Shows the daily level of the federal funds rate back to 1954. The fed funds rate is the interest rate at which depository institutions (banks and credit unions) lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight, on an uncollateralized basis. The Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC) meets eight times a year to determine the federal funds target rate.

The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. In January 2025, the Federal Reserve implemented another cut, setting the rate at 4.33 percent, which remained unchanged throughout the following months. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

Interactive chart and 13 years of historical data from 2012 to 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Longer Run FOMC Summary of Economic Projections for the Fed Funds Rate, Median (FEDTARMDLR) from 2012-01-25 to 2025-06-18 about projection, federal, median, rate, and USA.

United States - Longer Run FOMC Summary of Economic Projections for the Fed Funds Rate, Median was 3.00% in March of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Longer Run FOMC Summary of Economic Projections for the Fed Funds Rate, Median reached a record high of 4.30 in April of 2012 and a record low of 2.40 in March of 2022. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Longer Run FOMC Summary of Economic Projections for the Fed Funds Rate, Median - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on July of 2025.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total for India (INDIR3TIB01STQ) from Q1 2012 to Q1 2025 about interbank, India, 3-month, yield, interest rate, interest, and rate.

United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 7 Year data was reported at 3.114 % pa in Nov 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.160 % pa for Oct 2018. United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 7 Year data is updated monthly, averaging 3.150 % pa from Jul 2000 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 221 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.199 % pa in Jul 2000 and a record low of 1.190 % pa in Nov 2012. United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 7 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.M014: Interest Rate: Swaps Rates.

United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 4 Year data was reported at 3.129 % pa in Oct 2018. This records an increase from the previous number of 3.011 % pa for Sep 2018. United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 4 Year data is updated monthly, averaging 2.572 % pa from Jul 2000 (Median) to Oct 2018, with 220 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.151 % pa in Jul 2000 and a record low of 0.601 % pa in Nov 2012. United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 4 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.M014: Interest Rate: Swaps Rates.

The benchmark interest rate in Vietnam was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - Vietnam Interest Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

In June 2024, the European Central Bank (ECB) began reducing its fixed interest rate for the first time since 2016, implementing a series of cuts. The rate decreased from 4.5 percent to 3.15 percent by year-end: a 0.25 percentage point cut in June, followed by additional reductions in September, October, and December. The central bank implemented other cuts in early 2025, setting the rate at 2.4 percent in April 2025. This marked a significant shift from the previous rate hike cycle, which began in July 2022 when the ECB raised rates to 0.5 percent and subsequently increased them almost monthly, reaching 4.5 percent by December 2023 - the highest level since the 2007-2008 global financial crisis. How does this ensure liquidity? Banks typically hold only a fraction of their capital in cash, measured by metrics like the Tier 1 capital ratio. Since this ratio is low, banks prefer to allocate most of their capital to revenue-generating loans. When their cash reserves fall too low, banks borrow from the ECB to cover short-term liquidity needs. On the other hand, commercial banks can also deposit excess funds with the ECB at a lower interest rate. Reasons for fluctuations
The ECB’s primary mandate is to maintain price stability. The Euro area inflation rate is, in theory, the key indicator guiding the ECB's actions. When the fixed interest rate is lower, commercial banks are more likely to borrow from the ECB, increasing the money supply and, in turn, driving inflation higher. When inflation rises, the ECB increases the fixed interest rate, which slows borrowing and helps to reduce inflation.

Graph and download economic data for Interest Rates: 3-Month or 90-Day Rates and Yields: Interbank Rates: Total for Costa Rica (CRIIR3TIB01STQ) from Q4 2012 to Q1 2025 about Costa Rica, interbank, 3-month, yield, interest rate, interest, and rate.

United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 5 Year data was reported at 3.085 % pa in Nov 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.135 % pa for Oct 2018. United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 5 Year data is updated monthly, averaging 2.826 % pa from Jul 2000 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 221 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.167 % pa in Jul 2000 and a record low of 0.785 % pa in Nov 2012. United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 5 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.M014: Interest Rate: Swaps Rates.

Graph and download economic data for U.S.-Chartered Depository Institutions, Including IBFs; Federal Funds; Liability, Transactions (BOGZ1FA762152005Q) from Q2 2012 to Q1 2025 about U.S.-chartered, ibf, transactions, liabilities, federal, and USA.

United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 3 Year data was reported at 3.075 % pa in Nov 2018. This records a decrease from the previous number of 3.112 % pa for Oct 2018. United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 3 Year data is updated monthly, averaging 2.227 % pa from Jul 2000 (Median) to Nov 2018, with 221 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 7.136 % pa in Jul 2000 and a record low of 0.460 % pa in Nov 2012. United States Interest Rate Swaps: Mth Avg: 3 Year data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.M014: Interest Rate: Swaps Rates.

The benchmark interest rate in Pakistan was last recorded at 11 percent. This dataset provides - Pakistan Interest Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news.

In 2023, the U.S. government spent a total of 875 billion U.S. dollars on interest of public debt. 497 billion U.S. dollars was on interest for debt held by the public.

The national debt of the United Stated can be found here.

Graph and download economic data for 15-Year Fixed Rate Mortgage Average in the United States (MORTGAGE15US) from 1991-08-30 to 2025-07-03 about 15-year, fixed, mortgage, interest rate, interest, rate, and USA.

Interactive chart showing the daily 10 year treasury yield back to 1962. The 10 year treasury is the benchmark used to decide mortgage rates across the U.S. and is the most liquid and widely traded bond in the world.

Graph and download economic data for 10-Year 3-3/8% Treasury Inflation-Indexed Note, Due 1/15/2012 (DISCONTINUED) (WTP10J12) from 2002-01-18 to 2012-01-13 about notes, TIPS, 10-year, Treasury, interest rate, interest, real, rate, and USA.