to understand format. The University of Minnesota StoryMaps team provides support and resources for faculty looking to incorporate spatial tools such as StoryMaps, Survey 123 and other web-based GIS applications into their classrooms. The UMN StoryMaps site has examples of student projects, samples of project ideas/assignments/rubrics and user guides for students. This team’s work has received national recognition for promoting the role of spatial thinking and StoryMaps in higher education, K12 and informal learning spaces.Author/ContributorU-SpatialOrganizationUniversity of MinnesotaOrg Websitesystem.umn.edu

Geostatistics analyzes and predicts the values associated with spatial or spatial-temporal phenomena. It incorporates the spatial (and in some cases temporal) coordinates of the data within the analyses. It is a practical means of describing spatial patterns and interpolating values for locations where samples were not taken (and measures the uncertainty of those values, which is critical to informed decision making). This archive contains results of geostatistical analysis of COVID-19 case counts for all available US counties. Test results were obtained with ArcGIS Pro (ESRI). Sources are state health departments, which are scraped and aggregated by the Johns Hopkins Coronavirus Resource Center and then pre-processed by MappingSupport.com.

This update of the Zenodo dataset (version 6) consists of three compressed archives containing geostatistical analyses of SARS-CoV-2 testing data. This dataset utilizes many of the geostatistical techniques used in previous versions of this Zenodo archive, but has been significantly expanded to include analyses of up-to-date U.S. COVID-19 case data (from March 24th to September 8th, 2020):

Archive #1: “1.Geostat. Space-Time analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the US (Mar24-Sept6).zip” – results of a geostatistical analysis of COVID-19 cases incorporating spatially-weighted hotspots that are conserved over one-week timespans. Results are reported starting from when U.S. COVID-19 case data first became available (March 24th, 2020) for 25 consecutive 1-week intervals (March 24th through to September 6th, 2020). Hotspots, where found, are reported in each individual state, rather than the entire continental United States.

Archive #2: "2.Geostat. Spatial analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in the US (Mar24-Sept8).zip" – the results from geostatistical spatial analyses only of corrected COVID-19 case data for the continental United States, spanning the period from March 24th through September 8th, 2020. The geostatistical techniques utilized in this archive includes ‘Hot Spot’ analysis and ‘Cluster and Outlier’ analysis.

Archive #3: "3.Kriging and Densification of SARS-CoV-2 in LA and MA.zip" – this dataset provides preliminary kriging and densification analysis of COVID-19 case data for certain dates within the U.S. states of Louisiana and Massachusetts.

These archives consist of map files (as both static images and as animations) and data files (including text files which contain the underlying data of said map files [where applicable]) which were generated when performing the following Geostatistical analyses: Hot Spot analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) [‘Archive #1’: consecutive weeklong Space-Time Hot Spot analysis; ‘Archive #2’: daily Hot Spot Analysis], Cluster and Outlier analysis (Anselin Local Moran's I) [‘Archive #2’], Spatial Autocorrelation (Global Moran's I) [‘Archive #2’], and point-to-point comparisons with Kriging and Densification analysis [‘Archive #3’].

The Word document provided ("Description-of-Archive.Updated-Geostatistical-Analysis-of-SARS-CoV-2 (version 6).docx") details the contents of each file and folder within these three archives and gives general interpretations of these results.

