We provide explanations of basic and fundamental concepts on the definition of inflation, measurement of inflation, costs of inflation, the importance of measuring and controlling inflation, the role of the Federal Reserve in inflation, and other concepts such as price indexes, hyperinflation, trend and underlying inflation, measures of inflation like CPI, core CPI, median CPI, trimmed-mean CPI, PCE, core PCE, and trimmed-mean PCE.

This dataset provides a comprehensive collection of monthly U.S. macroeconomic indicators spanning January 2000 to December 2024.

It was designed specifically for machine learning-based inflation forecasting and includes key economic factors historically associated with inflation trends:

• Consumer Price Index (CPI) & Inflation Rate
• Unemployment Rate
• Federal Funds Rate
• M2 Money Supply
• Crude Oil Prices (WTI)
• Producer Price Index (PPI)

Primary Goal: Build predictive models to forecast year-over-year inflation rates

Possible Use Cases:

• Forecasting inflation using machine learning models like XGBoost, Random Forest, or LSTM.
• Studying relationships between macroeconomic factors and inflationary pressure.
• Comparing classical econometric approaches with modern AI-based forecasting techniques.

Structure: Each CSV contains a Date column and corresponding metric values, making it easy to merge and align data for analysis.

License: MIT License – free to use for research and educational purposes.

The inflation rate in the United States is expected to decrease to 2.1 percent by 2029. 2022 saw a year of exceptionally high inflation, reaching eight percent for the year. The data represents U.S. city averages. The base period was 1982-84. In economics, the inflation rate is a measurement of inflation, the rate of increase of a price index (in this case: consumer price index). It is the percentage rate of change in prices level over time. The rate of decrease in the purchasing power of money is approximately equal. According to the forecast, prices will increase by 2.9 percent in 2024. The annual inflation rate for previous years can be found here and the consumer price index for all urban consumers here. The monthly inflation rate for the United States can also be accessed here. Inflation in the U.S.Inflation is a term used to describe a general rise in the price of goods and services in an economy over a given period of time. Inflation in the United States is calculated using the consumer price index (CPI). The consumer price index is a measure of change in the price level of a preselected market basket of consumer goods and services purchased by households. This forecast of U.S. inflation was prepared by the International Monetary Fund. They project that inflation will stay higher than average throughout 2023, followed by a decrease to around roughly two percent annual rise in the general level of prices until 2028. Considering the annual inflation rate in the United States in 2021, a two percent inflation rate is a very moderate projection. The 2022 spike in inflation in the United States and worldwide is due to a variety of factors that have put constraints on various aspects of the economy. These factors include COVID-19 pandemic spending and supply-chain constraints, disruptions due to the war in Ukraine, and pandemic related changes in the labor force. Although the moderate inflation of prices between two and three percent is considered normal in a modern economy, countries’ central banks try to prevent severe inflation and deflation to keep the growth of prices to a minimum. Severe inflation is considered dangerous to a country’s economy because it can rapidly diminish the population’s purchasing power and thus damage the GDP .

This dataset contains economic indicators for Pakistan spanning from 1986 to 2006 (21 years of data). Here's what the dataset includes: Dataset Overview:

Time Period: 1986-2006 Country: Pakistan Purpose: Inflation forecasting analysis

Variables/Columns:

Year - Time period identifier Inflation - Inflation rates (ranging from about 2.9% to 12.4%) [Column C] - Unlabeled column with values like 16.65, 17.4, 18, etc. GDP Growth - Economic growth rates (ranging from 1% to 7.8%) Unemployment - Unemployment rates (mostly between 3-8%) Broad Money - Monetary supply indicator (values in hundreds) Exports - Export values Imports - Import values Oil rents - Oil-related economic indicator (mostly below 1.0) Remittances - Foreign remittance values

Key Characteristics:

Comprehensive macroeconomic dataset Covers multiple economic indicators that typically influence inflation Suitable for econometric analysis and forecasting models Includes both monetary (broad money, remittances) and real sector variables (GDP, unemployment) Trade variables (exports/imports) for external sector analysis

This appears to be a well-structured dataset for studying inflation dynamics and building forecasting models for Pakistan's economy.

