The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest 0.9 trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately 6.76 trillion U.S. dollars by March 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached eight percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by November 2024, inflation had declined to 2.7 percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at 5.33 percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of 114.3 billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the 58.84 billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over 281 billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of 174.53 billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

As of December 31, 2023, the largest asset group on the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet was treasury securities, totaling roughly 5 trillion U.S. dollars. Federal agency and government-sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities were the second-largest asset group, amounting to approximately 2.5 trillion U.S. dollars. The total value of the Federal Reserve’s balance sheet was 7.84 trillion U.S. dollars.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet ballooned following its announcement to carry out quantitative easing to increase the liquidity of U.S. banks in early 2020. The balance sheet continued to grow in the following period as well, with a downward trend in 2023. As of February 29, 2024, the Fed's balance sheet amounted to roughly 7.6 trillion U.S. dollars. The most drastic increase in the observed period took place in the first half of 2020. This measure was taken to increase the money supply and stimulate economic growth in the wake of the damage caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Federal Reserve was not the only institution that implemented an expansionary monetary policy in response to the pandemic. For instance, the European Central Bank expanded its money supply in March 2020 and kept doing so over the following months. How do central banks increase the amount of money in circulation? Central banks can increase the money circulating in the economy in many ways. For instance, they can decrease banks’ reserve requirements to stimulate lending or decrease the interest rates to reduce the cost of borrowing for commercial banks. Alternatively, central banks can engage in open market operations (OMO) and buy securities such as government bonds from commercial banks or institutions. By conducting open market operations, the Federal Reserve expanded its balance sheet by seven trillion U.S. dollars between 2007 and 2023. All these measures aim to increase bank loans to entrepreneurs and consumers in order to stimulate employment and economic growth. Impact of COVID-19 on the U.S. economy The COVID-19 pandemic had a tremendous impact on national economies worldwide, and the United States was no exception. During the early months of the crisis, many lost their jobs, mostly those in lower-income categories. As a consequence, many Americans found it difficult to pay their rent and cover basic household expenses. Furthermore, in April 2022, most small business owners claimed that the pandemic had a large or moderate negative effect on their businesses. Overall, the gross domestic product (GDP) of the United States decreased by roughly 2.2 percent in 2020. In the following years, however, it increased notably, surpassing 25 trillion U.S. dollars in 2022.

Graph and download economic data for Life Insurance Companies, General Accounts; Total Liabilities (Balance Sheet), Transactions (BOGZ1FA544190073A) from 1946 to 2024 about general accounts, life, balance sheet, transactions, insurance, liabilities, and USA.

This dataset provides values for CENTRAL BANK BALANCE SHEET reported in several countries. The data includes current values, previous releases, historical highs and record lows, release frequency, reported unit and currency.

Central Bank Balance Sheet in Japan increased to 747052 JPY Billion in February from 744345.50 JPY Billion in January of 2025. This dataset provides - Japan Central Bank Balance Sheet - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

Graph and download economic data for Government-Sponsored Enterprises; Total Assets (Balance Sheet), Level (BOGZ1FL404090405Q) from Q4 1945 to Q4 2024 about GSE, balance sheet, assets, and USA.

The balance sheet data collected on the FR 2046 report from certain institutions that borrow from the discount window are used to monitor discount window borrowing. The Board’s Regulation A - Extensions of Credit by Federal Reserve Banks (12 CFR Part 201) requires that Reserve Banks review balance sheet data in determining whether to extend credit and to help ascertain whether undue use is made of such credit. The FR 2046 report is primarily used to assess appropriate use of seasonal credit. Certain depository institutions that borrow from the discount window report on the FR 2046 certain balance sheet data for a period that encompasses the dates of borrowing.

United States FRB: Assets: GS: Treasury Secs data was reported at 2,359.893 USD bn in 25 Jul 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 2,359.766 USD bn for 18 Jul 2018. United States FRB: Assets: GS: Treasury Secs data is updated weekly, averaging 742.870 USD bn from Jun 1996 (Median) to 25 Jul 2018, with 1153 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2,465.727 USD bn in 25 Oct 2017 and a record low of 385.047 USD bn in 24 Jul 1996. United States FRB: Assets: GS: Treasury Secs data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.KB001: Balance Sheet: Federal Reserve Banks.

Among the 12 Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of assets in 2023. With approximately 4.3 trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over 50 percent of the Fed's total assets. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

United States FRB: Assets: Gold Certificate Account data was reported at 11.037 USD bn in 25 Jul 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 11.037 USD bn for 18 Jul 2018. United States FRB: Assets: Gold Certificate Account data is updated weekly, averaging 11.037 USD bn from Jun 1996 (Median) to 25 Jul 2018, with 1153 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 11.052 USD bn in 07 May 1997 and a record low of 11.035 USD bn in 07 Aug 2002. United States FRB: Assets: Gold Certificate Account data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.KB001: Balance Sheet: Federal Reserve Banks.