Progress Needed on Identifying Expenditures, Building and Utilizing a Data Infrastructure, and Reducing Duplicative Efforts The federal government collects, maintains, and uses geospatial information—data linked to specific geographic locations—to help support varied missions, including national security and natural resources conservation. To coordinate geospatial activities, in 1994 the President issued an executive order to develop a National Spatial Data Infrastructure—a framework for coordination that includes standards, data themes, and a clearinghouse. GAO was asked to review federal and state coordination of geospatial data. GAO’s objectives were to (1) describe the geospatial data that selected federal agencies and states use and how much is spent on geospatial data; (2) assess progress in establishing the National Spatial Data Infrastructure; and (3) determine whether selected federal agencies and states invest in duplicative geospatial data. To do so, GAO identified federal and state uses of geospatial data; evaluated available cost data from 2013 to 2015; assessed FGDC’s and selected agencies’ efforts to establish the infrastructure; and analyzed federal and state datasets to identify duplication. What GAO Found Federal agencies and state governments use a variety of geospatial datasets to support their missions. For example, after Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the Federal Emergency Management Agency used geospatial data to identify 44,000 households that were damaged and inaccessible and reported that, as a result, it was able to provide expedited assistance to area residents. Federal agencies report spending billions of dollars on geospatial investments; however, the estimates are understated because agencies do not always track geospatial investments. For example, these estimates do not include billions of dollars spent on earth-observing satellites that produce volumes of geospatial data. The Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC) and the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) have started an initiative to have agencies identify and report annually on geospatial-related investments as part of the fiscal year 2017 budget process. FGDC and selected federal agencies have made progress in implementing their responsibilities for the National Spatial Data Infrastructure as outlined in OMB guidance; however, critical items remain incomplete. For example, the committee established a clearinghouse for records on geospatial data, but the clearinghouse lacks an effective search capability and performance monitoring. FGDC also initiated plans and activities for coordinating with state governments on the collection of geospatial data; however, state officials GAO contacted are generally not satisfied with the committee’s efforts to coordinate with them. Among other reasons, they feel that the committee is focused on a federal perspective rather than a national one, and that state recommendations are often ignored. In addition, selected agencies have made limited progress in their own strategic planning efforts and in using the clearinghouse to register their data to ensure they do not invest in duplicative data. For example, 8 of the committee’s 32 member agencies have begun to register their data on the clearinghouse, and they have registered 59 percent of the geospatial data they deemed critical. Part of the reason that agencies are not fulfilling their responsibilities is that OMB has not made it a priority to oversee these efforts. Until OMB ensures that FGDC and federal agencies fully implement their responsibilities, the vision of improving the coordination of geospatial information and reducing duplicative investments will not be fully realized. OMB guidance calls for agencies to eliminate duplication, avoid redundant expenditures, and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the sharing and dissemination of geospatial data. However, some data are collected multiple times by federal, state, and local entities, resulting in duplication in effort and resources. A new initiative to create a national address database could potentially result in significant savings for federal, state, and local governments. However, agencies face challenges in effectively coordinating address data collection efforts, including statutory restrictions on sharing certain federal address data. Until there is effective coordination across the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, there will continue to be duplicative efforts to obtain and maintain these data at every level of government.https://www.gao.gov/assets/d15193.pdfWhat GAO Recommends GAO suggests that Congress consider assessing statutory limitations on address data to foster progress toward a national address database. GAO also recommends that OMB improve its oversight of FGDC and federal agency initiatives, and that FGDC and selected agencies fully implement initiatives. The agencies generally agreed with the recommendations and identified plans to implement them.

A major objective of plant ecology research is to determine the underlying processes responsible for the observed spatial distribution patterns of plant species. Plants can be approximated as points in space for this purpose, and thus, spatial point pattern analysis has become increasingly popular in ecological research. The basic piece of data for point pattern analysis is a point location of an ecological object in some study region. Therefore, point pattern analysis can only be performed if data can be collected. However, due to the lack of a convenient sampling method, a few previous studies have used point pattern analysis to examine the spatial patterns of grassland species. This is unfortunate because being able to explore point patterns in grassland systems has widespread implications for population dynamics, community-level patterns and ecological processes. In this study, we develop a new method to measure individual coordinates of species in grassland communities. This method records plant growing positions via digital picture samples that have been sub-blocked within a geographical information system (GIS). Here, we tested out the new method by measuring the individual coordinates of Stipa grandis in grazed and ungrazed S. grandis communities in a temperate steppe ecosystem in China. Furthermore, we analyzed the pattern of S. grandis by using the pair correlation function g(r) with both a homogeneous Poisson process and a heterogeneous Poisson process. Our results showed that individuals of S. grandis were overdispersed according to the homogeneous Poisson process at 0-0.16 m in the ungrazed community, while they were clustered at 0.19 m according to the homogeneous and heterogeneous Poisson processes in the grazed community. These results suggest that competitive interactions dominated the ungrazed community, while facilitative interactions dominated the grazed community. In sum, we successfully executed a new sampling method, using digital photography and a Geographical Information System, to collect experimental data on the spatial point patterns for the populations in this grassland community.

Methods 1. Data collection using digital photographs and GIS

A flat 5 m x 5 m sampling block was chosen in a study grassland community and divided with bamboo chopsticks into 100 sub-blocks of 50 cm x 50 cm (Fig. 1). A digital camera was then mounted to a telescoping stake and positioned in the center of each sub-block to photograph vegetation within a 0.25 m2 area. Pictures were taken 1.75 m above the ground at an approximate downward angle of 90° (Fig. 2). Automatic camera settings were used for focus, lighting and shutter speed. After photographing the plot as a whole, photographs were taken of each individual plant in each sub-block. In order to identify each individual plant from the digital images, each plant was uniquely marked before the pictures were taken (Fig. 2 B).