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States has experienced sharply rising then falling inflation alongside persistent labor market imbalances. This Economic Commentary interprets these macroeconomic dynamics, as represented by the Beveridge and Phillips curves, through the lens of a macroeconomic model. It uses the structure of the model to rationalize the debate about whether the US economy can expect a hard or soft landing. The model is surprised by the resiliency of the labor market as the US economy experienced disinflation. We suggest that the model’s limited ability to capture this resiliency is a feature of using a linear model to forecast the historically unprecedented movements seen after the pandemic among inflation, unemployment, and vacancy rates. We explain how, by adjusting the model to mimic congestion in a tight labor market and greater wage and price flexibility in a high-inflation environment, as during the post-pandemic period, the model can then capture what has been a path consistent with a soft landing.

Harmonised Indices of Consumer Prices (HICPs) are designed for international comparisons of consumer price inflation. HICP is used for example by the European Central Bank for monitoring of inflation in the Economic and Monetary Union and for the assessment of inflation convergence as required under Article 121 of the Treaty of Amsterdam. For the U.S. and Japan national consumer price indices are used in the table.

Price quote data (for locally collected data only) and consumption segment indices that underpin consumer price inflation statistics, giving users access to the detailed data that are used in the construction of the UK’s inflation figures. The data are being made available for research purposes only and are not an accredited official statistic. From October 2024, private school fees and part-time education classes have been included in the consumption segment indices file. For more information on the introduction of consumption segments, please see the Consumer Prices Indices Technical Manual, 2019. Note that this dataset was previously called the consumer price inflation item indices and price quotes dataset.

We report average expected inflation rates over the next one through 30 years. Our estimates of expected inflation rates are calculated using a Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland model that combines financial data and survey-based measures. Released monthly.

ABSTRACT This paper develops a model in which the distributive conflict between capital and labor is the driving force which generates inflationary pressures in a market economy. In the model the rate of inflation is a function of the capacity of firms to pass increases in costs to prices and of the relative power of workers and employees associations in the process of collective bargaining. One of the main results of this analytical framework is that the structure of the capital/labor relations in a country, the process of collective bargaining and the structure of unions organizations are important determinants of inflationary pressures. As a result, institutional reforms which promote cooperation on capital/labor relations are of great importance in stabilization policies, if the social costs of stabilization are to be minimized.

Inflation Expectations in the United States decreased to 3.20 percent in October from 3.40 percent in September of 2025. This dataset provides - United States Consumer Inflation Expectations- actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Iran’s inflation rate rose sharply to 34.79 percent in 2019 and was projected to rise another 14 percentage points before slowly starting to decline. Given the recent sanctions by the United States regarding the nuclear deal, this number has both political and economic implications. Political implications President Hassan Rouhani won the 2017 election based on economic promises, many stemming from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), commonly known as the Iran Nuclear Deal. Lifting these sanctions opened the Iranian economy to many opportunities, including the chance to benefit from increased oil exports. The JCPOA was an integral part of the Rouhani campaign, so any economic hardship that is linked to the deal will likely be blamed on the president. Economic implications High inflation leads to high interest rates, which leads to less borrowing. Less borrowing means less investment, which slows economic growth. This slower growth often leads to higher inflation, which is what economists call an inflationary spiral. As such, Iran will have difficulty achieving substantial GDP growth until inflation returns to manageable rates.

About Dataset

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Global Energy, Food, Consumer, and Producer Price Inflation: A Comprehensive Dataset for Understanding Economic Trends

Key Concepts:

1. Energy Consumer Price Inflation data.
2. Food Consumer Price Inflation data.
3. Headline Consumer Price Inflation data.
4. Official Core Consumer Price Inflation data.
5. Producer Price Inflation data.
6. 206 Countries name, Country code and IMF code.
7. 52 Years data from 1970 to 2022.

The global economy is highly complex, and understanding economic trends and patterns is crucial for making informed decisions about investments, policies, and more. One key factor that impacts the economy is inflation, which refers to the rate at which prices increase over time. The Global Energy, Food, Consumer, and Producer Price Inflation dataset provides a comprehensive collection of inflation rates across 206 countries from 1970 to 2022, covering four critical sectors of the economy.

Finally, the Global Producer Price Inflation dataset provides a detailed look at price changes at the producer level, providing insights into supply chain dynamics and trends. This data can be used to make informed decisions about investments in various sectors of the economy and to develop effective policies to manage producer price inflation.

In conclusion, the Global Energy, Food, Consumer, and Producer Price Inflation dataset provides a comprehensive resource for understanding economic trends and patterns across 206 countries. By examining this data, analysts can gain insights into the complex factors that impact the economy and make informed decisions about investments, policies, and more.

