View weekly updates and historical trends for 30 Year Mortgage Rate. from United States. Source: Freddie Mac. Track economic data with YCharts analytics.

Graph and download economic data for 15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Average in the United States (MORTGAGE15US) from 1991-08-30 to 2025-11-26 about 15-year, mortgage, fixed, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

The Federal National Mortgage Association, commonly known as Fannie Mae, was created by the U.S. congress in 1938, in order to maintain liquidity and stability in the domestic mortgage market. The company is a government-sponsored enterprise (GSE), meaning that while it was a publicly traded company for most of its history, it was still supported by the federal government. While there is no legally binding guarantee of shares in GSEs or their securities, it is generally acknowledged that the U.S. government is highly unlikely to let these enterprises fail. Due to these implicit guarantees, GSEs are able to access financing at a reduced cost of interest. Fannie Mae's main activity is the purchasing of mortgage loans from their originators (banks, mortgage brokers etc.) and packaging them into mortgage-backed securities (MBS) in order to ease the access of U.S. homebuyers to housing credit. The early 2000s U.S. mortgage finance boom During the early 2000s, Fannie Mae was swept up in the U.S. housing boom which eventually led to the financial crisis of 2007-2008. The association's stated goal of increasing access of lower income families to housing finance coalesced with the interests of private mortgage lenders and Wall Street investment banks, who had become heavily reliant on the housing market to drive profits. Private lenders had begun to offer riskier mortgage loans in the early 2000s due to low interest rates in the wake of the "Dot Com" crash and their need to maintain profits through increasing the volume of loans on their books. The securitized products created by these private lenders did not maintain the standards which had traditionally been upheld by GSEs. Due to their market share being eaten into by private firms, however, the GSEs involved in the mortgage markets began to also lower their standards, resulting in a 'race to the bottom'. The fall of Fannie Mae The lowering of lending standards was a key factor in creating the housing bubble, as mortgages were now being offered to borrowers with little or no ability to repay the loans. Combined with fraudulent practices from credit ratings agencies, who rated the junk securities created from these mortgage loans as being of the highest standard, this led directly to the financial panic that erupted on Wall Street beginning in 2007. As the U.S. economy slowed down in 2006, mortgage delinquency rates began to spike. Fannie Mae's losses in the mortgage security market in 2006 and 2007, along with the losses of the related GSE 'Freddie Mac', had caused its share value to plummet, stoking fears that it may collapse. On September 7th 2008, Fannie Mae was taken into government conservatorship along with Freddie Mac, with their stocks being delisted from stock exchanges in 2010. This act was seen as an unprecedented direct intervention into the economy by the U.S. government, and a symbol of how far the U.S. housing market had fallen.

Graph and download economic data for Government-Sponsored Enterprises; Securitized Multifamily Residential Mortgages Held by Fannie Mae; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA403065463Q) from Q4 1946 to Q2 2025 about fannie mae, GSE, multifamily, securitized, transactions, mortgage, family, residential, assets, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Government-Sponsored Enterprises; Securitized Multifamily Residential Mortgages Held by Fannie Mae; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA403065463A) from 1946 to 2024 about fannie mae, GSE, multifamily, securitized, transactions, mortgage, family, residential, assets, and USA.

United States Fannie Mae: Year to Date: Risk Management Derivatives: Net Contractual Interest Expense on Interest-Rate Swaps data was reported at -218.000 USD mn in Mar 2025. This records an increase from the previous number of -964.000 USD mn for Dec 2024. United States Fannie Mae: Year to Date: Risk Management Derivatives: Net Contractual Interest Expense on Interest-Rate Swaps data is updated quarterly, averaging -450.000 USD mn from Dec 2011 (Median) to Mar 2025, with 51 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 16.000 USD mn in Dec 2021 and a record low of -2.187 USD bn in Dec 2011. United States Fannie Mae: Year to Date: Risk Management Derivatives: Net Contractual Interest Expense on Interest-Rate Swaps data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal National Mortgage Association. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.EB121: Derivatives Fair Value Gains or Losses: Federal National Mortgage Association, Fannie Mae.

