Among the 12 Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of assets in 2023. With approximately 4.3 trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over 50 percent of the Fed's total assets. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

Graph and download economic data for Percentage of Reserves Held to Reserves Required, All Member Banks, Federal Reserve System for United States (M1486BUSM156NNBR) from Jan 1929 to Jun 1944 about reserves, percent, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Graph and download economic data for Federal Debt Held by the Public as Percent of Gross Domestic Product (FYGFGDQ188S) from Q1 1970 to Q4 2024 about public, debt, federal, GDP, and USA.

The Federal Reserve's balance sheet has undergone significant changes since 2007, reflecting its response to major economic crises. From a modest 0.9 trillion U.S. dollars at the end of 2007, it ballooned to approximately 6.76 trillion U.S. dollars by March 2025. This dramatic expansion, particularly during the 2008 financial crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic - both of which resulted in negative annual GDP growth in the U.S. - showcases the Fed's crucial role in stabilizing the economy through expansionary monetary policies. Impact on inflation and interest rates The Fed's expansionary measures, while aimed at stimulating economic growth, have had notable effects on inflation and interest rates. Following the quantitative easing in 2020, inflation in the United States reached eight percent in 2022, the highest since 1991. However, by November 2024, inflation had declined to 2.7 percent. Concurrently, the Federal Reserve implemented a series of interest rate hikes, with the rate peaking at 5.33 percent in August 2023, before the first rate cut since September 2021 occurred in September 2024. Financial implications for the Federal Reserve The expansion of the Fed's balance sheet and subsequent interest rate hikes have had significant financial implications. In 2023, the Fed reported a negative net income of 114.3 billion U.S. dollars, a stark contrast to the 58.84 billion U.S. dollars profit in 2022. This unprecedented shift was primarily due to rapidly rising interest rates, which caused the Fed's interest expenses to soar to over 281 billion U.S. dollars in 2023. Despite this, the Fed's net interest income on securities acquired through open market operations reached a record high of 174.53 billion U.S. dollars in the same year.

The application currently consists of the following forms: • Application for Employment (FR 28), which collects information to determine the qualifications of applicants for employment with the Board (such as education and training, employment record, and other information since the time the applicant left high school), • Applicant’s Voluntary Self-Identification (FR 28s), which is an optional form that collects information on the applicant’s gender, race, and ethnicity, and • Research Assistant Candidate Survey of Interests and Computer Experience (FR 28i) if the applicant is applying for a position as a Research Assistant (RA), which collects information on the RA applicant’s level of interest in various economic topics and experience in different data analytics/programs.

In 2023, the Federal Reserve System stood as the world's largest central bank, with total assets surpassing 7.7 trillion U.S. dollars. Comprising 12 Federal Reserve Banks, the system's largest component, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, held a significantly higher asset value than its counterparts. The People's Bank of China secured the second position globally, managing assets valued at approximately 6.4 trillion U.S. dollars. Following closely, the Bank of Japan ranked third with assets totaling 5.32 trillion U.S. dollars on its balance sheet.

Graph and download economic data for Time Deposits, Reporting Member Banks, Federal Reserve System for United States (M1479BUSM027NNBR) from Sep 1934 to Jun 1947 about deposits, banks, depository institutions, and USA.

Among the 12 Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of mortgage-backed securities in 2023. With approximately 1.36 trillion U.S. dollars worth of securities, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over 50 percent of the Fed's total mortgage-backed securities. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, which held roughly 228 billion U.S. dollars worth of securities.

Graph and download economic data for Reserves of Depository Institutions: Total (TOTRESNS) from Jan 1959 to Feb 2025 about adjusted, reserves, and USA.

