This article was originally presented as a speech at the Cato Institute, Washington, DC, October 14, 2005

The Information Collection Rule (ICR) Federal database includes research data from an 18-month study of disinfection byproducts and microbial contaminants.

Graph and download economic data for Real-time Sahm Rule Recession Indicator (SAHMREALTIME) from Dec 1959 to Jun 2025 about recession indicators, academic data, and USA.

FED Interest Rate Decision is made on a predetermined date during the vote among the members of the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) concerning the Federal Reserve short-term interest rates to be

We present federal funds rates coming from a range of simple monetary policy rules based on multiple economic forecasts. Use our tool to create your own rule. Released quarterly.

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

These data are part of NACJD's Fast Track Release and are distributed as they were received from the data depositor. The files have been zipped by NACJD for release, but not checked or processed except for the removal of direct identifiers. Users should refer to the accompanying readme file for a brief description of the files available with this collection and consult the investigator(s) if further information is needed. This study utilized data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics on federal criminal case processing to study jurisdictional variations in prosecutorial decision-making outcomes. It linked information across multiple federal agencies in order to track individual offenders across the various stages of the federal justice system. Specifically, it combined arrest information from the United States Marshall's Service with charging information from the Executive and Administrative Offices of the United States Attorney and with sentencing information from the United States Sentencing Commission. These individual data were subsequently augmented with additional information on federal courts to examine contextual variations in charging decisions across federal jurisdictions. There are three data files. Dataset 1 (Executive Office for United States Attorneys (EOUSA) and United States Marshals Service (USMS) Data) contains 88 variables and 284,869 cases. Dataset 2 (Administrative Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC) and United States Sentencing Commission (USSC) Data) contains 717 variables and 256,598 cases. Dataset 3 (United States District Court Characteristics Data) contains 6 variables and 89 cases. Only Dataset 3 is being released as part of the available study materials. Datasets 1 and 2 can be re-created using the syntax files which are included in the study materials.

Graph and download economic data for Sahm Rule Recession Indicator (SAHMCURRENT) from Mar 1949 to Jul 2025 about recession indicators, academic data, and USA.

The market risk rule is an important component of the Board’s regulatory capital framework (12 C.F.R. part 217; Regulation Q) that instructs banks to require banking organizations to measure and hold capital to cover their exposure to market risk. On July 2, 2013, the Board adopted a revised regulatory capital framework, including the market risk rule, which was expanded to include certain savings and loan holding companies. The market risk rule contains requirements subject to the PRA. The reporting, recordkeeping, and disclosure requirements are found in sections 12 C.F.R. 217.203-217.210, and 217.212 (all references to sections hereinafter are from 12 C.F.R. part 217). These requirements enhance risk sensitivity and introduce requirements for public disclosure of certain qualitative and quantitative information about a financial institution’s market risk.

Federal Funds Rates Based on 7 Simple Rules is a part of the Simple Monetary Policy Rules indicator of the Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland.

The data contain records of criminal appeals cases terminated in United States Courts of Appeals during fiscal year 2018. The data were constructed from the Administrative Office of the United States Courts' (AOUSC) Court of Appeals file. These contain variables on the nature of the criminal appeal, the underlying offense, and the disposition of the appeal. An appeal can be filed by the government or the offender, and the appellant can appeal the sentence, the verdict, or both sentence and verdict. Appeals may be terminated on the merits or on procedural grounds. Of those that are terminated on the merits, the district court ruling may be affirmed, reversed, remanded to criminal court, or dismissed. The data file contains variables from the original AOUSC files as well as additional analysis variables. Variables containing identifying information (e.g., name, Social Security number) were either removed, coarsened, or blanked in order to protect the identities of individuals. These data are part of a series designed by Abt and the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Data and documentation were prepared by Abt.

The Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) is the codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the executive departments and agencies of the Federal Government. It is divided into 50 titles that represent broad areas subject to Federal regulation. Each print volume of the CFR is updated once each calendar year, and is issued on a quarterly basis. Bulk data downloads of Code of Federal Regulations files in XML format are available from 1996 to the present, by year, title, and volume. The current XML data set is not yet an official format of the Code of Federal Regulations. Only the PDF and Text versions have legal status as parts of the official online format of the Code of Federal Regulations. The XML-structured files are derived from SGML-tagged data and printing codes, which may produce anomalies in display. In addition, the XML data does not yet include image files. Users who require a higher level of assurance may wish to consult the official version of the Code of Federal Regulations on FDsys.gov. The FDsys data set includes digitally signed Code of Federal Regulations PDF files, which may be relied upon as evidence in a court of law. See: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR

Graph and download economic data for Federal Funds Target Range - Upper Limit (DFEDTARU) from 2008-12-16 to 2025-07-31 about federal, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

This data set covers all online available senate rulings of the German Federal Constitutional Court (FCC). It includes information about the date, docket number, proceeding types of each ruling. Furthermore the data set includes the full text of each ruling and information of whether or not a ruling is accompanied with a press release, an oral hearing or a dissenting opinion.The data was used for analyzing factors which influence the FCC's decision to issue a press release. For more information see: Meyer, P. (2019). Judicial public relations: Determinants of press release publication by constitutional courts. Politics. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395719885753

This statistic shows the vote shares (second votes) in the ruling parties in Germany, achieved during the respective state parliament elections as of January 2024, in all the states with their own elected prime minister. The CSU in Bavaria achieved a share of 37 percent.

The Market Risk Regulatory Report for Institutions Subject to the Market Risk Capital Rule (FFIEC 102) collects information on reporting institutions’ value-at-risk-based measures, specific risk add-ons, incremental risk capital requirement, comprehensive risk capital requirement, and de minimis positions that pertain to the regulatory capital requirements for market risk under the market risk capital rule. Board-regulated respondents must file the FFIEC 102 quarterly with the Board.

Policy interest rates in the U.S. and Europe are forecasted to decrease gradually between 2024 and 2027, following exceptional increases triggered by soaring inflation between 2021 and 2023. The U.S. federal funds rate stood at **** percent at the end of 2023, the European Central Bank deposit rate at **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate at **** percent. With inflationary pressures stabilizing, policy interest rates are forecast to decrease in each observed region. The U.S. federal funds rate is expected to decrease to *** percent, the ECB refi rate to **** percent, the Bank of England bank rate to **** percent, and the Swiss National Bank policy rate to **** percent by 2025. An interesting aspect to note is the impact of these interest rate changes on various economic factors such as growth, employment, and inflation. The impact of central bank policy rates The U.S. federal funds effective rate, crucial in determining the interest rate paid by depository institutions, experienced drastic changes in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The subsequent slight changes in the effective rate reflected the efforts to stimulate the economy and manage economic factors such as inflation. Such fluctuations in the federal funds rate have had a significant impact on the overall economy. The European Central Bank's decision to cut its fixed interest rate in June 2024 for the first time since 2016 marked a significant shift in attitude towards economic conditions. The reasons behind the fluctuations in the ECB's interest rate reflect its mandate to ensure price stability and manage inflation, shedding light on the complex interplay between interest rates and economic factors. Inflation and real interest rates The relationship between inflation and interest rates is critical in understanding the actions of central banks. Central banks' efforts to manage inflation through interest rate adjustments reveal the intricate balance between economic growth and inflation. Additionally, the concept of real interest rates, adjusted for inflation, provides valuable insights into the impact of inflation on the economy.

United States - Sahm Rule Recession Indicator was 0.17000 Percentage Points in June of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Sahm Rule Recession Indicator reached a record high of 9.43000 in June of 2020 and a record low of -0.40000 in September of 2021. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Sahm Rule Recession Indicator - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on August of 2025.

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The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. In January 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented another cut, setting the rate at 4.33 percent, which remained unchanged throughout the following months. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.