This dataset includes various economic indicators such as stock market performance, inflation rates, GDP, interest rates, employment data, and housing index, all of which are crucial for understanding the state of the economy. By analysing this dataset, one can gain insights into the causes and effects of past recessions in the US, which can inform investment decisions and policy-making.

There are 20 columns and 343 rows spanning 1990-04 to 2022-10

The columns are:

1. Price: Price column refers to the S&P 500 lot price over the years. The S&P 500 is a stock market index that measures the performance of 500 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States. This variable represents the value of the S&P 500 index from 1980 to present. Industrial Production: This variable measures the output of industrial establishments in the manufacturing, mining, and utilities sectors. It reflects the overall health of the manufacturing industry, which is a key component of the US economy.

2. INDPRO: Industrial production measures the output of the manufacturing, mining, and utility sectors of the economy. It provides insights into the overall health of the economy, as a decline in industrial production can indicate a slowdown in economic activity. This data can be used by policymakers and investors to assess the state of the economy and make informed decisions.

3. CPI: CPI stands for Consumer Price Index, which measures the change in the prices of a basket of goods and services that consumers purchase. CPI inflation represents the rate at which the prices of goods and services in the economy are increasing.

4. Treasure Bill rate (3 month to 30 Years): Treasury bills (T-bills) are short-term debt securities issued by the US government. This variable represents the interest rates on T-bills with maturities ranging from 3 months to 30 years. It reflects the cost of borrowing money for the government and provides an indication of the overall level of interest rates in the economy.

5. GDP: GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product, which is the value of all goods and services produced in a country. This dataset is taking into account only the Nominal GDP values. Nominal GDP represents the total value of goods and services produced in the US economy without accounting for inflation.

6. Rate: The Federal Funds Rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. It is set by the Federal Reserve and is used as a tool to regulate the money supply in the economy.

7. BBK_Index: The BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The BBK Leading Index is the leading subcomponent of the cycle measured in standard deviation units from trend real GDP growth.

8. Housing Index: This variable represents the value of the housing market in the US. It is calculated based on the prices of homes sold in the market and provides an indication of the overall health of the housing market.

9. Recession binary column: This variable is a binary indicator that takes a value of 1 when the US economy is in a recession and 0 otherwise. It is based on the official business cycle dates provided by the National Bureau of Economic Research.

The Question “Why unemployment?” is one of the most central topics of economic theory since the great depression. Unemployment remains one of the most important problems of economic policies in industrial countries. Unemployment has different causes and therefore also different countermeasures are required. “Together with the destruction of environment unemployment and inflation are in the focus of economic and political discussions on macroeconomic problems and are considered as the greatest challenges of economic policy. Depending on the level of unemployment there is a higher focus on inflation or on unemployment, if both are on an alarming level at the same time they are in the shot simultaneously. In anyway both issues need to be analyzed together because they are not independent from each other. Experiences from the recent years have shown that combating inflation leads to an increase in unemployment, at least temporarily but probably also permanently. The other way around; combating unemployment may under certain circumstances also lead to an increase in inflation… Unemployment and inflation are macroeconomic problems. The level of both undesirable developments is determined by the relations in the entire economy. Therefor it is necessary to use macroeconomic theory which deals the general economic context for the analysis. Both problems are enhanced by structural factors which also need to be analyzed. In contrast to microeconomic theory which focuses on different individual decision makers, in macroeconomic theory decision makers and decisions are summarized in macroeconomic aggregates. The common procedure is to summarize decision makers into aggregates like “private households”, “enterprises” and “the state” and the decision makers concerning the use of income into “private consumption”, “investments” and “public expenditure” (Kromphardt, Jürgen, 1998: Arbeitslosigkeit und Inflation (unemployment and inflation). 2., newly revised A. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, p. 17-18). Macroeconomic approaches on the explanation of unemployment and inflation are highly controversial in economic theory. Therefore the author starts with the attempt to present different explanations for unemployment and inflation from different macroeconomic positions. There are different unemployment: classical unemployment (reason: real wages to high), Keynesian unemployment (reason: demand for goods to low), unemployment due to a lack of working places (reason: capital stock to low). These positions give conflicting explanations and recommendations because they are based on different perceptions of the starting position. Therefor the author confronts central positions with empirical data on the macro level with the following restriction: “It is impossible to prove theories as correct (to verify). This is a reason for the fact that macroeconomic controversies do not come to a conclusion but are continued in a modified way. Furthermore economic statements in this field always affect social and political interests as all economic policies favor or put as a disadvantage interests of distinct social groups in a different way.“ (Kromphardt, a.a.O., S. 20).

