100+ datasets found
  1. T

    United States Energy Inflation

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • it.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Oct 24, 2025
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). United States Energy Inflation [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/energy-inflation
    Explore at:
    csv, json, excel, xmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Oct 24, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Jan 31, 1958 - Sep 30, 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Energy Inflation in the United States increased to 2.80 percent in September from 0.20 percent in August of 2025. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United States Energy Inflation.

  2. Historical electricity data

    • gov.uk
    • data.europa.eu
    Updated Jul 31, 2025
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    Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (2025). Historical electricity data [Dataset]. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistical-data-sets/historical-electricity-data
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jul 31, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    GOV.UKhttp://gov.uk/
    Authors
    Department for Energy Security and Net Zero
    Description

    Historical electricity data series updated annually in July alongside the publication of the Digest of United Kingdom Energy Statistics (DUKES).

    https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/6889f86f76f68cc8414d5b6d/Electricity_since_1920.xlsx">Historical electricity data: 1920 to 2024

    MS Excel Spreadsheet, 246 KB

    This file may not be suitable for users of assistive technology.

    Request an accessible format.
    If you use assistive technology (such as a screen reader) and need a version of this document in a more accessible format, please email alt.formats@energysecurity.gov.uk. Please tell us what format you need. It will help us if you say what assistive technology you use.
  3. Level of concern among Arab youths from OPEC countries on falling energy...

    • statista.com
    Updated Apr 12, 2016
    + more versions
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    Statista (2016). Level of concern among Arab youths from OPEC countries on falling energy prices 2016 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/662409/concern-level-of-arab-youth-from-opec-countries-on-falling-energy-prices/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Apr 12, 2016
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    Jan 11, 2016 - Feb 22, 2016
    Area covered
    MENA, Africa
    Description

    This statistic shows the level of concern among Arab youths from OPEC states regarding the falling energy prices in the Middle East and North Africa as of February 2016. A ** percent share of the respondents stated that they were not concerned at all about the falling energy prices.

  4. Gas prices forecast in the UK 2019-2031

    • statista.com
    Updated Dec 9, 2024
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    Statista Research Department (2024). Gas prices forecast in the UK 2019-2031 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/topics/6301/energy-prices-in-the-uk/
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    Dataset updated
    Dec 9, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Authors
    Statista Research Department
    Area covered
    United Kingdom
    Description

    The price of gas in the United Kingdom was 80.1 British pence per therm in the third quarter of 2025. It is anticipated gas prices will increase to 85.4 pence in the first quarter of 2026 before gradually falling to just under 77.6 pence by the second quarter of of the year. Surging energy costs and the cost of living crisis At the height of the UK's cost of living crisis in 2022, approximately 91 percent of UK households were experiencing rising prices compared with the previous month. It was during 2022 that the UK's CPI inflation rate reached a peak of 11.1 percent, in October of that year. Food and energy, in particular, were the main drivers of inflation during this period, with energy inflation reaching 26.6 percent, and food prices increasing by 18.2 percent at the height of the crisis. Although prices fell to more expected levels by 2024, an uptick in inflation is forecast for 2025, with prices rising by 3.7 percent in the third quarter of the year. Global Inflation Crisis The UK was not alone in suffering rapid inflation during this time period, with several countries across the world experiencing an inflation crisis. The roots of the crisis began as the global economy gradually emerged from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021. Blocked-up supply chains, struggled to recover as quickly as consumer demand, with food and energy prices also facing upward pressure. Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 led to Europe gradually weening itself of cheap Russian energy exports, while for several months Ukraine struggled to export crucial food supplies to the rest of the World.

  5. F

    Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy in U.S. City Average

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated Oct 24, 2025
    + more versions
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    (2025). Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy in U.S. City Average [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIENGSL
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Oct 24, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domainhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domain

    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Graph and download economic data for Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: Energy in U.S. City Average (CPIENGSL) from Jan 1957 to Sep 2025 about energy, urban, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

  6. Energy Trends and Prices statistical release: 25 January 2024

    • gov.uk
    Updated Jan 25, 2024
    + more versions
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    Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (2024). Energy Trends and Prices statistical release: 25 January 2024 [Dataset]. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-trends-and-prices-statistical-release-25-january-2024
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jan 25, 2024
    Dataset provided by
    GOV.UKhttp://gov.uk/
    Authors
    Department for Energy Security and Net Zero
    Description

    Energy production, trade and consumption statistics are provided in total and by fuel and provide an analysis of the latest 3 months data compared to the same period a year earlier. Energy price statistics cover domestic price indices, prices of road fuels and petroleum products and comparisons of international road fuel prices.

