The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and September 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at *** percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at **** percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By September 2025, the rate dropped to **** percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was ****** percent, up from ****** a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

🏛️ Federal Reserve Document Scraper

1. Dataset description

This repository contains code for downloading and organizing Federal Reserve documents from the official Federal Reserve Board website.

These files were used as part of my NLP project. While collecting data, my data collection code is inspired by centralbank_analysis by yukit-k. However, that implementation had some limitations:

❌ Incomplete handling of newer HTML structures on the Fed website

❌ No support for Greenbook/Tealbook files

❌ File naming and folder structure not ideal for downstream processing

❌ No handling of failed downloads or noisy formatting

So I made som key Improvements:

✅ Supports both Greenbook and Minutes. You can choose which type to download

✅ Automatic directory organization. Files are saved using a consistent format as:

FOMC_[document type]_YYYY-MM-DD

✅ Duplicate check & resume support: Prevents redundant downloads and handles broken links gracefully

✅ Modular and extensible codebase Easy to extend for other Fed documents (e.g., SEP, transcripts)

2. Data detail

This repository contains modules for downloading and processing various official publications of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC). These documents, produced and released by the Federal Reserve, provide detailed insight into U.S. monetary policy formation, communication, and economic analysis over time.

Below is a reference guide to the major FOMC document types represented in this repository.

📅 FomcAgenda.py – Meeting Agendas

Agendas are created by the FOMC Secretariat in coordination with the Chair and outline the topics of discussion for each meeting, including standard items (e.g., open market operations, economic outlook) and special topics. Participants receive the agenda about one week in advance.

📄 FomcStatement.py – Policy Statements

FOMC statements are brief summaries of monetary policy decisions released immediately after each meeting. These statements have become a key communication tool since 1994 and are now issued after every scheduled meeting, even if policy remains unchanged.

📝 FomcMinutes.py – Meeting Minutes

Minutes provide a concise, narrative summary of policy discussions and rationales. Since 2004, they are released three weeks after each meeting. The minutes include details on voting outcomes and dissenting views, and are eventually included in the Fed’s Annual Report.

🧾 FomcPresConfScript.py – Press Conference Transcripts

Beginning in 2011, the Fed Chair has held press conferences following certain FOMC meetings. These transcripts document the Chair’s remarks and responses to journalists, offering additional context and forward guidance. Released shortly after the meeting.

🗣️ FomcMeetingScript.py – Meeting Transcripts

Verbatim transcripts of FOMC meetings, produced from audio recordings and lightly edited for readability. They are released with a 5-year delay. For meetings prior to 1994, transcripts were reconstructed from raw records and may contain transcription uncertainties.

📚 FomcGreenbook.py – Greenbook (1964–2010)

The Greenbook, officially titled Current Economic and Financial Conditions, was prepared by Board staff and delivered to FOMC members six days before each meeting. It provided forecasts, data analyses, and economic outlooks.

Part 1: Summary and forecast

Part 2: Detailed breakdowns

Supplement: Late-breaking updates

📘 FomcBlueBook.py – Bluebook (1965–2010)

The Bluebook, titled Monetary Policy Alternatives, outlined potential policy options and risks. It was distributed shortly after the Greenbook and informed FOMC decisions. The document evolved from earlier versions like Money Market and Reserve Relationships.

🧠 FomcTealbook.py – Tealbook (2010–Present)

The Tealbook replaced both the Greenbook and Bluebook in June 2010. It is split into two parts:

Tealbook A: Current Situation and Outlook — Forecasts and financial developments

Tealbook B: Strategies and Alternatives — Policy options and simulations

Both are released with a 5-year lag.

📙 FomcBeigeBook.py – Beige Book

The Beige Book, published eight times a year, summarizes anecdotal economic conditions across the 12 Federal Reserve Districts. Based on business surveys, interviews, and internal reports, it is released ~two weeks before each meeting.

🧾 FomcTestimony.py – Testimony before Congress

This includes the Chair’s Semiannual Monetary Policy Report to Congress and other testimonies. These communications explain the Fed’s outlook and policies directly to lawmakers and the public.

📚 References

Federal Reserve – FOMC Archive

Wikipedia – Federal Open Market Committee

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

Fed Microbial Market Outlook

The global fed microbial market is witnessing a substantial growth trajectory, with the market size expected to grow from USD 1.8 billion in 2023 to an estimated USD 3.8 billion by 2032, registering a CAGR of around 8.9% during the forecast period. This impressive growth is primarily fueled by the rising demand for sustainable and natural feed additives in the agricultural sector. The increasing awareness regarding the health benefits of microbial feeds among livestock farmers and the growing trend towards organic farming practices are key factors propelling the market forward. Additionally, innovations in microbial research and the development of novel probiotics and synbiotics are further contributing to the market's expansion.

