In 2021, the leading causes of death in Africa were lower respiratory infections, malaria, and stroke. That year, lower respiratory infections resulted in around 65 deaths per 100,000 population in Africa. Leading causes of death in Africa vs the world Worldwide, the top three leading causes of death in 2021 were heart disease, COVID-19, and stroke. At that time, some of the leading causes of death in Africa, such as lower respiratory infections and stroke, were among the leading causes worldwide, but there were also stark differences in the leading causes of death in Africa compared to the leading causes worldwide. For example, malaria, diarrheal disease, and preterm birth complications were among the top ten leading causes of death in Africa, but not worldwide. Furthermore, HIV/AIDS was the eighth leading cause of death in Africa at that time, but was not among the top ten leading causes worldwide. HIV/AIDS in Africa Although HIV/AIDS impacts every region of the world, Africa is still the region most impacted by this deadly virus. Worldwide, there are around 40 million people currently living with HIV, with about 20.8 million found in Eastern and Southern Africa and 5.1 million in Western and Central Africa. The countries with the highest HIV prevalence worldwide include Eswatini, Lesotho, and South Africa, with the leading 20 countries by HIV prevalence all found in Africa. However, due in part to improvements in education and awareness, the prevalence of HIV in many African countries has decreased. For example, in Botswana, the prevalence of HIV decreased from 26.1 percent to 16.6 percent in the period from 2000 to 2023.

Lower respiratory infections were the leading cause of death in Africa in 2021. Lower respiratory infections accounted for 8.6 percent of all deaths in Africa that year, followed by malaria, which was responsible for 6.5 percent of deaths. Although HIV is not one of the leading causes of death worldwide, it remains within the top 10 leading causes of death in Africa. As of 2023, the top 15 countries with the highest prevalence of new HIV infections are all found in Africa. HIV/AIDS HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is an infectious sexually transmitted disease that is transmitted via exposure to infected semen, blood, vaginal and anal fluids and breast milk. HIV weakens the human immune system, resulting in the affected person being unable to fight off opportunistic infections. HIV/AIDS was the eighth leading cause of death in Africa in 2021, accounting for around 4.6 percent of all deaths, or around 405,790 total deaths. HIV Treatment Although there is currently no effective cure for HIV, death can be prevented by taking HIV antiretroviral therapy (ART). Access to ART worldwide has increased greatly over the last decade; however, there are still barriers to access in some of the countries most impacted by HIV. The African countries with the highest percentage of HIV infected children who were receiving antiretroviral treatment were Eswatini, Lesotho, and Uganda.

BackgroundDespite rising incidence and mortality rates in Africa, cancer has been given low priority in the research field and in healthcare services. Indeed, 57% of all new cancer cases around the world occur in low income countries exacerbated by lack of awareness, lack of preventive strategies, and increased life expectancies. Despite recent efforts devoted to cancer epidemiology, statistics on cancer rates in Africa are often dispersed across different registries. In this study our goal included identifying the most promising prevention and treatment approaches available in Africa. To do this, we collated and analyzed the incidence and fatality rates for the 10 most common and fatal cancers in 56 African countries grouped into 5 different regions (North, West, East, Central and South) over 16-years (2002–2018). We examined temporal and regional trends by investigating the most important risk factors associated to each cancer type. Data were analyzed by cancer type, African region, gender, measures of socioeconomic status and the availability of medical devices.ResultsWe observed that Northern and Southern Africa were most similar in their cancer incidences and fatality rates compared to other African regions. The most prevalent cancers are breast, bladder and liver cancers in Northern Africa; prostate, lung and colorectal cancers in Southern Africa; and esophageal and cervical cancer in East Africa. In Southern Africa, fatality rates from prostate cancer and cervical cancer have increased. In addition, these three cancers are less fatal in Northern and Southern Africa compared to other regions, which correlates with the Human Development Index and the availability of medical devices. With the exception of thyroid cancer, all other cancers have higher incidences in males than females.ConclusionOur results show that the African continent suffers from a shortage of medical equipment, research resources and epidemiological expertise. While recognizing that risk factors are interconnected, we focused on risk factors more or less specific to each cancer type. This helps identify specific preventive and therapeutic options in Africa. We see a need for implementing more accurate preventive strategies to tackle this disease as many cases are likely preventable. Opportunities exist for vaccination programs for cervical and liver cancer, genetic testing and use of new targeted therapies for breast and prostate cancer, and positive changes in lifestyle for lung, colorectal and bladder cancers. Such recommendations should be tailored for the different African regions depending on their disease profiles and specific needs.

