Graph and download economic data for Assets: Securities Held Outright: U.S. Treasury Securities: All: Wednesday Level (TREAST) from 2002-12-18 to 2025-11-26 about maturity, Treasury, securities, and USA.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by October 29, 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic—both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S.—showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by August 2025, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2024, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

Graph and download economic data for Assets: Securities Held Outright: U.S. Treasury Securities: Maturing in over 10 Years: Wednesday Level (TREAS10Y) from 2002-12-18 to 2025-11-26 about 10 years +, maturity, Treasury, securities, and USA.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

The Federal Reserve implements its monetary policy by using open market operations in United States government securities to target the federal funds rate. A substantial decline in the stock of United States Treasury debt could interfere with the conduct of monetary policy, possibly forcing the Fed to rely more heavily on discount window lending or to conduct open market transactions in other types of securities. Either choice would cause the implementation of monetary policy to resemble the methods used by the Fed before World War II. This paper describes two things: (1) how the Fed implemented monetary policy before the war and (2) the conflicts that arose within the Fed over the allocation of private-sector credit when discount window loans and Fed purchases of private securities were a substantial component of Federal Reserve credit. Those conflicts help explain the Fed's failure to respond vigorously to the Great Depression. The experience suggests that a renewed reliance on the discount window or on open market operations in securities other than those issued by the United States Treasury could hamper the conduct of monetary policy if it leads to increased pressure on the Fed to affect the allocation of credit.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by Foreign and International Investors (FDHBFIN) from Q1 1970 to Q2 2025 about foreign, debt, federal, and USA.

Like the now government-owned Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, large investment banks helped create funds to finance new mortgages by issuing securities backed by pools of existing mortgages. But private firms have abandoned these instruments, and with them a large source of mortgage funds has disappeared. Four large investment banks plan to create a new U.S. market for an old instrument, hoping to bring liquidity back to the mortgage market.

In response to the COVID-19 crisis, the Board's emergency lending facilities have provided a critical backstop. The Board launched a centralized 13(3) Lending Facilities Data Repository on November 6, 2020 to bring together the emergency lending facilities data from different systems and databases. The Federal Reserve established the Secondary Market Corporate Credit Facility (SMCCF) on March 23, 2020, to support credit to employers by providing liquidity to the market for outstanding corporate bonds. The SMCCF supports market liquidity by purchasing in the secondary market corporate bonds issued by investment grade U.S. companies or certain U.S. companies that were investment grade as of March 22, 2020, as well as U.S.-listed exchange-traded funds whose investment objective is to provide broad exposure to the market for U.S. corporate bonds. The SMCCF's purchases of corporate bonds will create a portfolio that tracks a broad, diversified market index of U.S. corporate bonds. The Treasury, using funds appropriated to the ESF through the CARES Act, will make an equity investment in an SPV established by the Federal Reserve for the SMCCF and the Primary Market Corporate Credit Facility. The SMCCF ceased purchasing eligible assets on December 31, 2020.

Graph and download economic data for Total Fed Funds Sold and Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell, All Commercial Banks (H8B3092NCBA) from 2010-01-06 to 2025-11-19 about purchase, securities, sales, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Assets: Securities Held Outright: Mortgage-Backed Securities: Wednesday Level (WSHOMCB) from 2002-12-18 to 2025-10-29 about outright, mortgage-backed, securities, assets, and USA.

United States - Expensed Purchases of Other Materials, Parts, and Supplies for Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, All Establishments, Employer Firms (DISCONTINUED) was 2075.00000 Mil. of $ in January of 2017, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Expensed Purchases of Other Materials, Parts, and Supplies for Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, All Establishments, Employer Firms (DISCONTINUED) reached a record high of 2225.00000 in January of 2016 and a record low of 1400.00000 in January of 2012. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Expensed Purchases of Other Materials, Parts, and Supplies for Securities, Commodity Contracts, and Other Financial Investments and Related Activities, All Establishments, Employer Firms (DISCONTINUED) - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on November of 2025.

The industry is composed of non-depository institutions that conduct primary and secondary market lending. Operators in this industry include government agencies in addition to non-agency issuers of mortgage-related securities. Through 2025, rising per capita disposable income and low levels of unemployment helped fuel the increase in primary and secondary market sales of collateralized debt. Nonetheless, due to the sharp contraction in economic activity at the onset of the period, revenue gains were limited, but climbed in the latter part of the period as the economy has normalized. Interest rates climbed significantly to tackle significant inflationary pressures, which increased borrowing costs, hindering loan volumes but increasing interest income for each loan. However, the Fed cut interest rates in 2024 and is anticipated to cut rates in the latter part of the current year, reducing borrowing costs and providing a boost to loan volumes. Overall, these trends, along with volatility in the real estate market, have caused revenue to slump at a CAGR of 1.3% to $488.9 billion over the past five years, including an expected decline of 0.1% in 2025 alone. The high interest rate environment has hindered real estate loan demand but increased interest income, boosting profit to 15.6% of revenue in the current year. Higher access to credit and higher disposable income have fueled primary market lending over much of the period, increasing the variety and volume of loans to be securitized and sold in secondary markets. An additional boon for institutions has been an increase in interest rates, which raised interest income as the spread between short- and long-term interest rates increased. These macroeconomic factors, combined with changing risk appetite and regulation in the secondary markets, have resurrected collateralized debt trading since the middle of the period. Although institutions are poised to benefit from strong economic growth, inflationary pressures easing and the decline in the 30-year conventional mortgage rate, the rate of homeownership is still expected to fall but at a slower pace compared to the current period. Shaky demand from commercial banking and uncertainty surrounding inflationary pressures will influence institutions' decisions on whether or not to sell mortgage-backed securities and commercial loans to secondary markets. These trends are expected to cause revenue to decline at a CAGR of 1.0% to $465.4 billion over the five years to 2030.

Graph and download economic data for Assets: Securities Held Outright: Securities Held Outright: Wednesday Level (WSHOSHO) from 2002-12-18 to 2025-11-05 about outright, supplies, balance, reserves, securities, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for U.S.-Chartered Depository Institutions; Loans for Purchasing or Carrying Securities; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA763067003Q) from Q4 1946 to Q2 2025 about off-premises, purchase, transactions, securities, assets, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for All Sectors; Corporate and Foreign Bonds; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA893063005Q) from Q4 1946 to Q2 2025 about foreign, transactions, sector, bonds, assets, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for All Member Banks, Classification of Loans: Loans for Purchasing or Carrying Securities: to Brokers and Dealers (LPCSBD) from Dec 1938 to Dec 1941 about brokers, dealers, purchase, securities, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Supplementary Information: Supplementary Information on Mortgage-Backed Securities: Commitments to Sell Mortgage-Backed Securities: Wednesday Level (RESPPALGASMCSNWW) from 2002-12-18 to 2025-11-12 about commitments, mortgage-backed, information, securities, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for All Sectors; Corporate and Foreign Bonds; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA893063005A) from 1946 to 2024 about foreign, transactions, sector, bonds, assets, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for All Sectors; Treasury Securities; Asset, Transactions (BOGZ1FA893061105Q) from Q4 1946 to Q2 2025 about transactions, sector, Treasury, securities, assets, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Reserve City Member Banks, Classification of Loans: Loans for Purchasing or Carrying Securities: to Others (LPCSOTHRRCM) from Dec 1938 to Dec 1941 about purchase, securities, banks, depository institutions, and USA.