The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and May 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at *** percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at **** percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By January 2025, the rate dropped to **** percent, signalling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was ****** percent, up from ****** a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

Graph and download economic data for Bank Prime Loan Rate (DPRIME) from 1955-08-04 to 2025-06-26 about prime, loans, interest rate, banks, interest, depository institutions, rate, and USA.

China Central Bank Benchmark Interest Rate: Loan to Fin Inst: Financial Stability data was reported at 1.750 % pa in Apr 2025. This stayed constant from the previous number of 1.750 % pa for Mar 2025. China Central Bank Benchmark Interest Rate: Loan to Fin Inst: Financial Stability data is updated monthly, averaging 1.750 % pa from Mar 2020 (Median) to Apr 2025, with 62 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3.750 % pa in Mar 2020 and a record low of 1.750 % pa in Apr 2025. China Central Bank Benchmark Interest Rate: Loan to Fin Inst: Financial Stability data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by The People's Bank of China. The data is categorized under China Premium Database’s Money Market, Interest Rate, Yield and Exchange Rate – Table CN.MA: Rediscount and Lending Rate.

Interest rate spread of Canada remained stable at 2.60 % over the last 1 years. Interest rate spread is the interest rate charged by banks on loans to prime customers minus the interest rate paid by commercial or similar banks for demand, time, or savings deposits.

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) began reducing its fixed interest rate for the first time since 2016, implementing a series of cuts. The rate decreased from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent by year-end: a 0.25 percentage point cut in June, followed by additional reductions in September, October, and December. The central bank implemented other cuts in early 2025, setting the rate at 2.4 percent in April 2025. This marked a significant shift from the previous rate hike cycle, which began in July 2022 when the ECB raised rates to 0.5 percent and subsequently increased them almost monthly, reaching 4.5 percent by December 2023 - the highest level since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. How does this ensure liquidity? Banks typically hold only a fraction of their capital in cash, measured by metrics like the Tier 1 capital ratio. Since this ratio is low, banks prefer to allocate most of their capital to revenue-generating loans. When their cash reserves fall too low, banks borrow from the ECB to cover short-term liquidity needs. On the other hand, commercial banks can also deposit excess funds with the ECB at a lower interest rate. Reasons for fluctuations
The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability. The Euro area inflation rate is, in theory, the key indicator guiding the ECB's actions. When the fixed interest rate is lower, commercial banks are more likely to borrow from the ECB, increasing the money supply and, in turn, driving inflation higher. When inflation rises, the ECB increases the fixed interest rate, which slows borrowing and helps to reduce inflation.

Interest rate spread of China remained stable at 2.85 % over the last 10 years. Interest rate spread is the interest rate charged by banks on loans to prime customers minus the interest rate paid by commercial or similar banks for demand, time, or savings deposits.

Oil prices remained stable with the focus on the anticipated U.S. Federal Reserve rate cut, affecting global markets.

August 2024 marked a significant shift in the UK's monetary policy, as it saw the first reduction in the official bank base interest rate since August 2023. This change came after a period of consistent rate hikes that began in late 2021. In a bid to minimize the economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, the Bank of England cut the official bank base rate in March 2020 to a record low of *** percent. This historic low came just one week after the Bank of England cut rates from **** percent to **** percent in a bid to prevent mass job cuts in the United Kingdom. It remained at *** percent until December 2021 and was increased to one percent in May 2022 and to **** percent in October 2022. After that, the bank rate increased almost on a monthly basis, reaching **** percent in August 2023. It wasn't until August 2024 that the first rate decrease since the previous year occurred, signaling a potential shift in monetary policy. Why do central banks adjust interest rates? Central banks, including the Bank of England, adjust interest rates to manage economic stability and control inflation. Their strategies involve a delicate balance between two main approaches. When central banks raise interest rates, their goal is to cool down an overheated economy. Higher rates curb excessive spending and borrowing, which helps to prevent runaway inflation. This approach is typically used when the economy is growing too quickly or when inflation is rising above desired levels. Conversely, when central banks lower interest rates, they aim to encourage borrowing and investment. This strategy is employed to stimulate economic growth during periods of slowdown or recession. Lower rates make it cheaper for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can lead to increased spending and investment. This dual approach allows central banks to maintain a balance between promoting growth and controlling inflation, ensuring long-term economic stability. Additionally, adjusting interest rates can influence currency values, impacting international trade and investment flows, further underscoring their critical role in a nation's economic health. Recent interest rate trends Between 2021 and 2024, most advanced and emerging economies experienced a period of regular interest rate hikes. This trend was driven by several factors, including persistent supply chain disruptions, high energy prices, and robust demand pressures. These elements combined to create significant inflationary trends, prompting central banks to raise rates in an effort to temper spending and borrowing. However, in 2024, a shift began to occur in global monetary policy. The European Central Bank (ECB) was among the first major central banks to reverse this trend by cutting interest rates. This move signaled a change in approach aimed at addressing growing economic slowdowns and supporting growth.