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Loan-Level Dataset

Borrower Demographics, Loan-to-Value Ratios, and Census Tract Location

By Natarajan Krishnaswami [source]

About this dataset

The FHFA Public Use Databases provide an unprecedented look into the flow of mortgage credit and capital in America's communities. With detailed information about the income, race, gender and census tract location of borrowers, this database can help lenders, planners, researchers and housing advocates better understand how mortgages are acquired by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

This data set includes 2009-2016 single-family property loan information from the Enterprises in combination with corresponding census tract information from the 2010 decennial census. It allows for greater granularity in examining mortgage acquisition patterns within each MSA or county by combining borrower/property characteristics, such as borrower's race/ethnicity; co-borrower demographics; occupancy type; Federal guarantee program (conventional/other versus FHA-insured); age of borrowers; loan purpose (purchase, refinance or home improvement); lien status; rate spread between annual percentage rate (APR) and average prime offer rate (APOR); HOEPA status; area median family income and more.

In addition to demographic data on borrowers and properties, this dataset also provides insight into affordability metrics such as median family incomes at both the MSA/county level as well as functional owner occupied bankrupt tracts using 2010 Census based geography while taking into account American Community Survey estimates available at January 1st 2016. This allows us to calculate metrics that are important for assessing inequality such as tract income ratios which measure what portion of an area’s median family income is made up by a single borrows earnings or the ratio between borrows annual income compared to an area’s average median family iincome for those year’s reporting period. Finally each record contains Enterprise Flags associated with whether loans were purchased my Fannie Mae or Freddie Mac indicating further insights regarding who is financing policies affecting undocumented immigrant labor access as well affordable housing legislation targeted towards first time home buyers

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How to use the dataset

This guide will provide you with all the information needed to use the Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Loan-Level Dataset for 2016. The dataset contains loan-level data for both Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, including loans acquired in 2016. It includes details such as homeowner demographics, loan-to-value ratio, census tract location, and affordability of mortgage.

The first step to using this dataset is understanding how it is organized. There are 38 fields that make up the loan level data set, making it easy to understand what is being looked at. For each field there is a description of what the field represents and potential values it can take on (i.e., if it’s an integer or float). Having an understanding of the different fields will help when querying certain data points or comparing/contrasting.

Once you understand what type of information is available in this dataset you can start to create queries or visualizations that compare trends across Fannie Mae & Freddie Mac loans made in 2016. Depending on your interest areas such as homeownership rates or income disparities certain statistics may be pulled from the dataset such as borrower’s Annual Income Ratio per area median family income by state code or a comparison between Race & Ethnicity breakdown between borrowers and co-borrowers from various states respective MSAs, among other possibilities based on your inquiries . Visualizations should then be created so that clear comparisons and contrasts could be seen more easily by other users who may look into this same dataset for additional insights as well .

After creating queries/visualization , you can dive deeper into research about corresponding trends & any biases seen within these datasets related within particular racial groupings compared against US Postal & MSA codes used within the 2010 Census Tract locations throughout the US respectively by further utilizing publicly available research material that looks at these subjects with regards housing policies implemented through out years one could further draw conclusions depending on their current inquiries

Research Ideas

• Use the dataset to analyze borrowing patterns based on race, nationality and gender, to better understand the links between minority groups and access to credit...

Graph and download economic data for Agency-and GSE-Backed Mortgage Pools; Multifamily Residential Mortgages Held in a Fannie Mae Pool; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA413065443Q) from Q4 1946 to Q2 2025 about fannie mae, multifamily, mortgage, transactions, family, residential, assets, and USA.