    Energy production, trade and consumption

    Highlights for the 3 month period September to November 2023, compared to the same period a year earlier include:

    • Primary energy consumption in the UK on a fuel input basis fell by 1.0%, with higher energy and other prices a key factor in reduced consumption levels. On a temperature adjusted basis consumption fell by 3.4%. (table ET 1.2)
    • Indigenous energy production fell by 9.4%, due to falls in all fuels except coal, bioenergy & waste, solar and hydro. (table ET 1.1)
    • Electricity generation by Major Power Producers down 13% with coal up 27%, but gas down 25%, renewables down 5.4% and nuclear down 1.0%.* (table ET 5.4)
    • Renewables provided 44.0% of electricity generation by Major Power Producers, with gas at 36.7%, nuclear at 16.4% and coal at 2.1%.* (table ET 5.4)
    • Low carbon share of electricity generation by Major Power Producers up 5.3 percentage points at 60.4%, whilst fossil fuel share down 5.3 percentage points at 39.0%.* (table ET 5.4)

    *Major Power Producers (MPPs) data published monthly, all generating companies data published quarterly.

    Energy prices

    Highlights for January 2024 compared to December 2023:

    Petrol down 4.3 pence per litre and diesel down 4.0 pence per litre. (table QEP 4.1.1)

    Contacts

    Lead statistician Warren Evans

    Press enquiries

    Data periods and coverage

    Statistics on monthly production, trade and consumption of coal, electricity, gas, oil and total energy include data for the UK for the period up to the end of November 2023.

    Statistics on average temperatures, heating degree days, wind speeds, sun hours and rainfall include data for the UK for the period up to the end of December 2023.

    Statistics on energy prices include retail price data for the UK for December 2023, and petrol & diesel data for January 2024, with EU comparative data for December 2023.

    Next release

    The next release of provisional monthly energy statistics will take place on Thursday 29 February 2024.

    Data tables

    To access the data tables associated with this release please click on the relevant subject link(s) below. For further information please use the contact details provided.

    Please note that the links below will always direct you to the latest data tables. If you are interested in historical data tables please contact DESNZ

    Subject and table numberEnergy production, trade, consumption, and weather data
    Total EnergyContact: Energy statistics
    ET 1.1Indigenous production of primary fuels
    ET 1.2Inland energy consumption: primary fuel input basis
    CoalContact: Coal statistics
    ET 2.5Coal production and foreign trade
    ET 2.6Coal consumption and coal stocks
    <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/oil-and-oil-products-section-3-en

  7. T

    Germany Electricity Price Data

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • ru.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Sep 13, 2023
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2023). Germany Electricity Price Data [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/germany/electricity-price
    Explore at:
    xml, csv, json, excelAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Sep 13, 2023
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Sep 30, 2018 - Dec 1, 2025
    Area covered
    Germany
    Description

    Germany Electricity decreased 17.60 EUR/MWh or 15.21% since the beginning of 2025, according to the latest spot benchmarks offered by sellers to buyers priced in megawatt hour (MWh). This dataset includes a chart with historical data for Germany Electricity Price.

  8. Monthly electricity prices in selected EU countries 2020-2025

    • statista.com
    Updated Sep 22, 2025
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    Statista (2025). Monthly electricity prices in selected EU countries 2020-2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1267500/eu-monthly-wholesale-electricity-price-country/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Sep 22, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    Jan 2020 - Sep 2025
    Area covered
    European Union
    Description

