Graph and download economic data for FOMC Summary of Economic Projections for the Fed Funds Rate, Median (FEDTARMD) from 2025 to 2027 about projection, federal, median, rate, and USA.

This article summarizes a reconstruction of the adjusted monetary base and adjusted bank reserves of the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. The revised figures, based on as much original source data as feasible, include changes to both the monetary (source) base and reserve requirement magnitude (RAM). The revised figures include the new measure or RAM developed by Anderson and Rasche (2001) that interprets the operation of retail-deposit sweep programs by United States banks, beginning in 1994, as economically equivalent to a reduction in statutory reserve requirements. The authors also present new seasonal adjustment factors that incorporate adjustments for the Y2K-related surge in the monetary base and reserves.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest *** trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately **** trillion U.S. dollars by June 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached ***** percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by *************, inflation had declined to *** percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at **** percent in ***********, before the first rate cut since ************** occurred in **************. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of ***** billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the ***** billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over *** billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of ****** billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in The Federal Reserve Engages the World (1970-2000): An Insider's Narrative of the Transition to Managed Floating and Financial Turbulence, PIIE Working Paper 14-5. If you use the data, please cite as: Truman, Edwin M. (2014). The Federal Reserve Engages the World (1970-2000): An Insider's Narrative of the Transition to Managed Floating and Financial Turbulence. PIIE Working Paper 14-5. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

abstract The Covid-19 crisis reinforced and consolidated a template for global monetary cooperation, aiming to keep the international financial markets functioning. At the core of the monetary system, the legal design for cooperation has changed substantially: from the central role of multilateral organizations responsible for organizing collective actions (such as the International Monetary Fund - IMF), to more flexible contractual arrangements, formalized by a network of Central Bank swaps. The management of the Covid-19 monetary impacts reveals a new Bretton Woods moment, organized in novel political and legal terms. This article argues that Law has an explanatory and constitutive role in this substantial development. The US dollar, as a global currency, is structured by a specific type of contract, the eurodollar. In times of crisis, this contract requires an international lender of last resort that provides unlimited financial support to the currency’s global uses. Only a financial institution organized as a central bank has the legal and economic capacity to perform this role - not a multilateral fund. The hierarchical network of Central Bank swaps, with the American Central Bank (the Federal Reserve - Fed) at the top, was the legal arrangement structured to support the functioning of the global financial market and its currency par excellence, the eurodollar.

S&P/Case-Shiller home price index and 12 demographic and macroeconomic factors in five metropolitan areas: Boston, Dallas, New York, Chicago, and San Francisco (SF) data were collected from the Federal Reserve Bank, FBI, and Freddie Mac. https://fred.stlouisfed.org; http://www.freddiemac.com/pmms/; https://www.philadelphiafed.org/surveys-and-data/community-development-data/consumer-credit-explorer; https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2005;

Part A: The following articles by the Federal Reserve are about TIC data, or make significant use of TIC data. Part B: The following statistics from the Bureau of Economic Analysis (BEA) use adjusted TIC data.

This dataset sheds light on the evolution of published contributions of women economists over a 110-year period. The dataset is collected from the Papers and Proceedings (P&P), an annual volume of the proceedings of the American Economic Association (AEA) annual meetings, which has been published since 1911. It catalogs the 110 years of publications in the annual proceedings volume and provides insight into women's position in the economics profession, as well as differences between men and women with respect to coauthoring patterns, institutional affiliations, and research fields.

This data package includes the underlying data and files to replicate the calculations, charts, and tables presented in A program for strengthening the Federal Reserve’s ability to fight the next recession, PIIE Working Paper 20-5.

If you use the data, please cite as: Reifschneider, David, and David Wilcox. (2020). A program for strengthening the Federal Reserve’s ability to fight the next recession. PIIE Working Paper 20-5. Peterson Institute for International Economics.

In May 2025, global inflation rates and central bank interest rates showed significant variation across major economies. Most economies initiated interest rate cuts from mid-2024 due to declining inflationary pressures. The U.S., UK, and EU central banks followed a consistent pattern of regular rate reductions throughout late 2024. In early 2025, Russia maintained the highest interest rate at 20 percent, while Japan retained the lowest at 0.5 percent. Varied inflation rates across major economies The inflation landscape varies considerably among major economies. China had the lowest inflation rate at -0.1 percent in May 2025. In contrast, Russia maintained a high inflation rate of 9.9 percent. These figures align with broader trends observed in early 2025, where China had the lowest inflation rate among major developed and emerging economies, while Russia's rate remained the highest. Central bank responses and economic indicators Central banks globally implemented aggressive rate hikes throughout 2022-23 to combat inflation. The European Central Bank exemplified this trend, raising rates from 0 percent in January 2022 to 4.5 percent by September 2023. A coordinated shift among major central banks began in mid-2024, with the ECB, Bank of England, and Federal Reserve initiating rate cuts, with forecasts suggesting further cuts through 2025 and 2026.

Graph and download economic data for Student Loans Owned and Securitized (DISCONTINUED) (SLOAS) from Q1 2006 to Q4 2024 about student, securitized, owned, loans, and USA.