CLTV Range 0% to 30 30.01% to 60 60.01% to 70 70.01% to 75 75.01% to 80 80.01% to 85 85.01% to 90 90.01% to 95 95.01% to 97 97.01% to 100 100.01% and up Credit Score Range 0% to 30 30.01% to 60 60.01% to 70 70.01% to 75 75.01% to 80 80.01% to 85 85.01% to 90 90.01% to 95 95.01% to 97 97.01% to 100 100.01% and up Total 639 and lower 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 640 to < 660 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 660 to < 680 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 0% 0% 3% 680 to < 700 0% 0% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 1% 0% 0% 0% 4% 700 to < 720 0% 1% 0% 0% 1% 0% 1% 2% 1% 0% 0% 7% 720 to < 740 0% 1% 1% 1% 2% 0% 1% 3% 1% 0% 0% 10% 740 to < 760 0% 1% 1% 1% 3% 1% 2% 3% 1% 0% 0% 14% 760 to < 780 0% 2% 2% 2% 5% 1% 2% 4% 1% 0% 0% 19% 780 and greater 1% 7% 4% 4% 11% 2% 4% 6% 1% 0% 0% 41% Total 2% 13% 9% 9% 25% 4% 12% 20% 5% 0% 0% 100.0%

Market DataResidential Mortgage Debt Outstanding—Enterprise Share, 1990 – 2010Total mortgages held or securitized by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac as a Percentage of Residential Mortgage Debt Outstanding, 1990 – 2010. Note: Currently, FHFA does not have any plans to update this dataset through more recent periods.Single-Family Mortgages Originated and Outstanding, 1990 – 2011 Q2Statistics for conventional and government-insured or -guaranteed loans and, within each of those sectors, for fixed-rate and adjustable-rate mortgages. Conventional loans are also divided into jumbo and non-jumbo loans. Note: Currently, FHFA does not have any plans to update this dataset through more recent periods.​ Treasury and Federal Reserve Purchase Programs for GSE and Mortgage-Related Securities Data on activities by the Department of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve System to support mortgage markets through purchases of securities issued by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and the Federal Home Loan Banks and by Ginnie Mae, a federal agency that guarantees securities backed by mortgages insured or guaranteed by the Federal Housing Administration, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and other federal agencies. More details are available on the Treasury and Federal Reserve Purchase Programs for GSE and Mortgage-Related Securities page. ​Note: Currently, FHFA does not have any plans to update this dataset through more recent periods.

Loan Channel CO Refinance Share Retail 71.2% Correspondent 18.2% Broker 10.6% Loan Channel Purchase Loan Channel Share Retail 49.2% Correspondent 35.0% Broker 15.8%

Graph and download economic data for Agency-and GSE-Backed Mortgage Pools; Total Mortgages Held in a Fannie Mae Pool; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA413065045A) from 1946 to 2024 about GSE-Backed, fannie mae, mortgage, transactions, assets, and USA.

The global Mortgage-Backed Security market is poised for robust growth, with its market size projected to reach XX million in 2033, driven by a CAGR of XX% during the forecast period 2025-2033. Key drivers fueling this growth include increasing demand for residential and commercial mortgages, government support for housing markets, and the ongoing trend of securitization. However, factors such as rising interest rates, economic uncertainties, and regulatory challenges may pose restraints to market expansion. The market is segmented into types (commercial MBS, residential MBS) and applications (commercial banks, real estate enterprises, trust plans). Residential MBS dominate the market due to the high demand for home loans. Prominent players in the market include Construction Bank, ICBC, and Bank of China, among others. North America and Asia Pacific are expected to be key regional markets, with the US, China, and India driving growth. The study period for this analysis is 2019-2033, with the base year being 2025 and the forecast period extending from 2025 to 2033. Mortgage-backed securities (MBS) are financial instruments that are backed by a pool of mortgages. They are typically issued by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, but can also be issued by private banks and investment firms. MBS offer investors a way to invest in the housing market without having to purchase a physical property.

The maximum loan-to-value ratio allowed for cash-out refinance

The minimum equity required for rate and term conventional refinance

Energy-Efficient Mortgage Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the Global Energy-Efficient Mortgage market size was valued at $105.2 billion in 2024 and is projected to reach $289.7 billion by 2033, expanding at a CAGR of 11.8% during 2024–2033. The primary driver fueling this robust growth is the increasing demand for sustainable housing solutions paired with favorable government incentives and regulatory frameworks that encourage the adoption of energy-efficient properties. As climate change concerns intensify, both consumers and institutional investors are gravitating towards green financing mechanisms, making energy-efficient mortgages an essential tool in transforming the global real estate landscape. The market is further propelled by technological advancements in building materials and energy management systems, which enhance property energy performance and make qualifying for such mortgages more attainable for a broader range of borrowers.