    Electricity prices in Europe are expected to remain volatile through 2025, with Italy projected to have some of the highest rates among major European economies. This trend reflects the ongoing challenges in the energy sector, including the transition to renewable sources and the impact of geopolitical events on supply chains. Despite efforts to stabilize the market, prices still have not returned to pre-pandemic levels, such as in countries like Italy, where prices are forecast to reach ****** euros per megawatt hour in September 2025. Natural gas futures shaping electricity costs The electricity market's future trajectory is closely tied to natural gas prices, a key component in power generation. Dutch TTF gas futures, a benchmark for European natural gas prices, are projected to be ***** euros per megawatt hour in July 2025. The reduced output from the Groningen gas field and increased reliance on imports further complicate the pricing landscape, potentially contributing to higher electricity costs in countries like Italy. Regional disparities and global market influences While European electricity prices remain high, significant regional differences persist. For instance, natural gas prices in the United States are expected to be roughly one-third of those in Europe by March 2025, at **** U.S. dollars per million British thermal units. This stark contrast highlights the impact of domestic production capabilities on global natural gas prices. Europe's greater reliance on imports, particularly in the aftermath of geopolitical tensions and the shift away from Russian gas, continues to keep prices elevated compared to more self-sufficient markets. As a result, countries like Italy may face sustained pressure on electricity prices due to their position within the broader European energy market. As of August 2025, electricity prices in Italy have decreased to ****** euros per megawatt hour, reflecting ongoing volatility in the market.

  9. Price of electricity and the renewable energy

    • kaggle.com
    zip
    Updated Apr 27, 2024
    + more versions
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    Afroz (2024). Price of electricity and the renewable energy [Dataset]. https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/pythonafroz/price-of-electricity-and-the-renewable-energy
    Explore at:
    zip(1195975 bytes)Available download formats
    Dataset updated
    Apr 27, 2024
    Authors
    Afroz
    License

    Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Description

    The dataset contains the evolution of electricity prices in Spain for the period 2020-11-01 to 2022-10-31. The average energy prices (in MWh) as a function of the market, the produced energy (in MW), as well as the renewable energy produced (in MW) by type (wind, solar, hydroelectric, etc.) are provided with a granularity of hours for the period of time mentioned above.

    The data has been obtained from the webpage: https://www.esios.ree.es/es/.

    Disclaimer: Express consent was provided by Red Eléctrica de España (source and proprietary of the data) to gather the data using web scraping under the framework of a practicum from the Master in Data Science from the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). Under no circumstance do they support the reuse of the data. We express our intention to use the data for the purpose of the activity and decline any commercial interest in the use of the data extracted.

  10. e

    Average Electricity Rates by U.S. State – December 2025

    • electricchoice.com
    Updated Dec 6, 2010
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    ElectricChoice.com (2010). Average Electricity Rates by U.S. State – December 2025 [Dataset]. https://www.electricchoice.com/electricity-prices-by-state/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Dec 6, 2010
    Dataset provided by
    ElectricChoice.com
    Time period covered
    Dec 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Complete dataset of average residential and commercial electricity rates in cents per kWh for all 50 states and D.C. as of December 2025.

  11. T

    United Kingdom Electricity Price Data

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • ru.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Oct 15, 2025
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). United Kingdom Electricity Price Data [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-kingdom/electricity-price
    Explore at:
    csv, json, excel, xmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Oct 15, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Apr 29, 2013 - Nov 27, 2025
    Area covered
    United Kingdom
    Description

    UK Electricity decreased 23.24 GBP/MWh or 22.68% since the beginning of 2025, according to the latest spot benchmarks offered by sellers to buyers priced in megawatt hour (MWh). This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United Kingdom Electricity Price.

  12. T

    Natural gas - Price Data

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • pt.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Dec 3, 2025
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). Natural gas - Price Data [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/commodity/natural-gas
    Explore at:
    csv, json, excel, xmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Dec 3, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Apr 3, 1990 - Dec 3, 2025
    Area covered
    World
    Description

    Natural gas rose to 4.94 USD/MMBtu on December 3, 2025, up 2.04% from the previous day. Over the past month, Natural gas's price has risen 13.71%, and is up 62.29% compared to the same time last year, according to trading on a contract for difference (CFD) that tracks the benchmark market for this commodity. Natural gas - values, historical data, forecasts and news - updated on December of 2025.