One of the primary growth factors driving the fed microbial market is the escalating demand for high-quality meat and dairy products. As consumers become more health-conscious, there is a burgeoning preference for products derived from animals raised on natural feed additives, such as probiotics and prebiotics. These additives not only enhance the nutritional value of animal feed but also improve the overall health and productivity of livestock. Consequently, livestock farmers and feed manufacturers are increasingly incorporating fed microbial products into their feed formulations to meet consumer demands and adhere to stringent regulatory standards pertaining to animal welfare and food safety.

The shift towards sustainable and eco-friendly agricultural practices is another significant factor contributing to the growth of the fed microbial market. As the global population continues to rise, there is an urgent need to enhance agricultural productivity while minimizing environmental impact. Microbial feed additives offer a viable solution by promoting nutrient absorption, improving gut health, and reducing dependency on antibiotics and chemical feed additives. This not only leads to healthier livestock but also contributes to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, aligning with the global push towards sustainability and climate change mitigation.

Technological advancements and increased investment in microbial research are also playing a crucial role in market expansion. Innovations in microbial formulation and delivery systems are enabling the development of more effective and targeted feed solutions. Moreover, the growing collaboration between academic institutions, research organizations, and industry players is fostering the exchange of knowledge and the development of cutting-edge microbial technologies. This collaborative approach is expected to lead to the discovery of new microbial strains with enhanced efficacy, thereby broadening the application scope of fed microbial products across various animal husbandry sectors.

Regionally, Asia Pacific is anticipated to dominate the fed microbial market during the forecast period, driven by rapid industrialization of the livestock sector and increasing demand for quality meat products. North America and Europe are also significant markets, with well-established regulatory frameworks and a high level of consumer awareness regarding the benefits of microbial feed additives. Latin America and the Middle East & Africa, although smaller in market size, are projected to exhibit substantial growth rates, owing to the burgeoning livestock industry and increasing adoption of advanced feed technologies.

Product Type Analysis

The product type segment of the fed microbial market is predominantly categorized into probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and others. Probiotics, which are live microbial feed supplements, are projected to hold a significant market share, driven by their widespread application in enhancing animal gut health and boosting immune function. The benefits of probiotics in improving feed conversion ratios and reducing pathogen load in livestock are well-documented, leading to their growing adoption among livestock farmers. Innovations in probiotic strains tailored to specific animal species are further propelling the growth of this segment, as manufacturers strive to cater to diverse end-user needs.

Prebiotics, non-digestible food ingredients that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, are also gaining traction in the fed microbial market. Their ability to improve digestive health and enhance nutrient absorption makes them an attractive option for feed manufacturers looking to formulate balanced and nutritious feeds. The rising demand for antibiotic-free meat products has further spurred interest in prebiotics, as they offer a natural alternat

The demand for community food services during the pandemic prompted significant government aid and led to innovative distribution methods, such as temporary food banks in parking lots and drive-through pick-up points. Innovations continued to enhance collection (online ordering systems) and funding (virtual donations), boosting revenue and profit in both 2020 and 2021. However, significant revenue volatility eroded gains and industry revenue is expected to climb at a CAGR of 0.6% through 2025, with revenue expected to strengthen 2.2% in 2025 alone and reach $21.3 billion by 2025. Federal, state and the private sector participate in implementing and funding innovative practices that benefit the community food sector. The National Science Foundation Convergence Accelerator is financing a team at the University of Houston to develop an AI platform for food ecosystems. Drone and self-driving technologies developed in the private sector are in the early stages of food transport use and have the potential to provide solutions for delivering food to remote, underserved, food-insecure areas. However, innovations do not erase the volatility of donations, which plays a role in industry performance and will continue to do so. Individual contributions and volunteering, which fluctuate yearly and result from changing economic conditions, can reduce essential funding. Future volatility is expected because of uncertain federal policy and the ability of states and localities to meet increasing demand. The Trump administration's 2025 FY cuts and potential cuts in the FY 2026 budget have created uncertainty. Program cuts to SNAP (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program) and TEFAP (The Emergency Food Assistance Program) threaten meal availability. At the same time, as of May 2025, the Farm Bill extension leads to uncertainty concerning funding, eligibility, purchase and distribution of surplus. To mitigate possible cuts, community food organizations must further diversify support, strengthen partnerships and advocate for stable policies. While declines in unemployment and poverty could relieve pressure on community food service providers, industry revenue is forecast to climb at a CAGR of 1.2% through 2030 to total $22.6 billion, as profit continues to dip to 2.6% of revenue.

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For years, many segments of the U.S. agriculture sector have relied on foreign-born and undocumented workers to meet labor demand in farm operations. While farm operators may be able to partly reduce this reliance through investments in machinery and further hiring through the agricultural guest worker visa program, these alternatives would take time to deploy and could substantially increase costs.

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