U.S. equities stay stable with slight movements as investors anticipate the Federal Reserve's interest-rate decision. Notable stock changes include gains for Charles River Laboratories and Disney, while Super Micro Computer and Marvell Technology see declines.

Certificate of Deposit Market Outlook

The global certificate of deposit (CD) market size was valued at approximately USD 1 trillion in 2023, and it is projected to reach nearly USD 1.5 trillion by 2032, growing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of around 4.5%. This growth is primarily driven by the increasing preference for safe and secure investment options amidst global economic uncertainties. Factors such as technological advancements in banking, fluctuating interest rates, and evolving consumer preferences are expected to further fuel the expansion of the CD market. As investors seek to balance risk and return, the certificate of deposit market is poised for significant growth over the next decade.

A major growth factor in the certificate of deposit market is the heightened demand for low-risk investment products, especially in volatile economic climates. As global markets experience fluctuations due to geopolitical tensions and unpredictable economic policies, investors are increasingly turning to CDs as a stable and predictable source of income. The fixed interest rates and government insurance associated with CDs make them an attractive option for risk-averse investors. Additionally, the increasing financial literacy among the population is leading to greater awareness of CDs as an investment tool, further driving market growth.

The digital transformation of banking services has also had a profound impact on the certificate of deposit market. Online banks and financial institutions are now offering more competitive rates and greater accessibility to CD products, thereby expanding their customer base. This digital shift has not only increased the convenience for consumers but also allowed institutions to reduce operational costs, enabling them to offer more attractive rates. Furthermore, the proliferation of fintech platforms has facilitated easier comparison of CD rates and terms, empowering consumers to make more informed investment decisions, which ultimately supports market growth.

Interest rates, which are a critical determinant of the attractiveness of CDs, have become progressively volatile, largely influencing the dynamics of the CD market. Central banks across the globe are adjusting rates in response to inflationary pressures and economic recovery efforts post-pandemic. While higher interest rates may enhance the appeal of CDs by offering better returns, they also make other investment avenues more attractive. Consequently, financial institutions are developing innovative CD products with features such as bump-up rates or liquidity options to maintain competitiveness. As interest rate environments evolve, so too will the strategies employed by both issuers and investors within the CD market.

Regionally, North America holds a significant share of the certificate of deposit market, driven by a mature banking sector and a high level of investor awareness. Europe follows closely, with its robust regulatory framework and stable economic environment contributing to sustained interest in CDs. Meanwhile, the Asia Pacific region is expected to exhibit the fastest growth rate, attributed to rapid economic development and increasing individual wealth in countries such as China and India. The Latin America and Middle East & Africa regions are also anticipated to see moderate growth, spurred by improving financial infrastructure and increasing investor education initiatives. Overall, the global CD market is poised for steady expansion, with varying growth trajectories across different regions.

Type Analysis

The certificate of deposit market is diverse, encompassing several types of CDs, each catering to different investor needs and preferences. Traditional CDs remain the most prevalent, offering fixed interest rates over specified terms. Their appeal lies in their simplicity and the assurance of a guaranteed return, which continues to attract conservative investors. The demand for traditional CDs is particularly strong among retirees and individuals seeking stable income sources. Despite the emergence of more flexible CD options, traditional CDs maintain their dominance due to the predictability and security they offer in uncertain financial climates.