Digital images were imported into a computer as JPEG files, and the position of each plant in the pictures was determined using GIS. This involved four steps: 1) A reference frame (Fig. 3) was established using R2V software to designate control points, or the four vertexes of each sub-block (Appendix S1), so that all plants in each sub-block were within the same reference frame. The parallax and optical distortion in the raster images was then geometrically corrected based on these selected control points; 2) Maps, or layers in GIS terminology, were set up for each species as PROJECT files (Appendix S2), and all individuals in each sub-block were digitized using R2V software (Appendix S3). For accuracy, the digitization of plant individual locations was performed manually; 3) Each plant species layer was exported from a PROJECT file to a SHAPE file in R2V software (Appendix S4); 4) Finally each species layer was opened in Arc GIS software in the SHAPE file format, and attribute data from each species layer was exported into Arc GIS to obtain the precise coordinates for each species. This last phase involved four steps of its own, from adding the data (Appendix S5), to opening the attribute table (Appendix S6), to adding new x and y coordinate fields (Appendix S7) and to obtaining the x and y coordinates and filling in the new fields (Appendix S8).

1. Data reliability assessment

To determine the accuracy of our new method, we measured the individual locations of Leymus chinensis, a perennial rhizome grass, in representative community blocks 5 m x 5 m in size in typical steppe habitat in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China in July 2010 (Fig. 4 A). As our standard for comparison, we used a ruler to measure the individual coordinates of L. chinensis. We tested for significant differences between (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, and (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler (see section 3.2 Data Analysis). If (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, and (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis, as measured with our new method and with the ruler, did not differ significantly, then we could conclude that our new method of measuring the coordinates of L. chinensis was reliable.

We compared the results using a t-test (Table 1). We found no significant differences in either (1) the coordinates of L. chinensis or (2) the pair correlation function g of L. chinensis. Further, we compared the pattern characteristics of L. chinensis when measured by our new method against the ruler measurements using a null model. We found that the two pattern characteristics of L. chinensis did not differ significantly based on the homogenous Poisson process or complete spatial randomness (Fig. 4 B). Thus, we concluded that the data obtained using our new method was reliable enough to perform point pattern analysis with a null model in grassland communities.

This HydroShare resource was created to share large extent spatial (LES) datasets in Maryland on GeoServer (https://geoserver.hydroshare.org/geoserver/web/wicket/bookmarkable/org.geoserver.web.demo.MapPreviewPage) and THREDDS (https://thredds.hydroshare.org/thredds/catalog/hydroshare/resources/catalog.html).

Users can access the uploaded LES datasets on HydroShare-GeoServer and THREDDS using this HS resource id.

Then, through the RHESSys workflows, users can subset LES datasets using OWSLib and xarray.

Database created for replication of GeoStoryTelling. Our life stories evolve in specific and contextualized places. Although our homes may be our primarily shaping environment, our homes are themselves situated in neighborhoods that expose us to the immediate “real world” outside home. Indeed, the places where we are currently experiencing, and have experienced life, play a fundamental role in gaining a deeper and more nuanced understanding of our beliefs, fears, perceptions of the world, and even our prospects of social mobility. Despite the immediate impact of the places where we experience life in reaching a better understanding of our life stories, to date most qualitative and mixed methods researchers forego the analytic and elucidating power that geo-contextualizing our narratives bring to social and health research. From this view then, most research findings and conclusions may have been ignoring the spatial contexts that most likely have shaped the experiences of research participants. The main reason for the underuse of these geo-contextualized stories is the requirement of specialized training in geographical information systems and/or computer and statistical programming along with the absence of cost-free and user-friendly geo-visualization tools that may allow non-GIS experts to benefit from geo-contextualized outputs. To address this gap, we present GeoStoryTelling, an analytic framework and user-friendly, cost-free, multi-platform software that enables researchers to visualize their geo-contextualized data narratives. The use of this software (available in Mac and Windows operative systems) does not require users to learn GIS nor computer programming to obtain state-of-the-art, and visually appealing maps. In addition to providing a toy database to fully replicate the outputs presented, we detail the process that researchers need to follow to build their own databases without the need of specialized external software nor hardware. We show how the resulting HTML outputs are capable of integrating a variety of multi-media inputs (i.e., text, image, videos, sound recordings/music, and hyperlinks to other websites) to provide further context to the geo-located stories we are sharing (example https://cutt.ly/k7X9tfN). Accordingly, the goals of this paper are to describe the components of the methodology, the steps to construct the database, and to provide unrestricted access to the software tool, along with a toy dataset so that researchers may interact first-hand with GeoStoryTelling and fully replicate the outputs discussed herein. Since GeoStoryTelling relied on OpenStreetMap its applications may be used worldwide, thus strengthening its potential reach to the mixed methods and qualitative scientific communities, regardless of location around the world. Keywords: Geographical Information Systems; Interactive Visualizations; Data StoryTelling; Mixed Methods & Qualitative Research Methodologies; Spatial Data Science; Geo-Computation.