Data tables in HISTAT (1) Development of employment: Presented by the development of annual average unemployment rates and the balance of labor force of the institute for labor market and occupation research (IAB, Nuremberg) after the domestic concept(employment with Germany as the place of work) For characterizing the overall economic developments, those values are used which play an important role in the reports of the German central bank: (2) Inflation: Rate of differences in the price index for costs of living compared to the previous year (3) Currency reserves of German federal banks and the German central bank: measure for foreign economic situation and the payment balance of the central bank (4) Development of economic growth: Presented by the nominal and real growth rate of the GDP (5) Inflation rate of the GDP, money supply, growth rate of the price index of the GDP (6) Labor productivity (= GDP per employee, domestic concept) (7) Real wage per employee (8) Exchange rate: DM/$ (monthly averages) (9) Growth of DGP, productivity, economically active population, real incomes, unemployment rate and adjusted wages (10) Time series connected with labor demand (11) GDP, labor volume, employees, working hours and labor productivity (12) Employee compensation, wages and ...

The "Stock Market Dataset for AI-Driven Prediction and Trading Strategy Optimization" is designed to simulate real-world stock market data for training and evaluating machine learning models. This dataset includes a combination of technical indicators, market metrics, sentiment scores, and macroeconomic factors, providing a comprehensive foundation for developing and testing AI models for stock price prediction and trading strategy optimization.

Key Features Market Metrics:

Open, High, Low, Close Prices: Daily stock price movement. Volume: Represents the trading activity during the day. Technical Indicators:

RSI (Relative Strength Index): A momentum oscillator to measure the speed and change of price movements. MACD (Moving Average Convergence Divergence): An indicator to reveal changes in strength, direction, momentum, and duration of a trend. Bollinger Bands: Upper and lower bands around a stock price to measure volatility. Sentiment Analysis:

Sentiment Score: Simulated sentiment derived from financial news and social media, ranging from -1 (negative) to 1 (positive). Macroeconomic Factors:

GDP Growth: Indicates the overall health and growth of the economy. Inflation Rate: Reflects changes in purchasing power and economic stability. Target Variable:

Buy/Sell Signal: Binary classification (1 = Buy, 0 = Sell) based on price movement thresholds, simulating actionable trading decisions. Use Cases AI Model Training: Ideal for building stock prediction models using LSTM, Gradient Boosting, Random Forest, etc. Trading Strategy Optimization: Enables testing of trading algorithms and strategies in a simulated environment. Sentiment Analysis Research: Useful for understanding how sentiment influences stock movements. Feature Engineering and Selection: Provides a diverse set of features for experimentation with advanced techniques like PCA and LDA. Dataset Highlights Synthetic Yet Realistic: Carefully designed to mimic real-world financial data trends and relationships. Comprehensive Coverage: Includes key indicators and metrics used by traders and analysts. Scalable: Suitable for use in both small-scale academic projects and larger AI-driven trading platforms. Accessible for All Levels: The intuitive structure ensures that even beginners can utilize this dataset for financial machine learning applications. File Format The dataset is provided in CSV format, where:

Rows represent individual trading days. Columns represent features (technical indicators, market metrics, etc.) and the target variable. Acknowledgments This dataset is synthetically generated and is intended for research and educational purposes. It is not based on real market data and should not be used for actual trading.

View data of the S&P 500, an index of the stocks of 500 leading companies in the US economy, which provides a gauge of the U.S. equity market.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Specialty Lubricants market size was USD 30524.6 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 12209.84 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 3.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 9157.38 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 7020.66 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 1526.23 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 610.49 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The bio-based oils category is the fastest growing segment of the Specialty Lubricants industry

Market Dynamics of Specialty Lubricants Market

Key Drivers for Specialty Lubricants Market

Growing Demand for high-performance Engines to Boost Market Growth

The growing demand for high-performance engines is a key driver propelling market growth, fueled by advancements in technology and increasing consumer preferences for superior power and efficiency. High-performance engines are integral to industries such as automotive, aerospace, and marine, where the need for enhanced speed, reliability, and fuel efficiency is critical. Rising disposable incomes and consumer expectations for vehicles with advanced features have amplified this demand in the automotive sector. In parallel, the aerospace and defense sectors are leveraging high-performance engines for superior propulsion systems, ensuring competitive advantages in terms of speed and endurance. Technological advancements like hybrid engine systems and the integration of smart technologies further enhance engine performance, appealing to environmentally conscious consumers and industries aiming to meet stringent emission norms. Additionally, the motorsport and luxury vehicle markets also contribute significantly to this demand, underscoring the sector's steady growth trajectory

Increasing industrial activities

The surge in industrial activities is fueled by a confluence of factors, including robust economic growth, technological advancements, and favorable government policies. Rising consumer demand, particularly in emerging markets, drives the need for increased production and infrastructure development. The adoption of automation and artificial intelligence optimizes manufacturing processes, leading to higher efficiency and reduced costs. Additionally, supportive government initiatives, such as tax incentives and streamlined regulations, create a conducive environment for industrial expansion. These key drivers collectively contribute to the dynamic growth of specialty lubricants market worldwide.