The financial crisis that began in the summer of 2007 took a turn for the worse in September 2008. Until then, Federal Reserve actions taken to improve the functioning financial markets did not affect the monetary base. The unusual lending and purchase of private debt was offset by the sale of United States Treasury securities so that the total size of the balance sheet of the Federal Reserve remained relatively unchanged. In September, however, the Federal Reserve stopped selling securities as it made massive purchases of private debt and issued hundreds of billions of dollars in short-term loans. The result was a doubling of the size of the monetary base in the final four months of 2008. This article discusses the details of the programs that the Federal Reserve has initiated since the crisis began, shows which programs have grown as the monetary base grew, and discusses some factors that will determine whether this rapid increase in the monetary base will lead to rapid inflation.

United States - Import Price Index: Other Countries - Manufactured articles (DISCONTINUED) was 103.80000 Index 2000=100 in December of 2017, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Import Price Index: Other Countries - Manufactured articles (DISCONTINUED) reached a record high of 112.60000 in July of 2008 and a record low of 94.50000 in November of 2003. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Import Price Index: Other Countries - Manufactured articles (DISCONTINUED) - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

The Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) is normally a triennial cross-sectional survey of U.S. families. The survey data include information on families' balance sheets, pensions, income, and demographic characteristics.

Indicators chosen to measure economic deprivation.

International journal of central banking FAQ - ResearchHelpDesk - International journal of central banking - In July 2004, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the European Central Bank, and each of the Group of Ten* (G-10) central banks announced their plans to support the development of a new publication focused on central bank theory and practice. Other central banks were invited to participate in this joint project, and there are now 55 sponsoring institutions. From its initiation, the sponsors were committed to ensuring that the International Journal of Central Banking (IJCB) offer peer-reviewed articles of high analytical quality for a professional audience. The primary objectives of the IJCB are to widely disseminate the best policy-relevant and applied research on central banking and to promote communication among researchers both inside and outside of central banks. Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., then Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, first proposed the idea of such a journal and discussed the concept with several BIS colleagues and with Ben S. Bernanke, then Chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, who agreed to serve as the initial managing editor. Charles Bean, then Chief Economist of the Bank of England, strongly supported the project, and the journal's governing body, comprising representatives from the sponsoring institutions, was established. The journal's managing editor, co-editors and associate editors coordinate solicitation and review of articles across a range of disciplines reflecting the missions of central banks around the world. While featuring policy-relevant articles on any aspect of the theory and practice of central banking, the publication has a special emphasis on research bearing on monetary and financial stability. Managing editors of the journal and their affiliations during their terms as managing editor: Ben S. Bernanke 2000 - 2005, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System John B. Taylor 2005 - 2007, Stanford University Frank Smets 2008 - 2010, European Central Bank John C. Williams 2011 - 2016, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Loretta J. Mester 2016 - 2019, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Luc Laeven 2020 - present, European Central Bank

International journal of central banking Impact Factor 2024-2025 - ResearchHelpDesk - International journal of central banking - In July 2004, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS), the European Central Bank, and each of the Group of Ten* (G-10) central banks announced their plans to support the development of a new publication focused on central bank theory and practice. Other central banks were invited to participate in this joint project, and there are now 55 sponsoring institutions. From its initiation, the sponsors were committed to ensuring that the International Journal of Central Banking (IJCB) offer peer-reviewed articles of high analytical quality for a professional audience. The primary objectives of the IJCB are to widely disseminate the best policy-relevant and applied research on central banking and to promote communication among researchers both inside and outside of central banks. Roger W. Ferguson, Jr., then Vice Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, first proposed the idea of such a journal and discussed the concept with several BIS colleagues and with Ben S. Bernanke, then Chair of the Federal Reserve Board of Governors, who agreed to serve as the initial managing editor. Charles Bean, then Chief Economist of the Bank of England, strongly supported the project, and the journal's governing body, comprising representatives from the sponsoring institutions, was established. The journal's managing editor, co-editors and associate editors coordinate solicitation and review of articles across a range of disciplines reflecting the missions of central banks around the world. While featuring policy-relevant articles on any aspect of the theory and practice of central banking, the publication has a special emphasis on research bearing on monetary and financial stability. Managing editors of the journal and their affiliations during their terms as managing editor: Ben S. Bernanke 2000 - 2005, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System John B. Taylor 2005 - 2007, Stanford University Frank Smets 2008 - 2010, European Central Bank John C. Williams 2011 - 2016, Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Loretta J. Mester 2016 - 2019, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland Luc Laeven 2020 - present, European Central Bank

Multidimensional deprivation measures for the entire sample.

These data and code successfully reproduce nearly all cross-sectional stock return predictors. The 319 characteristics draw from previous meta-studies, but authors differ by comparing their t-stats to the original papers' results. For the 161 characteristics that were clearly significant in the original papers, 98% of their long-short portfolios find t-stats above 1.96. For the 44 characteristics that had mixed evidence, authors' reproductions find t-stats of 2 on average. A regression of reproduced t-stats on original longshort t-stats finds a slope of 0.90 and an R2 of 83%. Mean returns aremonotonic in predictive signals at the characteristic level. The remaining 114 characteristics were insignificant in the original papers or are modifications of the originals created by Hou, Xue, and Zhang (2020). These remaining characteristics are almost always significant if the original characteristic was also significant.