This HydroShare resource was created to share large extent spatial (LES) datasets in Virginia on GeoServer (https://geoserver.hydroshare.org/geoserver/web/wicket/bookmarkable/org.geoserver.web.demo.MapPreviewPage) and THREDDS (https://thredds.hydroshare.org/thredds/catalog/hydroshare/resources/catalog.html).

Users can access the uploaded LES datasets on HydroShare-GeoServer and THREDDS using this HS resource id. This resource was created using HS 2.

Then, through the RHESSys workflows, users can subset LES datasets using OWSLib and xarray.

This HydroShare resource was created to share large extent spatial (LES) datasets in North Carolina on GeoServer (https://geoserver.hydroshare.org/geoserver/web/wicket/bookmarkable/org.geoserver.web.demo.MapPreviewPage) and THREDDS (https://thredds.hydroshare.org/thredds/catalog/hydroshare/resources/catalog.html).

Users can access the uploaded LES datasets on HydroShare-GeoServer and THREDDS using this HS resource id. This resource was created using HS 2.

Then, through the RHESSys workflows, users can subset LES datasets using OWSLib and xarray.

Replication data for the turnout example in Chapter 5 of Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences.

This paper provides an abstract analysis of parallel processing strategies for spatial and spatio-temporal data. It isolates aspects such as data locality and computational locality as well as redundancy and locally sequential access as central elements of parallel algorithm design for spatial data. Furthermore, the paper gives some examples from simple and advanced GIS and spatial data analysis highlighting both that big data systems have been around long before the current hype of big data and that they follow some design principles which are inevitable for spatial data including distributed data structures and messaging, which are, however, incompatible with the popular MapReduce paradigm. Throughout this discussion, the need for a replacement or extension of the MapReduce paradigm for spatial data is derived. This paradigm should be able to deal with the imperfect data locality inherent to spatial data hindering full independence of non-trivial computational tasks. We conclude that more research is needed and that spatial big data systems should pick up more concepts like graphs, shortest paths, raster data, events, and streams at the same time instead of solving exactly the set of spatially separable problems such as line simplifications or range queries in manydifferent ways.