United States FB: AS: IBF Only: FR: FED Funds Purchased (FP) data was reported at 2.022 USD bn in Dec 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.678 USD bn for Sep 2019. United States FB: AS: IBF Only: FR: FED Funds Purchased (FP) data is updated quarterly, averaging 3.527 USD bn from Mar 2013 (Median) to Dec 2019, with 28 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8.085 USD bn in Mar 2014 and a record low of 2.022 USD bn in Dec 2019. United States FB: AS: IBF Only: FR: FED Funds Purchased (FP) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.KB043: Balance Sheet: Foreign Banks: All States.

United States FB: Incl IBF: CA: FS: FED Funds Sold (FF) data was reported at 0.000 USD mn in Dec 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 USD mn for Sep 2019. United States FB: Incl IBF: CA: FS: FED Funds Sold (FF) data is updated quarterly, averaging 20.000 USD mn from Sep 2009 (Median) to Dec 2019, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 137.000 USD mn in Sep 2009 and a record low of 0.000 USD mn in Dec 2019. United States FB: Incl IBF: CA: FS: FED Funds Sold (FF) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.KB045: Balance Sheet: Foreign Banks: California.

This table contains 62 series, with data for years 1990 - 2012 (not all combinations necessarily have data for all years), and is no longer being released. This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (1 item: Canada);  Valuation (2 items: Book value; Market value);  Categories (31 items: Total assets; Non-financial assets; Non-residential structures; Machinery and equipment; ...).

Graph and download economic data for Government-Sponsored Enterprises; Total Assets Held by Sallie Mae (Balance Sheet), Level (BOGZ1FL404090483Q) from Q4 1945 to Q4 2024 about GSE, balance sheet, assets, and USA.

United States FB: AS: Incl IBF: FS: FED Funds Sold (FF) data was reported at 312.000 USD mn in Dec 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 2.111 USD bn for Sep 2019. United States FB: AS: Incl IBF: FS: FED Funds Sold (FF) data is updated quarterly, averaging 1.477 USD bn from Sep 2009 (Median) to Dec 2019, with 42 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 9.778 USD bn in Jun 2011 and a record low of 312.000 USD mn in Dec 2019. United States FB: AS: Incl IBF: FS: FED Funds Sold (FF) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.KB043: Balance Sheet: Foreign Banks: All States.

This table contains 738 series, with data for years 1970 - 31-MAR-08 not all combinations necessarily have data for all years), and was last released on 2010-05-03. This table contains data described by the following dimensions (Not all combinations are available): Geography (15 items: Canada;Newfoundland and Labrador;Nova Scotia;Prince Edward Island ...), Government sectors (5 items: Consolidated government;Federal general government;Local government;Provincial and territorial general government ...), Balance sheet (20 items: Financial assets;Receivables;Advances;Cash on hand and on deposit ...).

United States FG: Balance Sheet: Liabilities: Currency & Deposits data was reported at 25.322 USD bn in Mar 2018. This stayed constant from the previous number of 25.322 USD bn for Dec 2017. United States FG: Balance Sheet: Liabilities: Currency & Deposits data is updated quarterly, averaging 13.018 USD bn from Dec 1951 (Median) to Mar 2018, with 266 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 28.166 USD bn in Mar 2007 and a record low of 3.266 USD bn in Dec 1964. United States FG: Balance Sheet: Liabilities: Currency & Deposits data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s USA – Table US.AB079: Integrated Macroeconomic Accounts: Federal Government.

Among the 12 Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System (Fed) in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of U.S. Treasury securities in 2023. With roughly 2.8 trillion U.S. dollars worth of securities, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over 50 percent of all U.S. Treasury securities of the Fed. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

United States Foreign Institutions: Wkly: Total Federal Funds Sold and Reverse RPs data was reported at 441.608 USD bn in 17 Jul 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 447.949 USD bn for 10 Jul 2019. United States Foreign Institutions: Wkly: Total Federal Funds Sold and Reverse RPs data is updated weekly, averaging 224.883 USD bn from Jan 2010 (Median) to 17 Jul 2019, with 498 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 447.949 USD bn in 10 Jul 2019 and a record low of 70.120 USD bn in 31 Mar 2010. United States Foreign Institutions: Wkly: Total Federal Funds Sold and Reverse RPs data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.KB041: Balance Sheet: Foreign Related Institutions.