Tuberculosis is one of the deadliest communicable diseases worldwide, causing around *** million deaths per year. Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are spread from person to person either directly or indirectly, such as through an insect bite or ingesting contaminated food or water. Some of the deadliest communicable diseases include HIV/AIDS, malaria, hepatitis C, cholera, and measles. Tuberculosis Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that affects the lungs. Tuberculosis disproportionately impacts the poorer, less developed countries of the world, such as in Africa and Southeast Asia. India reports the highest number of deaths from tuberculosis worldwide. HIV/AIDS Although deaths from HIV/AIDS have decreased over the last few decades, there were still around ******* AIDS-related deaths in 2023. Like many other communicable diseases, HIV/AIDS impacts developing regions more than the developed world. By far, the highest number of AIDS deaths come from Africa and Asia Pacific. Advancements in HIV treatment now allow those infected to live long and relatively normal lives, but access to treatment varies greatly.

In 2023, an estimated 403,600 people in Africa died as a result of tuberculosis (TB). In the period under review, the highest number of estimated deaths caused by tuberculosis in the country occurred in 2011, with over 773,800 recorded deaths. TB is one of the leading deadly diseases in Africa alongside Malaria and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).

This statistic displays the number of cases and deaths due to Ebola from the outbreak in West Africa which lasts since 2014. As of March 30, 2016, there have been 10,675 cases in Liberia, resulting in 4,809 deaths. The Ebola virus causes extremely severe hemorrhagic fever and is considered a Risk Group 4 Pathogen by the World Health Organization (WHO). The health sector will focus on cross-border regions to strengthen treatment, testing, and contact tracing.

Ebola cases and deaths related to outbreak in West Africa

Ebola cases in Guinea totaled 3,670 and deaths totaled 2,437 as of June 10, 2015. The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that the figures in Africa may be underestimated. Nevertheless, the United Nations has anticipated that the outbreak is slowing. Liberia, in fact, was procvaimed Ebola-free by May 2015, with a total of 4,806 deaths during the outbreak. Containment centers have been especially important in preventing further transmission of the virus. Ebola virus disease can be transmitted from animals to humans. Transmission occurs between humans through direct contact, for example through broken skin, blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of those that are infected. Surfaces such as bedding that have come in contact with the infected can also transmit the virus. As of October 2014, there were 1,576 beds for current patient in West Africa dedicated to Ebola treatment. Patient zero, who died in 2013, has been pinpointed to a 2 year old living in a small village in Guinea. The fatality rate of West African Ebola is about 40 percent. In Tuberculosis, an infectious disease, the fatality rate is about 15 percent. Among humans, Ebola is an acute illness with fever as a first symptom.

This study contains data about mapping prevalence, incidence, and severity of MLN in northern Tanzania. About the project Project title: Integrated Approaches to Manage Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) Disease in Tanzania Project abstract Mapping prevalence, incidence and severity of MLN in northern Tanzania . Project website: http://africa-rising.net

Parameters used in base case model to estimate total number of cases, incidence and mortality rates for severe pneumococcal disease among children aged

In the 2013-2016 west Africa outbreak of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD), most of the planned clinical trials failed to reach a conclusion within the time frame of the epidemic. The performance of clinical trial designs for the evaluation of one or more experimental treatments in the specific context of an ongoing epidemic with changing case fatality rates (CFR) and unpredictable case numbers is unclear. We conduct a comprehensive evaluation of commonly used two- and multi-arm clinical trial designs based on real data, which was recorded during the 2013-16 EVD epidemic in west Africa. The primary endpoint is death within 14 days of hospitalization. The impact of the recruitment start times relative to the time course of the epidemic on the operating characteristics of the clinical trials is analysed. Designs with frequent interim analyses with the possibility of early stopping are shown to outperform designs with only a single analysis not only in terms of average time to conclusion and average sample size, but also in terms of the probability of reaching any conclusion at all. Historic control designs almost always result in substantially inflated false positive rates, when the case fatality rate changes over time. Response-adaptive randomization may be a compromise between the goal of scientific validity and the ethical goal of minimizing the number of patients allocated to ineffective treatments.