  13. T

    France Electricity Price Data

    • tradingeconomics.com
    • id.tradingeconomics.com
    • +13more
    csv, excel, json, xml
    Updated Sep 13, 2023
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    TRADING ECONOMICS (2023). France Electricity Price Data [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/france/electricity-price
    Explore at:
    json, excel, xml, csvAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Sep 13, 2023
    Dataset authored and provided by
    TRADING ECONOMICS
    License

    Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
    License information was derived automatically

    Time period covered
    Nov 28, 2011 - Dec 1, 2025
    Area covered
    France
    Description

    France Electricity decreased 21.25 EUR/MWh or 30.42% since the beginning of 2025, according to the latest spot benchmarks offered by sellers to buyers priced in megawatt hour (MWh). This dataset includes a chart with historical data for France Electricity Price.

  14. Inflation Reduction Act's impact on energy prices in the U.S. 2030, by...

    • statista.com
    Updated Jul 28, 2022
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    Statista (2022). Inflation Reduction Act's impact on energy prices in the U.S. 2030, by scenario [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1327253/us-inflation-reduction-act-energy-price-impact/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jul 28, 2022
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    2022
    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    The 2022 Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) passed by the United States Congress seeks to increase domestic energy production, increase funding of clean energy technologies, and decrease emissions. The various policies and tax credits included in the IRA can have an impact on energy prices in the United States. For example, home energy costs could potentially fall by 30 to 134 dollars per household depending on the emissions reduction scenario.

  15. F

    US Regular All Formulations Gas Price

    • fred.stlouisfed.org
    json
    Updated Dec 2, 2025
    + more versions
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    (2025). US Regular All Formulations Gas Price [Dataset]. https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/GASREGW
    Explore at:
    jsonAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Dec 2, 2025
    License

    https://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domainhttps://fred.stlouisfed.org/legal/#copyright-public-domain

    Area covered
    United States
    Description

    Graph and download economic data for US Regular All Formulations Gas Price (GASREGW) from 1990-08-20 to 2025-12-01 about gas, commodities, and USA.

  16. y

    US Retail Gas Price

    • ycharts.com
    html
    Updated Nov 4, 2025
    + more versions
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    Energy Information Administration (2025). US Retail Gas Price [Dataset]. https://ycharts.com/indicators/us_gas_price
    Explore at:
    htmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Nov 4, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    YCharts
    Authors
    Energy Information Administration
    License

    https://www.ycharts.com/termshttps://www.ycharts.com/terms

    Time period covered
    Apr 5, 1993 - Nov 3, 2025
    Area covered
    United States
    Variables measured
    US Retail Gas Price
    Description

    View weekly updates and historical trends for US Retail Gas Price. from United States. Source: Energy Information Administration. Track economic data with…

  17. Cost of renewable energy versus fossil fuels worldwide 2017-2023 with a 2028...

    • statista.com
    Updated Sep 1, 2023
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    Statista (2023). Cost of renewable energy versus fossil fuels worldwide 2017-2023 with a 2028 forecast [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/forecasts/1481986/cost-of-renewable-energy-versus-fossil-fuels-worldwide-forecast
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Sep 1, 2023
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Area covered
    Worldwide
    Description

    As of 2017, fossil gas was the cheapest source of energy at ** U.S. dollars (USD) per megawatt hour (MWh). This price steadily increased, reaching ** USD/MWh as of 2023, making fossil gas the most expensive option for energy. While solar energy was priced at *** USD/MWh in 2017, the price is forecasted to reach ** USD/MWh in 2025, lowering again to ** USD/MWh by 2028.

  18. Average monthly electricity prices in United Kingdom 2013-2025

    • statista.com
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    Statista, Average monthly electricity prices in United Kingdom 2013-2025 [Dataset]. https://www.statista.com/statistics/589765/average-electricity-prices-uk/
    Explore at:
    Dataset authored and provided by
    Statistahttp://statista.com/
    Time period covered
    Jan 2013 - Sep 2025
    Area covered
    United Kingdom
    Description

    The average wholesale electricity price in September 2025 in the United Kingdom is forecast to amount to*******British pounds per megawatt-hour, a decrease from the previous month. A record high was reached in August 2022 when day-ahead baseload contracts averaged ***** British pounds per megawatt-hour. Electricity price stabilization in Europe Electricity prices increased in 2024 compared to the previous year, when prices stabilized after the energy supply shortage. Price spikes were driven by the growing wholesale prices of natural gas and coal worldwide, which are among the main sources of power in the region.

