abstract The Covid-19 crisis reinforced and consolidated a template for global monetary cooperation, aiming to keep the international financial markets functioning. At the core of the monetary system, the legal design for cooperation has changed substantially: from the central role of multilateral organizations responsible for organizing collective actions (such as the International Monetary Fund - IMF), to more flexible contractual arrangements, formalized by a network of Central Bank swaps. The management of the Covid-19 monetary impacts reveals a new Bretton Woods moment, organized in novel political and legal terms. This article argues that Law has an explanatory and constitutive role in this substantial development. The US dollar, as a global currency, is structured by a specific type of contract, the eurodollar. In times of crisis, this contract requires an international lender of last resort that provides unlimited financial support to the currency’s global uses. Only a financial institution organized as a central bank has the legal and economic capacity to perform this role - not a multilateral fund. The hierarchical network of Central Bank swaps, with the American Central Bank (the Federal Reserve - Fed) at the top, was the legal arrangement structured to support the functioning of the global financial market and its currency par excellence, the eurodollar.

A primary purpose of the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 was to prevent banking panics by establishing the Federal Reserve System to function as a lender of last resort. Other types of financial crisis require a similar response, however, and the Federal Reserve has repeatedly used its capacity to generate liquidity to insulate the economy from crises in financial markets. The Fed's response to the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, is the most recent example of this. This paper reviews the Fed's responses to crises and potential crises in financial markets: the stock market crash of 1987, the Russian default, and the September 11th attacks.

United States - Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Machines and appliances having individual functions, not elsewhere specified or included; parts thereof was 101.80000 Index 2000=100 in May of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Machines and appliances having individual functions, not elsewhere specified or included; parts thereof reached a record high of 136.60000 in June of 2019 and a record low of 89.90000 in August of 1994. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Machines and appliances having individual functions, not elsewhere specified or included; parts thereof - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Machines and Mechanical Appliances Having Individual Functions, Not Specified or Included Elsewhere in This Chapter; Parts Thereof; Parts Thereof was 103.00000 Index Dec 2016=100 in April of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Machines and Mechanical Appliances Having Individual Functions, Not Specified or Included Elsewhere in This Chapter; Parts Thereof; Parts Thereof reached a record high of 106.70000 in January of 2021 and a record low of 98.80000 in May of 2017. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Machines and Mechanical Appliances Having Individual Functions, Not Specified or Included Elsewhere in This Chapter; Parts Thereof; Parts Thereof - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on June of 2025.

Core Banking Software Market size was valued at USD 17.19 Billion in 2024 and is projected to reach USD 58.01 Billion by 2032 growing at a CAGR of 18.11% from 2026 to 2032.

Key Market Drivers: • Increasing Digitalization of Banking Services: The rapid shift to digital banking is driving core banking software adoption. The Federal Reserve stated that 76% of American adults utilized mobile banking apps in 2023, up from 43% in 2018, pushing banks to modernize their systems for 24-hour service. • Increasing Demand for Regulatory Compliance and Risk Management: Stringent laws and increasing risk management requirements are pushing banks to adopt modern core banking technologies. The Bank for International Settlements projected that worldwide banks spent around $270 billion on compliance in 2023, a 62% increase from 2018. • Increasing tThe Use of Cloud-Based Core Banking Solutions: The transition to cloud-based core banking systems is a key industry driver. According to a Cloud Security Alliance report, 61% of financial institutions use cloud services for core banking functions in 2023, up from 32% in 2019, highlighting scalability and cost-effectiveness.

On the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the currency reform and of the introduction of the German D-mark on 20th June 1948, the German Bundesbank – in its function as central bank and bank of issue of the Federal Republic of Germany – presented long series of monetary statistics in 1998. In approximately 1,400 data charts, extensive information about the development of the German finance and banking industry, the capital market, and the foreign trade relations are given.

In total, approximately 25,000 time series about the following core subjects were collected: general overviews of banking statistics, bank of issue, credit institutions, minimum reserves, interest rates, statistics of exchange rates, capital market, public finances, foreign trade, macroeconomic capital finance accounts and annual accounts of West German companies.