Case fatality rates at the beginning of the epidemic and after 250 days in each arm.

The global Yellow Fever Virus Testing market is experiencing robust growth, driven by increasing incidence of yellow fever outbreaks, particularly in endemic regions of Africa and South America. The market's expansion is fueled by rising awareness of the disease, improved diagnostic capabilities, and enhanced public health initiatives focused on vaccination and surveillance. Several factors contribute to market growth, including the development of more sensitive and rapid diagnostic tests like PCR-based assays and advancements in point-of-care diagnostics that facilitate faster diagnosis in remote areas. The market is segmented by application (clinical diagnostics, scientific research) and test type (virus nucleic acid detection, antibody testing, virus isolation, and others). While nucleic acid detection methods dominate currently due to high sensitivity, antibody testing is gaining traction due to its ease of use and cost-effectiveness in large-scale screening programs. Market restraints include the high cost of advanced diagnostic technologies, limited healthcare infrastructure in endemic regions, and challenges associated with sample collection and transportation in remote locations. Despite these challenges, the market is projected to witness significant growth over the forecast period (2025-2033), fueled by increasing investments in research and development, collaborations between public health organizations and diagnostic companies, and growing government initiatives to control yellow fever outbreaks. Major players like Altona Diagnostics, Liferiver, and Thermo Fisher Scientific are actively involved in developing and commercializing innovative diagnostic solutions, contributing to market expansion. The North American and European markets currently hold a significant share due to well-established healthcare infrastructure and high diagnostic testing rates. However, growth in Asia-Pacific and Africa is expected to be significant, driven by rising disease prevalence and increasing healthcare expenditure in these regions. The competitive landscape features a mix of established players and emerging companies. Large multinational corporations are focusing on expanding their product portfolios and geographical reach, while smaller companies are specializing in niche technologies and applications. Strategic collaborations, mergers and acquisitions are anticipated as companies seek to gain market share and expand their offerings. Future market growth will be contingent upon factors such as government funding for disease control programs, development of affordable and accessible diagnostic tools, and continued advancements in diagnostic technologies. Effective public health strategies and improved healthcare infrastructure are crucial for ensuring widespread access to reliable Yellow Fever Virus Testing, thereby mitigating the impact of this potentially fatal disease.

The deadliest animals in the world based on the number of human deaths per year is not a creature that humans usually find scary, such as a lion or snake. Mosquitos are by far the deadliest creature in the world when it comes to annual human deaths, causing around one million deaths per year, compared to 100,000 deaths from snakes and 250 from lions. Perhaps surpringly, dogs are the third deadliest animal to humans. Dogs are responsible for around 30,000 human deaths per year, with the vast majority of these deaths resulting from rabies that is transmitted from the dog.

Malaria

Mosquitos are the deadliest creature in the world because they transmit a number of deadly diseases, the worst of which is malaria. Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by a parasite that results in fever, chills, headache, vomiting and, if left untreated, death. Malaria disproportionately affects poorer regions of the world such as Africa and South-East Asia. In 2020, there were around 627,000 deaths from malaria worldwide.

Mosquito-borne diseases in the U.S.

The most common mosquito-borne diseases reported in the United States include West Nile virus, malaria, and dengue viruses. Many of these cases, however, are from travelers who contracted the disease in another country - this is especially true for malaria, Zika, and dengue. In 2018, the states of California, New York, and Texas reported the highest number of mosquito-borne disease cases in the United States.