Potential User:

1. Economists and economic researchers
2. Policy makers and government officials
3. Investors and financial analysts
4. Agricultural researchers and policymakers
5. Energy analysts and policy makers
6. Food industry professionals
7. Business leaders and decision makers
8. Academics and students in economics, finance, and related fields

Acknowledgements:

The data were collected from the official website of worldbank.org

In 2024, the annual inflation rate for the United Kingdom was 2.5 percent, with the average rate for 2025 predicted to rise to 3.2 percent, revised upwards from an earlier prediction of 2.6 percent. The UK has only recently recovered from a period of elevated inflation, which saw the CPI rate reach 9.1 percent in 2022, and 7.3 percent in 2023. Despite an uptick in inflation expected in 2025, the inflation rate is expected to fall to 2.1 percent in 2026, and two percent between 2027 and 2029. UK inflation crisis Between 2021 and 2023, inflation surged in the UK, reaching a 41-year-high of 11.1 percent in October 2022. Although inflation fell to more usual levels by 2024, prices in the UK had already increased by over 20 percent relative to the start of the crisis. The two main drivers of price increases during this time were food and energy inflation, two of the main spending areas of UK households. Although food and energy prices came down quite sharply in 2023, underlying core inflation, which measures prices rises without food and energy, remained slightly above the headline inflation rate throughout 2024, suggesting some aspects of inflation had become embedded in the UK economy. Inflation rises across in the world in 2022 The UK was not alone in suffering from runaway inflation over the last few years. From late 2021 onwards, various factors converged to encourage a global acceleration of prices, leading to the ongoing inflation crisis. Blocked-up supply chains were one of the main factors as the world emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic. This was followed by energy and food inflation skyrocketing after Russia's invasion of Ukraine. Central bank interest rates were raised globally in response to the problem, possibly putting an end to the era of cheap money that has defined monetary policy since the financial crash of 2008.

Graph and download economic data for Personal Consumption Expenditures Excluding Food and Energy (Chain-Type Price Index) (PCEPILFE) from Jan 1959 to Aug 2025 about core, chained, headline figure, energy, PCE, consumption expenditures, consumption, personal, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

In 2024, the average inflation rate in the United Kingdom stood at 2.53 percent. Between 1980 and 2024, the figure dropped by 14.32 percentage points, though the decline followed an uneven course rather than a steady trajectory. The inflation is forecast to decline by 0.53 percentage points from 2024 to 2030, fluctuating as it trends downward.This indicator measures inflation based upon the year-on-year change in the average consumer price index, expressed in percent. The latter expresses a country's average level of prices based on a typical basket of consumer goods and services.

This dataset holds valuable insights that can be leveraged by researchers, analysts, and policymakers to better understand the complex interactions between financial markets and food price inflation. Here are some potential insights that users could gain from this dataset:

Market-Food Price Correlation: By examining the relationship between financial market data (Open, High, Low, Close) and food price inflation, users can identify potential correlations. For example, they may uncover patterns where food price inflation impacts market sentiment or vice versa.

Inflation Nowcasting Monthly Month-Over-Month is a part of the Inflation Nowcasting indicator of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.

Graph and download economic data for 5-Year Breakeven Inflation Rate (T5YIE) from 2003-01-02 to 2025-11-28 about spread, 5-year, interest rate, interest, inflation, rate, and USA.

Inflation Rate in Canada decreased to 2.20 percent in October from 2.40 percent in September of 2025. This dataset provides - Canada Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Inflation in Jamaica dropped to about 3.91 percent in 2019, meaning that a group of goods that cost 100 Jamaican dollars in 2019 would cost 103.91 Jamaican dollars in 2020. This rate dropped from 4.38 percent in 2017 and was forecast to stay around 5 percent in the medium term.

Inflation and growth

After adjusting for inflation, the growth rate in Jamaica’s economy has been relatively slow over the past few years. This is an issue for the island because its gross domestic product per capita indicates a moderate level of development. This suggests that the people would benefit from a higher level of growth. Developmental economists often call this “catch-up” growth, a period of relatively rapid growth that occurs because the economy develops to the level of other countries that have fully realized their economic potential under modern levels of technology and trade.

Effects of inflation

Inflation is often associated with a corresponding increase in unemployment. In developed economies, central bankers worry about the tradeoff between higher inflation and higher unemployment. For Jamaica, more inflation may be the lesser of two evils. Since the Jamaican dollar is not pegged to any other currency, inflation also weakens the currency. For a country so heavily reliant on foreign currencies through tourism, this actually makes Jamaica a more attractive destination because tourists’ U.S. dollars or euros are worth more in relative terms.