Regional Outlook

North America currently commands the largest share of the global energy-efficient mortgage market, accounting for approximately 38% of total market value. This dominance is attributed to a mature mortgage sector, advanced technological infrastructure, and proactive policy measures such as tax credits and rebates for energy-efficient home improvements. The United States, in particular, has seen a surge in participation from both private lenders and government-sponsored enterprises like Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, which offer specialized green mortgage products. Additionally, the presence of robust secondary markets and investor appetite for green mortgage-backed securities further strengthens the region’s leadership. The integration of smart home technologies and stringent building codes has made North America a benchmark for best practices in energy-efficient mortgage origination and servicing.

Europe emerges as the fastest-growing region, with a projected CAGR of 13.5% during the forecast period. The European Union’s ambitious climate targets, such as the European Green Deal and Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD), have catalyzed a wave of investments in energy-efficient real estate. Countries like Germany, the Netherlands, and the Nordic nations are at the forefront, leveraging government-backed incentives and innovative financing models to stimulate both residential and commercial green mortgage uptake. The region’s financial institutions are increasingly incorporating environmental, social, and governance (ESG) criteria into their lending practices, further propelling market growth. Cross-border collaborations and harmonization of green loan standards are creating a pan-European green mortgage ecosystem, attracting significant interest from institutional investors and international lenders.

Emerging economies in Asia Pacific, Latin America, and the Middle East & Africa are witnessing gradual but promising adoption of energy-efficient mortgages. In Asia Pacific, countries like China, Japan, and Australia are introducing pilot programs and regulatory incentives to encourage sustainable property investments. However, challenges such as limited consumer awareness, underdeveloped green finance infrastructure, and inconsistent policy enforcement hinder rapid market penetration. In Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, localized demand is rising due to urbanization and the pressing need for energy conservation, but limited access to long-term financing and the absence of standardized energy efficiency benchmarks remain significant barriers. Nonetheless, international development agencies and multilateral banks are increasingly supporting these regions through technical assistance and capacity-building initiatives, laying the groundwork for future market expansion.

Report Scope

The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) is an independent regulatory agency that is not part of the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD).

The FHFA was established by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (HERA) and is responsible for the effective supervision, regulation, and housing mission oversight of Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac (the Enterprises), Common Securitization Solutions, LLC (CSS), and the Federal Home Loan Bank System, which includes the 11 Federal Home Loan Banks (FHLBanks) and the Office of Finance. Since 2008, FHFA has also served as conservator of Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.

Conforming Loan Limits are mortgage limits set annually (as required by HERA) by the FHFA. In order for a mortgage loan to be eligible to be insured by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae, the loan amount must be less than the loan limit. Mortgage exceeding the Conforming Loan Limit are referred to as "non-conforming loans" or "jumbo loans." While most counties use a single set of Conforming Loan Limits based on the number of units, high cost of living counties use higher Conforming Loan Limits. The FHFA analyzes year-over-year change in average home prices in October of each year using the Monthly Interest Rate Survey (MIRS) to adjust the Conforming Loan Limits for the upcoming year.

Geospatial data in this feature service uses the Census 2010 County geographies.

To learn more about about the FHFA, please visit:https://www.fhfa.gov/AboutUs



For more information about FHFA Conforming Loan Limits, please visit:https://www.fhfa.gov/DataTools/Downloads/Pages/Conforming-Loan-Limits.aspx, for questions about the spatial attribution of this dataset, please reach out to us at GISHelpdesk@hud.gov. 