Bump-Up CDs have gained traction as investors seek products that allow for interest rate adjustments during the term. This type of CD offers the potential for higher returns if market rates increase, providing a hedge against rising interest environments. The flexibility of bump-up CDs makes them attractive to investors who wish to capitalize on upward trends without abandoning the security of a CD. Howe

Much has happened in the world of central banking in the past decade. In this paper, I focus on three issues associated with the zero lower bound (ZLB) on short-term nominal interest rates and the nexus between monetary policy and financial stability: 1) whether we are moving toward a permanently lower long-run equilibrium real interest rate; 2) what steps can be taken to mitigate the constraints imposed by the ZLB; and 3) whether and how financial stability considerations should be incorporated in the conduct of monetary policy. These important topics deserve the attention of both academic and government professionals.

Venezuela is one of the Latin American countries with the highest monetary policy rates. Monetary policy rate, also known as base interest rate or base rate, is a percentage defined by central banks to determine the cost of credit in a given economy. This indicator serves as a guide for other financial institutions to set their own interest rates. Between 2010 and 2017, Venezuela's monetary policy rate has remained fairly stable, ranging between 6.18 percent (2015) and 6.5 percent (2016). In 2017, the latest year with available data, the Central bank of Venezuela set the base rate at 6.37 percent.

The data and programs replicate tables and figures from "Financial stability and interest-rate policy: A quantitative assessment of costs and benefit", by Laséen and Pescatori. Please see the ReadMe file for additional details.

As of July 22, 2025, the yield for a ten-year U.S. government bond was 4.38 percent, while the yield for a two-year bond was 3.88 percent. This represents an inverted yield curve, whereby bonds of longer maturities provide a lower yield, reflecting investors' expectations for a decline in long-term interest rates. Hence, making long-term debt holders open to more risk under the uncertainty around the condition of financial markets in the future. That markets are uncertain can be seen by considering both the short-term fluctuations, and the long-term downward trend, of the yields of U.S. government bonds from 2006 to 2021, before the treasury yield curve increased again significantly in the following years. What are government bonds? Government bonds, otherwise called ‘sovereign’ or ‘treasury’ bonds, are financial instruments used by governments to raise money for government spending. Investors give the government a certain amount of money (the ‘face value’), to be repaid at a specified time in the future (the ‘maturity date’). In addition, the government makes regular periodic interest payments (called ‘coupon payments’). Once initially issued, government bonds are tradable on financial markets, meaning their value can fluctuate over time (even though the underlying face value and coupon payments remain the same). Investors are attracted to government bonds as, provided the country in question has a stable economy and political system, they are a very safe investment. Accordingly, in periods of economic turmoil, investors may be willing to accept a negative overall return in order to have a safe haven for their money. For example, once the market value is compared to the total received from remaining interest payments and the face value, investors have been willing to accept a negative return on two-year German government bonds between 2014 and 2021. Conversely, if the underlying economy and political structures are weak, investors demand a higher return to compensate for the higher risk they take on. Consequently, the return on bonds in emerging markets like Brazil are consistently higher than that of the United States (and other developed economies). Inverted yield curves When investors are worried about the financial future, it can lead to what is called an ‘inverted yield curve’. An inverted yield curve is where investors pay more for short term bonds than long term, indicating they do not have confidence in long-term financial conditions. Historically, the yield curve has historically inverted before each of the last five U.S. recessions. The last U.S. yield curve inversion occurred at several brief points in 2019 – a trend which continued until the Federal Reserve cut interest rates several times over that year. However, the ultimate trigger for the next recession was the unpredicted, exogenous shock of the global coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, showing how such informal indicators may be grounded just as much in coincidence as causation.

Lending interest rate of Mauritania remained stable at 17.00 % over the last 7 years. Lending interest rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to prime customers.

The official bank base interest rate in Denmark was **** percent as of May 2020. The lending rate has been stable at this level since it was applied on January 20, 2015. It then dropped from *** percent down to the current level.

Lending interest rate of Brunei Darussalam remained stable at 5.50 % over the last 10 years. Lending interest rate is the rate charged by banks on loans to prime customers.

Based on Realty Income's consistent dividend growth, stable rental income, and strong investment-grade credit rating, analysts predict continued growth and income stability. However, potential risks include interest rate fluctuations, changes in retail demand, and competition from other real estate investment trusts. The company's high dividend yield also introduces the risk of dividend cuts in the event of economic downturns.

According to Cognitive Market Research, the global Certificate of Deposit market size will be USD XX million in 2024. It will expand at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.00% from 2024 to 2031.

