In the fiscal year of 2025, the budget for the Department of Health and Human Services is expected to be about 1.83 trillion U.S. dollars. In comparison, the Small Business Administration is expected to have a budget of 1.46 billion U.S. dollars.

United States Federal Government

The federal government in the United States is comprised of three branches of the government: the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. The executive branch is the office of the President of the United States, the legislative branch is the United States Congress, and the judicial branch is the United States Supreme Court.The U.S. cabinet belongs to the executive branch of the government, which belongs to the president and vice president.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services is the department of the federal government that provides health services to Americans. The Secretary of the department is Xavier Becerra, who was appointed by current president Joe Biden. Some of the Operating Divisions in this department include the Food and Drug Administration, the Center for Disease Control and Prevention, and the National Institutes of Health. The outlays for the Department of Health and Human Services have been steadily increasing since 2000. The agency that had the highest amount of spending in this department in 2020 was the Centers of Medicare and Medicaid Services.

The Volcker Shock was a period of historically high interest rates precipitated by Federal Reserve Chairperson Paul Volcker's decision to raise the central bank's key interest rate, the Fed funds effective rate, during the first three years of his term. Volcker was appointed chairperson of the Fed in August 1979 by President Jimmy Carter, as replacement for William Miller, who Carter had made his treasury secretary. Volcker was one of the most hawkish (supportive of tighter monetary policy to stem inflation) members of the Federal Reserve's committee, and quickly set about changing the course of monetary policy in the U.S. in order to quell inflation. The Volcker Shock is remembered for bringing an end to over a decade of high inflation in the United States, prompting a deep recession and high unemployment, and for spurring on debt defaults among developing countries in Latin America who had borrowed in U.S. dollars.

Monetary tightening and the recessions of the early '80s

Beginning in October 1979, Volcker's Fed tightened monetary policy by raising interest rates. This decision had the effect of depressing demand and slowing down the U.S. economy, as credit became more expensive for households and businesses. The Fed funds rate, the key overnight rate at which banks lend their excess reserves to each other, rose as high as 17.6 percent in early 1980. The rate was allowed to fall back below 10 percent following this first peak, however, due to worries that inflation was not falling fast enough, a second cycle of monetary tightening was embarked upon starting in August of 1980. The rate would reach its all-time peak in June of 1981, at 19.1 percent. The second recession sparked by these hikes was far deeper than the 1980 recession, with unemployment peaking at 10.8 percent in December 1980, the highest level since The Great Depression. This recession would drive inflation to a low point during Volcker's terms of 2.5 percent in August 1983.

The legacy of the Volcker Shock

By the end of Volcker's terms as Fed Chair, inflation was at a manageable rate of around four percent, while unemployment had fallen under six percent, as the economy grew and business confidence returned. While supporters of Volcker's actions point to these numbers as proof of the efficacy of his actions, critics have claimed that there were less harmful ways that inflation could have been brought under control. The recessions of the early 1980s are cited as accelerating deindustrialization in the U.S., as manufacturing jobs lost in 'rust belt' states such as Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania never returned during the years of recovery. The Volcker Shock was also a driving factor behind the Latin American debt crises of the 1980s, as governments in the region defaulted on debts which they had incurred in U.S. dollars. Debates about the validity of using interest rate hikes to get inflation under control have recently re-emerged due to the inflationary pressures facing the U.S. following the Coronavirus pandemic and the Federal Reserve's subsequent decision to embark on a course of monetary tightening.

Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Revenue data was reported at 700,477.935 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 385,883.515 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Revenue data is updated monthly, averaging 199,313.442 MXN mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 506 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 3,871,628.796 MXN mn in Dec 2018 and a record low of 14.100 MXN mn in Jan 1977. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Revenue data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F015: Federal Government Operation: Year to Date.

Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Prog: FC: Domestic: DSP: Other data was reported at 5,908.175 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 5,908.175 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Prog: FC: Domestic: DSP: Other data is updated monthly, averaging 394.500 MXN mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 506 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 25,917.574 MXN mn in Dec 2000 and a record low of 0.000 MXN mn in Dec 2018. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Prog: FC: Domestic: DSP: Other data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F015: Federal Government Operation: Year to Date.

Government-wide real property inventory / data collection system. Information on DOL Owned and Direct leased properties

Mexico Federal Govt & Social Security: Year to Date: Exp: Prog: Social Sec data was reported at 165,098.529 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 93,937.217 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt & Social Security: Year to Date: Exp: Prog: Social Sec data is updated monthly, averaging 101,450.212 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 974,112.319 MXN mn in Dec 2018 and a record low of 1,414.133 MXN mn in Jan 1990. Mexico Federal Govt & Social Security: Year to Date: Exp: Prog: Social Sec data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F013: Federal Government and Social Security Operations: Year to Date.

Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Exp: Prog: Current: Other Expenditure (OE) data was reported at 11,137.337 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 14,713.301 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Exp: Prog: Current: Other Expenditure (OE) data is updated monthly, averaging 3,725.036 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 27,731.231 MXN mn in Dec 2011 and a record low of 95.307 MXN mn in Jan 1990. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Exp: Prog: Current: Other Expenditure (OE) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F014: Federal Government Operation.

Petition subject: World Legislature Original: http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL:25950550 Date of creation: 1903-01-01 Petition location: Boston Legislator, committee, or address that the petition was sent to: Robert Homans, Boston; committee on federal relations Selected signatures:Robert Treat PaineBenjamin F. Trueblood Actions taken on dates: 1903-01-16,1903-01-19 Legislative action: Received in the House on January 16, 1903 and referred to the committee on federal relations and sent for concurrence and received in the Senate on January 19, 1903 and concurred Total signatures: 2 Legislative action summary: Received, referred, sent, received, concurred Legal voter signatures (males not identified as non-legal): 2 Female only signatures: No Identifications of signatories: The Board of Directors of the American Peace Society, by order of the Board of Directors, President, Secretary, ["for the board of directors of the American Peace Society"] Prayer format was printed vs. manuscript: Printed Additional non-petition or unrelated documents available at archive: no additional documents Additional archivist notes: congress of the United States, president, international congress, commercial, economic, scientific, social and philanthropic relations, mutual interests, legislative, Pan-American Conference, Brussels Sugar Congress, Hague Peace Conference, world congress, Mexico City, permanent international court, international law, Congress of Vienna, Napoleonic campaigns, Conference of St. Petersburg, independence of Greece, Conference of London, Holland and Belgium independent nations, Congress of Paris, Crimean War, Geneva Congress, International Red Cross Society, Conference of London, Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, Congress of St. Petersburg, bullets, Paris treaty of 1856, Congress of Brussels, laws of war, first International Postal Congress, Berne, Universal Postal Union, Metrical Diplomatic Congress at Paris, International Metric Convention, weights and measures, International Telegraphic Conference at St. Petersburg, Conference of Constantinople, Porte's Christian subjects, Congress of Berlin, treaty of San Stefano, Russo-Turkish War, Eastern Europe, International Monetary Conference at Paris, France, Berline West African Congress, Congo Free State, International Prime Meridian Conference at Washington, Marine Conference of Washington, first Pan-American Conference at Washington, Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference, International Sanitary Conference at Venice, International Sanitary Conference at Dresden, Universal Postal Congress, Hague Peace Conference, Permanent International Court of Arbitration, Brussels Sugar Congress, abolition of sugar bounties, second Pan-American Conference Location of the petition at the Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth: House Unpassed 1903, H 1132 adopted resolutions Acknowledgements: Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities (PW-5105612), Massachusetts Archives of the Commonwealth, Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University, Center for American Political Studies at Harvard University, Institutional Development Initiative at Harvard University, and Harvard University Library.

This poll, fielded March 20-22, 2009, is part of a continuing series of monthly surveys that solicit public opinion on the presidency and on a range of other political and social issues. Respondents were asked whether they approved of the way Barack Obama was handling the presidency and issues such as the economy, the financial institutions bailout, insurance company AIG bonuses, and foreign policy. Views were sought on the condition of the national economy, and the level of confidence in Secretary of the Treasury Tim Geithner's handling of the financial crisis. Respondents were also asked their views on companies receiving federal bailout money, whether they approved of the federal government providing money to banks and other financial institutions, whether the media, President Obama, and Congress was spending to much time on the bonuses paid to AIG executives, and whether Congress was spending the right amount of time trying to solve the nation's economic problems. Several additional questions addressed AIG including whether AIG could have found a way not to pay bonuses to their executives, whether the federal government should try to recover the money used for bonuses, how many of the executives respondents thought would return the bonuses, and whether the federal government should give additional financial assistance to AIG if needed. Demographic variables include sex, age, race, marital status, education level, household income, political party affiliation, political philosophy, and voter registration status and participation history.

Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Prog: Cap: Fin Cap Ass & Oth (FAO) data was reported at 15,223.326 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 15,066.656 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Prog: Cap: Fin Cap Ass & Oth (FAO) data is updated monthly, averaging 2,654.528 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 457,103.609 MXN mn in Dec 2016 and a record low of 0.000 MXN mn in Jan 2005. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Prog: Cap: Fin Cap Ass & Oth (FAO) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F015: Federal Government Operation: Year to Date.

Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Exp: Prog: Current: WS: Direct data was reported at 20,827.783 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 21,064.693 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Exp: Prog: Current: WS: Direct data is updated monthly, averaging 8,857.860 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 46,201.002 MXN mn in Dec 2017 and a record low of 887.960 MXN mn in Aug 1990. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Exp: Prog: Current: WS: Direct data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F014: Federal Government Operation.

Mexico Federal Govt & Social Security: Expenditures data was reported at 321,405.124 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 378,665.311 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt & Social Security: Expenditures data is updated monthly, averaging 121,509.718 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 726,364.658 MXN mn in Dec 2016 and a record low of 10,323.897 MXN mn in Sep 1990. Mexico Federal Govt & Social Security: Expenditures data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F012: Federal Government and Social Security Operation.

Mexico Federal Govt & Social Security: Net Financing: Foreign data was reported at -1,212.818 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 48,802.934 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt & Social Security: Net Financing: Foreign data is updated monthly, averaging -125.521 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 78,873.177 MXN mn in Jan 2018 and a record low of -84,026.148 MXN mn in Sep 2016. Mexico Federal Govt & Social Security: Net Financing: Foreign data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F012: Federal Government and Social Security Operation.

Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Prog: Financial Cost (FC) data was reported at 65,123.808 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 51,601.602 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Prog: Financial Cost (FC) data is updated monthly, averaging 56,147.708 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 467,098.237 MXN mn in Dec 2018 and a record low of 1,830.381 MXN mn in Jan 1993. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Prog: Financial Cost (FC) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F015: Federal Government Operation: Year to Date.

Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Exp: Non Prog: FC: Domestic: DSP: Others data was reported at 0.000 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records a decrease from the previous number of 5,908.175 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Exp: Non Prog: FC: Domestic: DSP: Others data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 22,719.848 MXN mn in Nov 2000 and a record low of -0.088 MXN mn in Dec 2002. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Exp: Non Prog: FC: Domestic: DSP: Others data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F014: Federal Government Operation.

Mexico Federal Govt: Domestic Debt: Gross: Securities: Others data was reported at 0.000 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This stayed constant from the previous number of 0.000 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt: Domestic Debt: Gross: Securities: Others data is updated monthly, averaging 0.000 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 8,061.000 MXN mn in Mar 1990 and a record low of 0.000 MXN mn in Feb 2019. Mexico Federal Govt: Domestic Debt: Gross: Securities: Others data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F018: Federal Government: Domestic Debt.

Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Prog: Adefas and Others data was reported at 10,844.352 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 194.413 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Prog: Adefas and Others data is updated monthly, averaging 11,279.577 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 70,862.084 MXN mn in Aug 2018 and a record low of -1,183.376 MXN mn in Sep 1999. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Prog: Adefas and Others data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F015: Federal Government Operation: Year to Date.

Mexico Federal Govt: Domestic Debt: Gross: Securities: Development Bonds D data was reported at 570,564.700 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 564,743.500 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt: Domestic Debt: Gross: Securities: Development Bonds D data is updated monthly, averaging 210,714.250 MXN mn from Jan 2006 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 158 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 570,564.700 MXN mn in Feb 2019 and a record low of 0.000 MXN mn in Jul 2006. Mexico Federal Govt: Domestic Debt: Gross: Securities: Development Bonds D data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F018: Federal Government: Domestic Debt.

Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Programmable data was reported at 237,968.452 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 123,407.233 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Programmable data is updated monthly, averaging 77,316.579 MXN mn from Jan 1977 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 506 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 1,376,495.328 MXN mn in Dec 2018 and a record low of 3.600 MXN mn in Jan 1977. Mexico Federal Govt Operation: Year to Date: Exp: Non Programmable data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F015: Federal Government Operation: Year to Date.

Mexico Public Corporations: Year to Date: Subsidies & Transfer of the Fed Govt (STF) data was reported at 158,089.195 MXN mn in Feb 2019. This records an increase from the previous number of 100,823.774 MXN mn for Jan 2019. Mexico Public Corporations: Year to Date: Subsidies & Transfer of the Fed Govt (STF) data is updated monthly, averaging 61,397.192 MXN mn from Jan 1990 (Median) to Feb 2019, with 350 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 687,639.886 MXN mn in Dec 2018 and a record low of 604.039 MXN mn in Jan 1991. Mexico Public Corporations: Year to Date: Subsidies & Transfer of the Fed Govt (STF) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Secretary of Finance and Public Credit. The data is categorized under Global Database’s Mexico – Table MX.F017: Public Corporations Operation: Year to Date.