Risk factors associated with iNTS disease in Africa (1966 to 2014)

Hemorrhagic Septicemia Vaccines Market Outlook

The global hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines market size was valued at approximately USD 250 million in 2023 and is projected to reach around USD 400 million by 2032, exhibiting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% during the forecast period. The key growth factors contributing to this robust market expansion include the rising prevalence of hemorrhagic septicemia among livestock, increased awareness regarding animal health, and significant advancements in veterinary medicine.

One of the primary growth drivers in the hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines market is the escalating incidence of the disease among cattle and buffalo in regions such as Asia and Africa. Hemorrhagic septicemia is a highly contagious and fatal disease that poses substantial economic losses to the livestock industry. The increasing focus on livestock health and productivity is prompting farmers and animal husbandry professionals to adopt preventive measures, including vaccines, thereby propelling market growth. Additionally, government initiatives and subsidies aimed at improving animal health are further reinforcing the demand for these vaccines.

Another pivotal factor contributing to the market growth is the growing awareness among livestock owners about the benefits of vaccination. Campaigns and educational programs conducted by veterinary health organizations, NGOs, and government bodies are playing a crucial role in disseminating knowledge about hemorrhagic septicemia and its preventive measures. This heightened awareness is leading to higher vaccination rates, which in turn is driving the market forward. Furthermore, the development of advanced diagnostic tools and veterinary services is ensuring better disease detection and management, thus supporting the market expansion.

The advancements in veterinary medicine and biotechnology have led to the development of more efficacious and safer vaccines against hemorrhagic septicemia. Innovations such as live attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines are offering improved protection against the disease, reducing morbidity and mortality rates among livestock. These advancements are not only enhancing the effectiveness of vaccination programs but also ensuring the safety and well-being of the animals, which is a key factor in boosting market growth. Additionally, collaborations between veterinary research institutes and pharmaceutical companies are accelerating the development and commercialization of new vaccine formulations.

Brucellosis Vaccines are gaining attention in the veterinary sector due to the significant impact of brucellosis on livestock health and productivity. This disease, caused by the Brucella bacteria, affects various animals, including cattle, goats, and sheep, leading to reproductive issues and reduced milk production. The development of effective Brucellosis Vaccines is crucial in controlling the spread of the disease, especially in regions where livestock farming is a major economic activity. These vaccines not only help in preventing the disease but also contribute to improving the overall health and productivity of the livestock, thereby supporting the economic stability of farmers. As awareness about brucellosis and its impact grows, the demand for vaccines is expected to rise, further driving research and development efforts in this area.

Geographically, the Asia Pacific region is expected to dominate the hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines market due to the high prevalence of the disease and the large population of cattle and buffalo. Countries such as India, China, and Pakistan are major contributors to the market revenue, driven by their extensive livestock farming activities. Additionally, the support from regional governments in terms of funding and subsidies for vaccination programs is enhancing the market prospects in this region. Other regions such as North America and Europe are also witnessing gradual market growth due to increasing awareness and adoption of advanced veterinary practices.

Vaccine Type Analysis

The hemorrhagic septicemia vaccines market is segmented based on vaccine type, including live attenuated vaccines and inactivated vaccines. Live attenuated vaccines are derived from the live pathogen that has been weakened to lose its virulence while retaining its ability to provoke an immune response. These vaccines are known for their long-lasting immunity and strong immune response. Due to their effectiveness, live attenuated va

The largest outbreak of Ebola virus since 1976 occurred in Sierra Leone between 2014 and 2016. The outbreak resulted in ****** cases and ***** deaths. The outbreak that affected Sierra Leone started in Guinea and spread rapidly to surrounding countries. Ebola Virus Disease Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a viral pathogen that causes fever, headaches, severe abdominal pain and, in some cases, haemorrhaging. It is transmitted from human-to-human through contact with infected body fluids, infected objects or semen from a recovered EVD patient. Ebola infection has several stages, including incubation, illness and infectiousness. It is estimated that the mean time from Ebola exposure to the onset of symptoms is approximately seven days. Of the five types of Ebola, Zaire ebolavirus has been shown to be the deadliest. 2014-2016 Ebola Outbreak The West African Ebola outbreak of 2014-2016 was the largest outbreak in history. As of 2016, it was estimated that Sierra Leone had the most Ebola-associated deaths, followed by Guinea. The outbreak began in Guinea in January 2014. However, it progressed rapidly and by March 30, 2016, Liberia had experienced over ** thousand cases. Throughout the 2014-2016 epidemic, health care workers were disproportionately affected by the disease. By November 4, 2015, there were almost *** cases of Ebola virus disease among health care workers.