North America held the major market share for more than 40% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.2% from 2024 to 2031.
Europe accounted for a market share of over 30% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million.
Asia Pacific held a market share of around 23% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.0% from 2024 to 2031.
Latin America had a market share of more than 5% of the global revenue with a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.4% from 2024 to 2031.
Middle East and Africa had a market share of around 2% of the global revenue and was estimated at a market size of USD XX million in 2024 and will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 7.7% from 2024 to 2031.
The Less than 1 year held the highest Certificate of Deposit market revenue share in 2024.

Market Dynamics of Certificate of Deposit Market

Key Drivers for Certificate of Deposit Market

Growing Demand for Early Retirement Planning to Increase the Demand Globally

The growing demand for early retirement planning is driving the Certificate of Deposit (CD) market as individuals increasingly seek secure and reliable investment options to ensure financial stability in their retirement years. CDs offer a low-risk investment with guaranteed returns, making them an attractive choice for conservative investors looking to preserve capital and generate predictable income. With an aging population and heightened awareness of the need for financial planning, more people are prioritizing investments that provide safety and stability. CDs, with their fixed interest rates and protection against market volatility, align well with the goals of early retirees who prioritize preserving their savings while earning a steady return. This trend fuels the growth of the CD market as part of comprehensive retirement strategies.

Growing Demand of Enhanced CD products to Propel Market Growth

The growing demand for enhanced Certificate of Deposit (CD) products is driving the market due to their ability to offer higher returns and additional features compared to traditional CDs. Enhanced CDs, such as those with variable interest rates, callable options, or market-linked returns, attract investors seeking better yields while still enjoying the security and low risk associated with CDs. These innovative products appeal to a broader range of investors, including those looking for diversified income streams and higher growth potential. Additionally, the customization and flexibility of enhanced CDs cater to the evolving preferences of investors, who are increasingly sophisticated and seeking tailored financial solutions. This trend boosts the attractiveness and market adoption of CDs, expanding their role in investment portfolios.

Restraint Factor for the Certificate of Deposit Market

Low Interest Rates to Limit the Sales

Low interest rates restrain the Certificate of Deposit (CD) market by reducing the attractiveness of these financial instruments to investors seeking higher returns. When interest rates are low, the yields on CDs decrease, making them less appealing compared to other investment options such as stocks, bonds, or mutual funds, which may offer higher potential returns. This diminished appeal leads to reduced demand for CDs among both retail and institutional investors. Additionally, low interest rates can prompt banks and financial institutions to offer fewer incentives or promotional rates for CDs, further dampening market growth. The overall impact is a slowdown in the market's expansion, as investors seek alternative investments that promise better returns in a low-interest-rate environment.

Impact of Covid-19 on the Certificate of Deposit Market

The COVID-19 pandemic had a mixed impact on the Certificate of Deposit (CD) market. On one hand, economic uncertainty and market volatility drove many investors towards safer, more stable investment options like CDs. This increased demand for secure, low-risk instruments as people sought to protect their capital. On the ot...

Type of Mortgage Loan:Conventional Mortgage Loans: Backed by private investors and typically require a down payment of 20% or more.Jumbo Loans: Loans that exceed the conforming loan limits set by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.Government-insured Mortgage Loans: Backed by the Federal Housing Administration (FHA), Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), or U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA).Others: Includes non-QM loans, reverse mortgages, and shared equity programs.Mortgage Loan Terms:30-year Mortgage: The most common term, offering low monthly payments but higher overall interest costs.20-year Mortgage: Offers a shorter repayment period and lower long-term interest costs.15-year Mortgage: The shortest term, providing lower interest rates and faster equity accumulation.Others: Includes adjustable-rate mortgages (ARMs) and balloons loans.Interest Rate:Fixed-rate Mortgage Loan: Offers a stable interest rate over the life of the loan.Adjustable-rate Mortgage Loan (ARM): Offers an initial interest rate that may vary after a certain period, potentially leading to higher or lower monthly payments.Provider:Primary Mortgage Lender: Originates and services mortgages directly to borrowers.Secondary Mortgage Lender: Purchases mortgages from originators and packages them into securities for sale to investors. Key drivers for this market are: Digital platforms and AI-driven credit assessments have simplified the application process, improving accessibility and borrower experience. Potential restraints include: Fluctuations in interest rates significantly impact borrowing costs, affecting loan demand and affordability. Notable trends are: The adoption of online portals and mobile apps is transforming the mortgage process with faster approvals and greater transparency.