This dataset contains Spatial Transcriptomics (ST) data matching with Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization - Mass Spetrometry Imaging (MALDI-MSI). This data is complementary to data contained in the same project. FIles with the same identifiers in the two datasets originated from the very same tissue section and can be combined in a multimodal ST-MSI object. For more information about the dataset please see our manuscript posted on BioRxiv (doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2023.01.26.525195). This dataset includes ST data from 19 tissue sections, including human post-mortem and mouse samples. The spatial transcriptomics data was generated using the Visium protocol (10x Genomics). The murine tissue sections come from three different mice unilaterally injected with 6-OHDA. 6-OHDA is a neurotoxin that when injected in the brain can selectively destroy dopaminergic neurons. We used this mouse model to show the applicability of the technology that we developed, named Spatial Multimodal Analysis (SMA). Using our technology on these mouse brain tissue sections we were able to detect both dopamine with MALDI-MSI and the corresponding gene expression with ST. This dataset includes also one human post-mortem striatum sample that was placed on one Visium slide across the four capture areas. This sample was analyzed with a different ST protocol named RRST (Mirzazadeh, R., Andrusivova, Z., Larsson, L. et al. Spatially resolved transcriptomic profiling of degraded and challenging fresh frozen samples. Nat Commun 14, 509 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-36071-5), where probes capturing the whole transcriptome are first hybridized in the tissue section and then spatially detected. Each tissue section contained in the dataset has been given a unique identifier that is composed of the Visium array ID and capture area ID of the Visium slide that the tissue section was placed on. This unique identifier is included in the file names of all the files relative to the same tissue section, including the MALDI-MSI files published in the other dataset included in this project. In this dataset you will find the following files for each tissue section: - raw files: these are the read one fastq files (containing the pattern *R1*fastq.gz in the file name), read two fastq files (containing the pattern *R1*fastq.gz in the file name) and the raw microscope images (containing the pattern Spot.jpg in the file name). These are the only files needed to run the Space Ranger pipeline, which is freely available for any user (please see the 10x Genomics website for information on how to install and run Space Ranger); - processed data files: we provide processed data files of two types: a) Space Ranger outputs that were used to produce the figures in our publication; b) manual annotation tables in csv format produced using Loupe Browser 6 (csv tables with file names ending _RegionLoupe.csv, _filter.csv, _dopamine.csv, _lesion.csv, _region.csv patterns); c) json files that we used as input for Space Ranger in the cases where the automatic tissue detection included in the pipeline failed to recognize the tissue or the fiducials. Using these processed files the user can reproduce the figures of our publication without having to restart from the raw data files. The MALDI-MSI analyses preceding ST was performed with different matrices in different tissue section. We used 1) 9-aminoacridine (9-AA) for detection of metabolites in negative ionization mode, 2) 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) for detection of metabolites in positive ionization mode, 3) 4-(anthracen-9-yl)-2-fluoro-1-ethylpyridin-1-ium iodide (FMP-10), which charge-tags molecules with phenolic hydroxyls and/or primary amines, including neurotransmitters. The information about which matrix was sprayed on the tissue sections and other information about the samples is included in the metadata table. We also used three types of control samples: - standard Visium: samples processed with standard Visium (i.e. no matrix spraying, no MALDI-MSI, protocol as recommended by 10x Gemomics with no exeptions) - internal controls (iCTRL): samples not sprayed with any matrix, neither processed with MALDI-MSI, but located on the same Visium slide were other samples were processed with MALDI-MSI - FMP-10-iCTRL: sample sprayed with FMP-10, and then processed as an iCTRL. This and other information is provided in the metadata table.

Dataset

This dataset was created by Takao Shibamoto

Contents

It contains the following files:

Datasets- simple_land_cover1.tif - an example land cover dataset presented in Figures 1 and 2- simple_landform1.tif - an example landform dataset presented in Figures 1 and 2- landcover_europe.tif - a land cover dataset with nine categories for Europe - landcover_europe.qml - a QGIS color style for the landcover_europe.tif dataset- landform_europe.tif - a landform dataset with 17 categories for Europe - landform_europe.qml - a QGIS color style for the landform_europe.tif dataset- map1.gpkg - a map of LTs in Europe constructed using the INCOMA-based method- map1.qml - a QGIS color style for the map1.gpkg dataset- map2.gpkg - a map of LTs in Europe constructed using the COMA method to identify and delineate pattern types in each theme separately- map2.qml - a QGIS color style for the map2.gpkg dataset- map3.gpkg - a map of LTs in Europe constructed using the map overlay method- map3.qml - a QGIS color style for the map3.gpkg dataset

Snapshot img

North America Geographic Information System Market Size 2025-2029

The geographic information system market size in North America is forecast to increase by USD 11.4 billion at a CAGR of 23.7% between 2024 and 2029.

The market is experiencing significant growth due to the increasing adoption of advanced technologies such as artificial intelligence, satellite imagery, and sensors in various industries. In fleet management, GIS software is being used to optimize routes and improve operational efficiency. In the context of smart cities, GIS solutions are being utilized for content delivery, public safety, and building information modeling. The demand for miniaturization of technologies is also driving the market, allowing for the integration of GIS into smaller devices and applications. However, data security concerns remain a challenge, as the collection and storage of sensitive information requires robust security measures. The insurance industry is also leveraging GIS for telematics and risk assessment, while the construction sector uses GIS for server-based project management and planning. Overall, the GIS market is poised for continued growth as these trends and applications continue to evolve.

What will be the Size of the market During the Forecast Period?