Date of Coverage: 2022 Data Dictionary:DD_FHFA Conforming Loan Limits

The Federal Housing Finance Agency (FHFA) today issued its annual report on single-family guarantee fees charged by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the Enterprises). Guarantee fees are intended to cover the credit risk and other costs that the Enterprises incur when they acquire single-family loans from lenders. These costs include projected credit losses from borrower defaults over the life of the loans, administrative costs, and a return on capital. The report compares year-over-year 2020 to 2019 and provides statistics back to 2018. Significant findings of the report include: For all loan products combined, the average single-family guarantee fee in 2020 decreased 2 basis points to 54 basis points. The upfront portion of the guarantee fee, which is based on the credit risk attributes (e.g., loan purpose, loan-to-value (LTV) ratio, and credit score), decreased 2 basis points to 11 basis points on average. The ongoing portion of the guarantee fee, which is based on the product type (fixed-rate or adjustable-rate, and loan term), remained unchanged at 43 basis points on average. The average guarantee fee in 2020 on 30-year and 15-year fixed rate loans remained unchanged at 58 basis points and 36 basis points, respectively. The fee on adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) loans increased 1 basis point to 57 basis points. The Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 requires FHFA to conduct ongoing studies of the guarantee fees charged by the Enterprises and to submit a report to Congress each year.

Agency MBS Market Outlook

According to our latest research, the global Agency MBS (Mortgage-Backed Securities) market size reached USD 9.3 trillion in 2024, reflecting the robust demand for securitized mortgage assets worldwide. The Agency MBS market is expected to expand at a CAGR of 4.2% from 2025 to 2033, with the market forecasted to reach USD 13.3 trillion by 2033. This growth is driven by the increasing appetite for fixed-income securities among institutional investors, ongoing government support for housing finance, and the evolution of risk management strategies in the global financial ecosystem.

One of the primary growth factors for the Agency MBS market is the consistent demand for safe, liquid, and yield-generating assets in a low-interest-rate environment. Agency MBS, backed by government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) such as Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and Ginnie Mae, offer investors a unique blend of credit risk mitigation and attractive returns compared to other fixed-income instruments. The explicit or implicit government guarantee associated with these securities further enhances their appeal, particularly during periods of economic uncertainty. Additionally, the expansion of mortgage lending and refinancing activity, especially in developed markets, has fueled the supply of new Agency MBS, supporting market growth.

Another significant driver is the evolving regulatory landscape that encourages financial institutions to hold high-quality liquid assets (HQLA) for capital adequacy and risk management purposes. Agency MBS are typically classified as HQLA under Basel III regulations, making them a preferred choice for banks and other financial institutions seeking to optimize their balance sheets. Moreover, technological advancements in securitization, data analytics, and trading platforms have improved transparency, efficiency, and accessibility in the Agency MBS market, attracting a broader range of investors, including retail participants and non-traditional asset managers.

The diversification of investor profiles and the globalization of capital flows have also contributed to the expansion of the Agency MBS market. International investors, sovereign wealth funds, and central banks are increasingly allocating capital to Agency MBS as part of their portfolio diversification and risk-adjusted return strategies. This influx of global capital has enhanced market liquidity and depth, while also fostering innovation in product structures and risk transfer mechanisms. Furthermore, the growing recognition of Agency MBS as a tool for macroprudential policy and monetary operations by central banks underscores their strategic importance in the global financial system.

From a regional perspective, North America continues to dominate the Agency MBS market, accounting for the majority of issuance, trading volume, and investor participation. The United States, in particular, benefits from a mature mortgage finance system, strong regulatory oversight, and the presence of major GSEs. However, other regions such as Europe and Asia Pacific are witnessing steady growth, driven by financial market development, regulatory harmonization, and increasing cross-border investment flows. The regional dynamics are further influenced by macroeconomic factors, housing market trends, and government policies aimed at supporting homeownership and financial stability.

Product Type Analysis

The Agency MBS market is segmented by product type into Residential MBS, Commercial MBS, Collateralized Mortgage Obligations (CMOs), and Pass-Through Securities. Residential MBS remain the largest segment, underpinned by the substantial volume of residential mortgage loans originated and securitized by GSEs. These securities are widely regarded as a cornerstone of the fixed-income market, providing investors with exposure to the U.S. housing market and a steady stream of principal and interest payments. The standardized nature and government backing of residential MBS contribute to their high liquidity and low credit risk profile, making them a staple in institutional portfolios.

Commercial MBS, while smaller in scale compared to their residential counterparts, have gained prominence as institutional investors seek diversification across property types and geographic locations. These securities are backed by income-generating commercial real estate assets such as office buildings, shopping centers