Restraint Factor for the Specialty Lubricants Market

Volatile Raw Material Prices

A combination of supply and demand imbalances, geopolitical tensions, and economic uncertainties primarily drives

Volatile raw material prices. Supply-side constraints, such as natural disasters, labor shortages, and logistical disruptions, can lead to price spikes. On the demand side, fluctuations in global economic growth, industrial production, and consumer spending patterns can significantly impact raw material demand. Additionally, geopolitical factors like trade disputes, sanctions, and political instability can disrupt supply chains and create price volatility. Lastly, economic factors such as inflation, interest rate changes, and currency exchange rates can influence the cost of raw materials and amplify price fluctuations.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Specialty Lubricants Market

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted the specialty lubricants market, primarily due to disruptions in supply chains, reduced industrial activity, and decreased demand from end-use sectors like automotive, aerospace, and manufacturing. However, the pandemic also accelerated the adoption of advanced lubricants with ...

The Japan Mortgage/Loan Brokers Market, valued at ¥5.20 billion in 2025, is projected to experience steady growth with a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 3.92% from 2025 to 2033. This growth is driven primarily by increasing urbanization, a rising young population entering the housing market, and government initiatives aimed at boosting homeownership. Low interest rates in recent years have also stimulated mortgage demand. However, fluctuating economic conditions and potential regulatory changes pose challenges. The market is segmented by mortgage loan type (conventional, jumbo, government-insured, and others), loan terms (15, 20, and 30-year mortgages, and others), interest rates (fixed and adjustable), and provider (primary and secondary lenders). Major players include prominent Japanese financial institutions like the Bank of Japan, Bank of China (with significant operations in Japan), Suruga Bank, SMBC Trust Bank, Shinsei Bank, and several international banks with a presence in the Japanese market. The market's future trajectory will likely depend on the effectiveness of government policies supporting homeownership, the stability of the Japanese economy, and the adaptability of brokers to evolving technological advancements in financial services. Competition among brokers is expected to intensify, pushing for innovation in services and digital platforms to attract customers. The dominance of established financial institutions in the market highlights the need for smaller brokers to establish strong partnerships or differentiate themselves through specialized services. While the 30-year mortgage remains a significant segment, growing awareness of financial prudence and shorter-term financial goals could lead to increased demand for 15 and 20-year mortgage options. The increasing adoption of online platforms and fintech solutions is also anticipated to transform how mortgage brokerage services are delivered, potentially impacting the operational models of traditional players. Analyzing trends in interest rates and their correlation with overall market growth will be crucial for predicting future market performance. The impact of macroeconomic factors, such as inflation and unemployment, will also play a significant role in influencing mortgage demand and consequently, the growth of the brokerage market. Recent developments include: In March 2024, Leading Japanese online stocks broker Matsui Stocks Co., Ltd. established a partnership with global fintech firm Broadridge Financial Solutions, Inc. to boost its stock lending business via Broadridge's cloud-based SaaS post-trade processing technology., In July 2023, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group and Morgan Stanley expanded their 15-year-old partnership. At their joint brokerage operations, the Japanese and American institutions have decided to work together more closely on forex trading, as well as on researching and selling Japanese stocks to institutional investors.. Key drivers for this market are: Increase in demand for Financial Home Loan Solutions, Increased Accessibility to Loan Broker Services. Potential restraints include: Increase in demand for Financial Home Loan Solutions, Increased Accessibility to Loan Broker Services. Notable trends are: Consistent level of interest rate and Increasing Real Estate price affecting Japan's Mortgage/Loan Broker Market..