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The Geographic Information System (GIS) market encompasses a range of technologies and applications that enable the collection, management, analysis, and visualization of spatial data. Key industries driving market growth include transportation, infrastructure planning, urban planning, and environmental monitoring. Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite imaging and aerial photography, play a significant role in data collection. Artificial intelligence and the Internet of Things (IoT) are increasingly integrated into GIS solutions for real-time location data processing and operational efficiency.
Applications span various sectors, including agriculture, natural resources, construction, and smart cities. GIS is essential for infrastructure analysis, disaster management, and land management. Geospatial technology enables spatial data integration, providing valuable insights for decision-making and optimization. Market size is substantial and growing, fueled by increasing demand for efficient urban planning, improved infrastructure, and environmental sustainability. Geospatial startups continue to emerge, innovating in areas such as telematics, natural disasters, and smart city development.

How is this market segmented and which is the largest segment?

The market research report provides comprehensive data (region-wise segment analysis), with forecasts and estimates in 'USD million' for the period 2025-2029, as well as historical data from 2019-2023 for the following segments.

Component

  Software
  Data
  Services


Deployment

  On-premise
  Cloud


Geography

  North America

    Canada
    Mexico
    US

By Component Insights

The software segment is estimated to witness significant growth during the forecast period.

The Geographic Information System (GIS) market encompasses desktop, mobile, cloud, and server software for managing and analyzing spatial data. In North America, industry-specific GIS software dominates, with some commercial entities providing open-source alternatives for limited functions like routing and geocoding. Despite this, counterfeit products pose a threat, making open-source software a viable option for smaller applications. Market trends indicate a shift towards cloud-based GIS solutions for enhanced operational efficiency and real-time location data. Spatial data applications span various sectors, including transportation infrastructure planning, urban planning, natural resources management, environmental monitoring, agriculture, and disaster management. Technological innovations, such as artificial intelligence, the Internet of Things (IoT), and satellite imagery, are revolutionizing GIS solutions.

Cloud-based GIS solutions, IoT integration, and augmented reality are emerging trends. Geospatial technology is essential for smart city projects, climate monitoring, intelligent transportation systems, and land management. Industry statistics indicate steady growth, with key players focusing on product innovation, infrastructure optimization, and geospatial utility solutions.

Get a glance at the market report of share of various segments Request Free Sample

Market Dynamics

Our North America Geographic Information System Market researchers analyzed the data with 2024 as the base year, along with the key drivers, trends, and challenges. A holistic analysis of drivers will help companies refine their marketing strategies to gain a competitive advantage.

What are the key market drivers leading to the rise in the adoption of the North America Geographic Information System Market?

Rising applications of geographi

This dataset is built for time-series Sentinel-2 cloud detection and stored in Tensorflow TFRecord (refer to https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/load_data/tfrecord).

Each file is compressed in 7z format and can be decompressed using Bandzip or 7-zip software.

Dataset Structure:

Each filename can be split into three parts using underscores. The first part indicates whether it is designated for training or validation ('train' or 'val'); the second part indicates the Sentinel-2 tile name, and the last part indicates the number of samples in this file.

For each sample, it includes:

1. Sample ID;
2. Array of time series 4 band image patches in 10m resolution, shaped as (n_timestamps, 4, 42, 42);
3. Label list indicating cloud cover status for the center \(6\times6\) pixels of each timestamp;
4. Ordinal list for each timestamp;
5. Sample weight list (reserved);

Here is a demonstration function for parsing the TFRecord file:

import tensorflow as tf

# init Tensorflow Dataset from file name
def parseRecordDirect(fname):
  sep = '/'
  parts = tf.strings.split(fname,sep)
  tn = tf.strings.split(parts[-1],sep='_')[-2]
  nn = tf.strings.to_number(tf.strings.split(parts[-1],sep='_')[-1],tf.dtypes.int64)
  t = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensors(tn).repeat().take(nn)
  t1 = tf.data.TFRecordDataset(fname)
  ds = tf.data.Dataset.zip((t, t1))
  return ds

keys_to_features_direct = {
  'localid': tf.io.FixedLenFeature([], tf.int64, -1),
  'image_raw_ldseries': tf.io.FixedLenFeature((), tf.string, ''),
  'labels': tf.io.FixedLenFeature((), tf.string, ''),
  'dates': tf.io.FixedLenFeature((), tf.string, ''),
  'weights': tf.io.FixedLenFeature((), tf.string, '')
    }