This resource contains anonymised policy interviews on trypanosomiasis in Zambia from 2013 conducted by Catherine Grant (Institute of Development Studies) and Noreen Machila (University of Zambia, Department of Disease Control). These interviews explore the differing opinions of various stakeholders in relation to trypanosomiasis, a widespread and potentially fatal disease spread by tsetse flies which affects both humans and animals. It is an important time to examine this issue as human population growth and other factors have led to migration into new areas which are populated by tsetse flies and this may affect disease levels. This means that there is a greater risk to people and their livestock. Opinions on the best way to manage the disease are deeply divided (Source: Author Summary- Grant, C, Anderson, N and Machila, N [Accepted] Stakeholder narratives on trypanosomiasis, their effect on policy and the scope for One Health, Public Library of Science Neglected Tropical Diseases (PLOS NTD). This was part of a wider research project, the Dynamic Drivers of Disease in Africa Consortium (DDDAC) and these interviews contributed to this consortium. The research was funded by NERC project no NE/J001570/1 with support from the Ecosystem Services for Poverty Alleviation Programme (ESPA).

Antimycobacterial Drugs Market Outlook

The global antimycobacterial drugs market size was valued at approximately $3.5 billion in 2023 and is projected to reach around $5.8 billion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2% during the forecast period. The market growth is primarily driven by the increasing prevalence of mycobacterial infections such as tuberculosis (TB) and leprosy, coupled with advancements in diagnostic techniques and treatment regimes.

The rise in the incidence of tuberculosis, particularly in developing countries, is a significant growth factor. TB remains one of the deadliest infectious diseases worldwide, predominantly affecting low and middle-income nations. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 10 million people fell ill with tuberculosis in 2021, with a substantial number of cases in regions like Asia and Africa. This alarming statistic underscores the urgent need for effective antimycobacterial drugs, thereby propelling market growth. Additionally, the development of multidrug-resistant strains of mycobacteria is necessitating the introduction of new and more effective therapeutic agents, further fueling the market expansion.

Another critical growth driver is the growing awareness and governmental initiatives aimed at eradicating mycobacterial infections. Numerous health programs and policies are being implemented globally to combat diseases like TB and leprosy. For instance, WHO's End TB Strategy aims to reduce TB deaths by 95% and cut new cases by 90% between 2015 and 2035. Funding and support from international organizations and governments are enhancing research activities and improving access to treatment, thus contributing to the market's growth.

The technological advancements in diagnostic methods are also playing a pivotal role in market growth. Innovations such as molecular diagnostics and rapid culture-based diagnostics are enabling early and accurate detection of mycobacterial infections. Early diagnosis is crucial for effective disease management and treatment outcomes. The integration of these advanced diagnostic tools in healthcare settings is expected to boost the demand for antimycobacterial drugs, as timely treatment initiation is essential in preventing disease progression and transmission.

The role of Communicable Diseases Drugs in the antimycobacterial drugs market cannot be overstated. These drugs are essential in managing and controlling the spread of infectious diseases, including tuberculosis and leprosy. The development and distribution of effective communicable diseases drugs are crucial in reducing the incidence and prevalence of these infections. Governments and health organizations around the world are investing in the research and development of new drugs to combat these diseases, which in turn is expected to drive the growth of the antimycobacterial drugs market. The synergy between communicable diseases drugs and antimycobacterial agents is vital for comprehensive disease management and prevention strategies, ensuring better health outcomes for affected populations.

Regionally, the Asia Pacific is anticipated to dominate the antimycobacterial drugs market during the forecast period. The high burden of tuberculosis and leprosy in countries like India and China, coupled with improving healthcare infrastructure and increasing government initiatives, are the primary factors for this dominance. North America and Europe are also significant markets, driven by advanced healthcare systems and substantial investment in research and development activities. Africa and Latin America, with ongoing health challenges and increased focus on infectious disease control, are emerging markets with considerable potential for growth.