Home improvement stores form a mature industry dominated by two major companies, Home Depot and Lowe's. Both companies share similar product lines, which fuels high levels of price competition. Home improvement stores serve various markets, including do-it-for-me (DIFM), do-it-yourself (DIY) and professional customers. The most prominent influence on the performance of stores is activity in the residential market. Starting in 2021, spikes in inflation have cut consumers' spending power, while rising interest rates have constrained residential construction spending. While inflation has been tempered, the recent tariff announcements by the Trump administration remain a threat to product prices. Revenue for home improvement stores is expected to swell at a CAGR of 1.7% to $292.8 billion through the end of 2025, including growth of 1.9% in 2025 alone. The residential market boomed in 2020 as consumers stayed inside, resulting in more consumers with time to spend looking at new homes. Sales of home appliances, lumber, tools, hardware and lawn equipment were boosted. However, mounting inflationary pressure in 2022 led the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates. Since home improvement stores are tied to residential sector growth, rising interest rates cut housing sales that year, leading to faltering revenue. Since the pandemic, exploding e-commerce sales have been a boon for the industry. Home improvement stores will continue to improve their online platforms to strengthen sales in the coming years. Growing economic uncertainty has lifted sales of DIY products while limiting profit growth. Moving forward, interest rates are expected to drop, benefiting home improvement stores. Tariffs could result in higher interest rates, potentially upending the industry. Still, consumer spending power will remain relatively low, suppressing residential activity. Although residential activity is expected to slow, rising disposable income will boost spending on appliances and gardening equipment. There will be a trend of consumers opting for smaller appliances and upgrades rather than making significant investments in new construction or renovations. Home improvement store revenue is expected to climb at a CAGR of 2.1% to $325.3 billion through the end of 2030. The growing efficiency of online operations will cause profit to swell.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Pension Fund market size is USD 75484984.5 million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.80% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 30193993.80 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 4.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 22645495.35 million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 17361546.44 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.8% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share for more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD 3774249.23 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD 1509699.69 million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.5% from 2024 to 2031.
The Distributed Contribution held the highest Pension Fund market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of Pension Fund Market

Key Drivers for Pension Fund Market

Demographic Shifts to Increase the Demand Globally

Globally, aging populations are intensifying the need for stable retirement profits. As existence expectancy rises and birth fees decline, the percentage of aged individuals is developing. This demographic shift puts pressure on existing pension systems, riding an urgent call for improved contributions to pension price range. Governments and people are spotting the need to bolster retirement savings to ensure financial balance in later years. Consequently, both public and private sectors are improving pension schemes and encouraging higher savings rates. The trend displays a proactive method to deal with the economically demanding situations posed by an aging society, aiming to provide adequate help and safety for the elderly population.

Regulatory Changes to Propel Market Growth

Governments globally are enacting rules to beautify the pension industry's transparency, accountability, and threat management—these regulatory modifications intend to create an extra stable and secure funding environment. By mandating clear disclosure of pension fund operations and performance, regulators ensure that stakeholders are better knowledgeable. Enhanced duty measures require pension fund managers to adhere to stringent fiduciary requirements, safeguarding beneficiaries' interests. Improved danger management frameworks assist in mitigating economic threats, promoting long-term stability. These reforms are designed to construct public acceptance as true with self-assurance inside the pension machine, ultimately making sure that retirement price ranges are managed prudently and sustainably for destiny.

Restraint Factor for the Pension Fund Market

High Initial Investment Cost to Limit the Sales

Low hobby charges pose sizable demanding situations for pension finances aiming to attain their favored funding returns. When hobby costs are low, the yields on traditionally safe investments, including authorities bonds, decrease. This state of affairs forces pension funds to seek opportunity investments that provide higher returns; however frequently come with extended danger. The trouble in generating enough returns can affect the lengthy-time period sustainability of the pension budget, leading to higher contribution necessities from employers and employees or decreased advantages for retirees. To navigate these low-interest surroundings, pension price ranges must undertake extra different and innovative investment strategies, balancing the want for better returns with prudent risk management to make a certain economic balance for destiny retirees.

Fluctuating financial environment and economic uncertainty hamper the growth of market 

One of the most important restraints on the pension fund market is the fluctuating financial environment and economic uncertainty. Pension funds use long-term investments to provide returns, so they can fulfill their future payment obligations to retirees. But global economic uncertainty based on factors like volatile stock markets, inflation rates, changes in interest rate...

Between January 1971 and May 2025, gold had average annual returns of **** percent, which was only slightly more than the return of commodities, with an annual average of around eight percent. The annual return of gold was over ** percent in 2024. What is the total global demand for gold? The global demand for gold remains robust owing to its historical importance, financial stability, and cultural appeal. During economic uncertainty, investors look for a safe haven, while emerging markets fuel jewelry demand. A distinct contrast transpired during COVID-19, when the global demand for gold experienced a sharp decline in 2020 owing to a reduction in consumer spending. However, the subsequent years saw an increase in demand for the precious metal. How much gold is produced worldwide? The production of gold depends mainly on geological formations, market demand, and the cost of production. These factors have a significant impact on the discovery, extraction, and economic viability of gold mining operations worldwide. In 2024, the worldwide production of gold was expected to reach *** million ounces, and it is anticipated that the rate of growth will increase as exploration technologies improve, gold prices rise, and mining practices improve.

Argentina's main stock market index, the Merval, rose to 3060289 points on December 1, 2025, gaining 1.12% from the previous session. Over the past month, the index has declined 1.42%, though it remains 33.32% higher than a year ago, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks this benchmark index from Argentina. Argentina Stock Market (MERVAL) - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.