# The Decoder (Optional)
class SeriesClassificationDirectDecorder(decoder.Decoder):
 """A tf.Example decoder for tfds classification datasets."""
 def _init_(self) -> None:
  super()._init_()

 def decode(self, tid, ds):
  parsed = tf.io.parse_single_example(ds, keys_to_features_direct)
  encoded = parsed['image_raw_ldseries']
  labels_encoded = parsed['labels']
  decoded = tf.io.decode_raw(encoded, tf.uint16)
  label = tf.io.decode_raw(labels_encoded, tf.int8)
  dates = tf.io.decode_raw(parsed['dates'], tf.int64)
  weight = tf.io.decode_raw(parsed['weights'], tf.float32)
  decoded = tf.reshape(decoded,[-1,4,42,42])
  sample_dict = {
   'tid': tid, # tile ID
   'dates': dates, # Date list
   'localid': parsed['localid'], # sample ID
   'imgs': decoded, # image array
   'labels': label, # label list
   'weights': weight
  }
  return sample_dict

# simple function 
def preprocessDirect(tid, record):
  parsed = tf.io.parse_single_example(record, keys_to_features_direct)
  encoded = parsed['image_raw_ldseries']
  labels_encoded = parsed['labels']
  decoded = tf.io.decode_raw(encoded, tf.uint16)
  label = tf.io.decode_raw(labels_encoded, tf.int8)
  dates = tf.io.decode_raw(parsed['dates'], tf.int64)
  weight = tf.io.decode_raw(parsed['weights'], tf.float32)
  decoded = tf.reshape(decoded,[-1,4,42,42])
  return tid, dates, parsed['localid'], decoded, label, weight

t1 = parseRecordDirect('filename here')
dataset = t1.map(preprocessDirect, num_parallel_calls=tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNE)

#

Class Definition:

• 0: clear
• 1: opaque cloud
• 2: thin cloud
• 3: haze
• 4: cloud shadow
• 5: snow

Dataset Construction:

First, we randomly generate 500 points for each tile, and all these points are aligned to the pixel grid center of the subdatasets in 60m resolution (eg. B10) for consistence when comparing with other products.
It is because that other cloud detection method may use the cirrus band as features, which is in 60m resolution.

Then, the time series image patches of two shapes are cropped with each point as the center.
The patches of shape \(42 \times 42\) are cropped from the bands in 10m resolution (B2, B3, B4, B8) and are used to construct this dataset.
And the patches of shape \(348 \times 348\) are cropped from the True Colour Image (TCI, details see sentinel-2 user guide) file and are used to interpreting class labels.

The samples with a large number of timestamps could be time-consuming in the IO stage, thus the time series patches are divided into different groups with timestamps not exceeding 100 for every group.

Have you ever wanted to create your own maps, or integrate and visualize spatial datasets to examine changes in trends between locations and over time? Follow along with these training tutorials on QGIS, an open source geographic information system (GIS) and learn key concepts, procedures and skills for performing common GIS tasks – such as creating maps, as well as joining, overlaying and visualizing spatial datasets. These tutorials are geared towards new GIS users. We’ll start with foundational concepts, and build towards more advanced topics throughout – demonstrating how with a few relatively easy steps you can get quite a lot out of GIS. You can then extend these skills to datasets of thematic relevance to you in addressing tasks faced in your day-to-day work.

Supplemental examples of multispatial CCM analyses for: Spatial "convergent cross mapping" to detect causal relationships from short time-series.

CrimeMapTutorial is a step-by-step tutorial for learning crime mapping using ArcView GIS or MapInfo Professional GIS. It was designed to give users a thorough introduction to most of the knowledge and skills needed to produce daily maps and spatial data queries that uniformed officers and detectives find valuable for crime prevention and enforcement. The tutorials can be used either for self-learning or in a laboratory setting. The geographic information system (GIS) and police data were supplied by the Rochester, New York, Police Department. For each mapping software package, there are three PDF tutorial workbooks and one WinZip archive containing sample data and maps. Workbook 1 was designed for GIS users who want to learn how to use a crime-mapping GIS and how to generate maps and data queries. Workbook 2 was created to assist data preparers in processing police data for use in a GIS. This includes address-matching of police incidents to place them on pin maps and aggregating crime counts by areas (like car beats) to produce area or choropleth maps. Workbook 3 was designed for map makers who want to learn how to construct useful crime maps, given police data that have already been address-matched and preprocessed by data preparers. It is estimated that the three tutorials take approximately six hours to complete in total, including exercises.