Drug Class Analysis

The antimycobacterial drugs market is segmented into first-line drugs, second-line drugs, and combination drugs. First-line drugs are traditionally the primary treatment option for tuberculosis, including medications like isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. These drugs are highly effective in treating non-resistant TB cases and are often part of standard treatment regimens. The increasing prevalence of TB and the need for prompt and effective treatment are driving the demand for first-line drugs. Moreover, government initiatives and international health programs supporting TB treatment contribute to the segment's growth.

Second

BackgroundLeptospirosis, a spirochaetal zoonosis, occurs in diverse epidemiological settings and affects vulnerable populations, such as rural subsistence farmers and urban slum dwellers. Although leptospirosis is a life-threatening disease and recognized as an important cause of pulmonary haemorrhage syndrome, the lack of global estimates for morbidity and mortality has contributed to its neglected disease status.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe conducted a systematic review of published morbidity and mortality studies and databases to extract information on disease incidence and case fatality ratios. Linear regression and Monte Carlo modelling were used to obtain age and gender-adjusted estimates of disease morbidity for countries and Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and WHO regions. We estimated mortality using models that incorporated age and gender-adjusted disease morbidity and case fatality ratios. The review identified 80 studies on disease incidence from 34 countries that met quality criteria. In certain regions, such as Africa, few quality assured studies were identified. The regression model, which incorporated country-specific variables of population structure, life expectancy at birth, distance from the equator, tropical island, and urbanization, accounted for a significant proportion (R2 = 0.60) of the variation in observed disease incidence. We estimate that there were annually 1.03 million cases (95% CI 434,000–1,750,000) and 58,900 deaths (95% CI 23,800–95,900) due to leptospirosis worldwide. A large proportion of cases (48%, 95% CI 40–61%) and deaths (42%, 95% CI 34–53%) were estimated to occur in adult males with age of 20–49 years. Highest estimates of disease morbidity and mortality were observed in GBD regions of South and Southeast Asia, Oceania, Caribbean, Andean, Central, and Tropical Latin America, and East Sub-Saharan Africa.Conclusions/SignificanceLeptospirosis is among the leading zoonotic causes of morbidity worldwide and accounts for numbers of deaths, which approach or exceed those for other causes of haemorrhagic fever. Highest morbidity and mortality were estimated to occur in resource-poor countries, which include regions where the burden of leptospirosis has been underappreciated.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) infections remain a significant public health challenge especially in sub-Saharan Africa. NTS disease is endemic in Kenya and is associated with sporadic fatal outbreaks in several regions of the country with poor resource setting. Data is limited on background exposure of NTS in the population in endemic areas and the general immune status of the community most affected by NTS. The aim of the study was to determine the proportion of children exposed to Salmonella Enteritidis or Salmonella Typhimurium O antigen among the apparently healthy children and patients and the associated host and environmental factors among children attending selected healthcare facilities in Mukuru, Nairobi County, Kenya. A cross-sectional case-control study was conducted among patients and apparently healthy participants aged 0–5 years. Blood was collected and centrifuged to obtain serum. The serum was used to test for the presence of antibodies (IgA, IgG, IgM) against NTS using ELISA. A questionnaire was administered to obtain relevant demographic, socio-economic and healthcare utilization information. A total of 382 children were recruited into the study. The NTS seroprevalence was 12.6%. Among the apparently healthy participants, mean age of those exposed to NTS was 36 months and those not exposed was 27 months. Among patients, the mean age was 39 months and those not exposed was 30 months. The seroprevalence of NTS infection among the apparently healthy was significantly associated with cooking water, washing water and age of the child. Treating water using chlorine or boiling method was identified as being protective against contracting Salmonella Typhimurium/Enteritidis. Among the patients, the proportion of exposure was significantly associated with keeping animals and the chicken count. There is a high exposure to NTS among young children below five years of age and the population has developed immunity to the disease.