Factual classification of the tables in HISTAT: A. Selected data regarding the economic development A.1 Monetary development A.2 Population and labour market A.3 Macroeconomic production and demand A.4 Prices and wages A.5 Distribution of the national income and incomes of the private households

B. Foreign trade (currently not completed in HISTAT; access to the subjects B2, B3, B4, B7 see below) B1. Foreign debts and liabilities of domestic companies B.2 Foreign debts and liabilities of the credit institutions B.3 Foreign cross ownerships of German companies B.4 Regional balances of payment B.5 State of assets compared to other countries B.6 Balance of payments B.7 Additional specifications regarding the balance of payments B.8 Foreign payments by the German Bundesbank Any data including a differentiation of countries (EU countries, other industrialised countries, some developing countries, countries of the off-shore finance centres, OPEC countries, reform countries) are currently only available by placing an order with the ZHSF Data Service (ordering address see below)

C. General overviews of bank statistics C.1 Consolidated balance of the banking system, assets C.2 Consolidated balance of the banking system, liabilities C.3 Cash circulation C.4 Development of money supply in connection with the balance C.5 Money demand of the Central Bank

D. Exchange rate statistics D.1 External value indeces D.2 Exchange rates at the Frankfurt stock exchange D.3 Values of the ECU D.4 Values of the extra educational law

E. Macroeconomic capital finance account E1. Domestic financial sectors E2. Domestic non-financial sectors E3. Other countries

F. Annual accounts of West German companies F.1 All German companies F.2 Building industry F.3 Clothing trade F.4 Chemical industry F.5 Retail industry (incl. automobile trade and service stations) F.6 Electrical engineering F.7 Power and water supply F.8 Food industry F.9 Glas industry, ceramics, processing of stones and earths F.10 Wholesale trade and trade negotiations F.11 Production of rubber and plastic goods F.12 Production of automobiles and automobile parts F.13 Production of metal goods F.14 Timber industry F.15 Engineering F.16 Medical, measurement, driving and control technology F.17 Metal production and metal working F.18 Paper industry F.19 Textile industry F.20 Manufacturing industry F.21 Transportation (without rail) F.22 Publishing and printing

G. Capital market (currently not in HISTAT; access see below) G1. Shares of domestic issuers G2. General overviews G3. Exchange transactions, option and future business G4. Domestic capital investment companies G5. Bonds of foreign issuers G6. Bonds of domestic issuers

H. Credit institutions (currently not in HISTAT; access see below) H1. Assets H2. Liabilities H3. Assets and liabilities of the foreign branches and foreign subsidiaries of domestic banks H4. Building associations H5. Deposit statistics H6. Deposits and loans H7. profit situation of the banks H8. domestic and foreign debts and liabilities H9. Circulating bearer bonds according to their terms and bank group H10. Loans H11. Savings deposits and savings certificates H12. Savings business turnover according to bank group and endorsed disposals of non-bank financial companies H13. equity stocks and shares

I. Minimum reserves (currently not registered in HISTAT; access see below) I.1 Overview I.2 Itemisation according to steps of progression (from March 1977) I3. Itemisation according to reserve classes (until February 1977) I1.1 Reserve stockpiles according to bank group, obligatory reserve liabilities I1.2. Reserve stockpiles accord...

Graph and download economic data for Import Price Index (Harmonized System): Machines and Mechanical Appliances Having Individual Functions, Not Specified or Included Elsewhere in This Chapter; Parts Thereof; Parts Thereof (IP8479) from Dec 2016 to Jun 2025 about machines, appliances, parts, harmonized, imports, price index, indexes, price, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Export Price Index (Harmonized System): Machines and Mechanical Appliances Having Individual Functions, Not Specified or Included Elsewhere in This Chapter; Parts Thereof; Parts Thereof (ID8479) from Dec 2024 to Jun 2025 about machines, individual, appliances, parts, harmonized, exports, price index, indexes, price, and USA.