    … and in the United Kingdom? The United Kingdom was one of the countries with the highest electricity prices worldwide during the energy crisis. Since then, prices have been stabilizing, almost to pre-energy crisis levels. The use of nuclear, wind, and bioenergy for electricity generation has been increasing recently. The fuel types are an alternative to fossil fuels and are part of the country's power generation plans going into the future.

  19. y

    Japan Consumer Price Index: Energy

    • ycharts.com
    html
    Updated Oct 24, 2025
    + more versions
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    Japan Statistics Bureau (2025). Japan Consumer Price Index: Energy [Dataset]. https://ycharts.com/indicators/japan_consumer_price_index_energy
    Explore at:
    htmlAvailable download formats
    Dataset updated
    Oct 24, 2025
    Dataset provided by
    YCharts
    Authors
    Japan Statistics Bureau
    License

    https://www.ycharts.com/termshttps://www.ycharts.com/terms

    Time period covered
    Jan 31, 1970 - Sep 30, 2025
    Area covered
    Japan
    Variables measured
    Japan Consumer Price Index: Energy
    Description

    View monthly updates and historical trends for Japan Consumer Price Index: Energy. Source: Japan Statistics Bureau. Track economic data with YCharts analy…

  20. Electric Utilities in the UK - Market Research Report (2015-2030)

    • ibisworld.com
    Updated Jun 15, 2025
    + more versions
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    IBISWorld (2025). Electric Utilities in the UK - Market Research Report (2015-2030) [Dataset]. https://www.ibisworld.com/united-kingdom/industry/electric-utilities/200204/
    Explore at:
    Dataset updated
    Jun 15, 2025
    Dataset authored and provided by
    IBISWorld
    License

    https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/https://www.ibisworld.com/about/termsofuse/

    Time period covered
    2015 - 2030
    Area covered
    United Kingdom
    Description

    The electricity delivery process has experienced a major shift in recent years, driven by a push to reduce emissions. Governments across Europe are actively moving away from conventional sources of electricity generation, leading to a decline in the continent's dependency on fossil fuels. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), renewables accounted for 41.7% of electricity generation in Europe in 2022, up from 32.9% in 2017. The rise of renewables has spurred an influx of renewable generators and necessitated increased investment in electricity networks. This has lifted revenue for transmission and distribution network operators. Revenue is forecast to rise at a compound annual rate of 8.7% over the five years through 2025, reaching €2.8 billion. Falling wholesale prices and a reduction in overall electricity consumption spurred a drop in revenue during the pandemic. Excess demand for natural gas as economies loosened pandemic-related restrictions spurred a strong rebound in wholesale electricity prices in 2021, translating to a jump in revenue. Wholesale prices recorded a renewed spike following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, spurring a surge in revenue generated by electricity producers and suppliers. Renewable generators were able to rake in extra profit from electricity sold to wholesale markets at inflated prices, counterbalancing a significant rise in costs for fossil fuel generators and electricity suppliers. Wholesale prices have since come down as Europe has diversified its fuel mix away from Russian gas. Revenue is forecast to decline by 5.1% in the current year. Revenue is forecast to increase at a compound annual rate of 0.3% over the five years through 2030 to €2.9 billion. The revised Renewable Energy Directive of the EU has set a goal for 69% of electricity to be generated from renewables by 2030. Electricity generators will continue expanding their renewables capacity, while investment in upgrading the electricity network to accommodate the rapid shift to renewables will boost income for transmission and distribution network operators. Rising renewable electricity generation will place downward pressure on wholesale prices, though the electrification of heat and transport is set to spur an uptick in demand for electricity across the continent.

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TRADING ECONOMICS (2025). United States Energy Inflation [Dataset]. https://tradingeconomics.com/united-states/energy-inflation

United States Energy Inflation

United States Energy Inflation - Historical Dataset (1958-01-31/2025-09-30)

Explore at:
csv, json, excel, xmlAvailable download formats
Dataset updated
Oct 24, 2025
Dataset authored and provided by
TRADING ECONOMICS
License

Attribution 4.0 (CC BY 4.0)https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
License information was derived automatically

Time period covered
Jan 31, 1958 - Sep 30, 2025
Area covered
United States
Description

Energy Inflation in the United States increased to 2.80 percent in September from 0.20 percent in August of 2025. This dataset includes a chart with historical data for the United States Energy Inflation.

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