The U.S. federal funds effective rate underwent a dramatic reduction in early 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The rate plummeted from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.65 percent in March, and further decreased to 0.05 percent in April. This sharp reduction, accompanied by the Federal Reserve's quantitative easing program, was implemented to stabilize the economy during the global health crisis. After maintaining historically low rates for nearly two years, the Federal Reserve began a series of rate hikes in early 2022, with the rate moving from 0.33 percent in April 2022 to 5.33 percent in August 2023. The rate remained unchanged for over a year, before the Federal Reserve initiated its first rate cut in nearly three years in September 2024, bringing the rate to 5.13 percent. By December 2024, the rate was cut to 4.48 percent, signaling a shift in monetary policy in the second half of 2024. The first rate cut in 2025 then set the rate at 4.33 percent. What is the federal funds effective rate? The U.S. federal funds effective rate determines the interest rate paid by depository institutions, such as banks and credit unions, that lend reserve balances to other depository institutions overnight. Changing the effective rate in times of crisis is a common way to stimulate the economy, as it has a significant impact on the whole economy, such as economic growth, employment, and inflation. Central bank policy rates The adjustment of interest rates in response to the COVID-19 pandemic was a coordinated global effort. In early 2020, central banks worldwide implemented aggressive monetary easing policies to combat the economic crisis. The U.S. Federal Reserve's dramatic reduction of its federal funds rate - from 1.58 percent in February 2020 to 0.05 percent by April - mirrored similar actions taken by central banks globally. While these low rates remained in place throughout 2021, mounting inflationary pressures led to a synchronized tightening cycle beginning in 2022, with central banks pushing rates to multi-year highs. By mid-2024, as inflation moderated across major economies, central banks began implementing their first rate cuts in several years, with the U.S. Federal Reserve, Bank of England, and European Central Bank all easing monetary policy.

The total operating expenses of the Federal Reserve (Fed) were 9.17 billion U.S. dollars in 2023, down from 9.18 billion U.S. dollars in 2022. Total operating expenses included salaries and benefits, Board expenses, currency costs, and the operations of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.

The U.S. federal funds rate peaked in 2023 at its highest level since the 2007-08 financial crisis, reaching 5.33 percent by December 2023. A significant shift in monetary policy occurred in the second half of 2024, with the Federal Reserve implementing regular rate cuts. By December 2024, the rate had declined to 4.48 percent. What is a central bank rate? The federal funds rate determines the cost of overnight borrowing between banks, allowing them to maintain necessary cash reserves and ensure financial system liquidity. When this rate rises, banks become more inclined to hold rather than lend money, reducing the money supply. While this decreased lending slows economic activity, it helps control inflation by limiting the circulation of money in the economy. Historic perspective The federal funds rate historically follows cyclical patterns, falling during recessions and gradually rising during economic recoveries. Some central banks, notably the European Central Bank, went beyond traditional monetary policy by implementing both aggressive asset purchases and negative interest rates.

Among the 12 Federal Reserve Banks of the Federal Reserve System (Fed) in the United States, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held by far the highest value of U.S. Treasury securities in 2023. With roughly 2.8 trillion U.S. dollars worth of securities, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York held over 50 percent of all U.S. Treasury securities of the Fed. It was followed by the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

The inflation rate in the United States declined significantly between June 2022 and January 2025, despite rising inflationary pressures towards the end of 2024. The peak inflation rate was recorded in June 2022, at 9.1 percent. In August 2023, the Federal Reserve's interest rate hit its highest level during the observed period, at 5.33 percent, and remained unchanged until September 2024, when the Federal Reserve implemented its first rate cut since September 2021. By January 2025, the rate dropped to 4.33 percent, signalling a shift in monetary policy. What is the Federal Reserve interest rate? The Federal Reserve interest rate, or the federal funds rate, is the rate at which banks and credit unions lend to and borrow from each other. It is one of the Federal Reserve's key tools for maintaining strong employment rates, stable prices, and reasonable interest rates. The rate is determined by the Federal Reserve and adjusted eight times a year, though it can be changed through emergency meetings during times of crisis. The Fed doesn't directly control the interest rate but sets a target rate. It then uses open market operations to influence rates toward this target. Ways of measuring inflation Inflation is typically measured using several methods, with the most common being the Consumer Price Index (CPI). The CPI tracks the price of a fixed basket of goods and services over time, providing a measure of the price changes consumers face. At the end of 2023, the CPI in the United States was 158.11 percent, up from 153.12 a year earlier. A more business-focused measure is the producer price index (PPI), which represents the costs of firms.

United States - Federal Reserve Bank Held Gold Bullion: On Display was 1993.32100 Fine Troy Ounces in February of 2025, according to the United States Federal Reserve. Historically, United States - Federal Reserve Bank Held Gold Bullion: On Display reached a record high of 2393.35200 in October of 2021 and a record low of 1993.31900 in February of 2012. Trading Economics provides the current actual value, an historical data chart and related indicators for United States - Federal Reserve Bank Held Gold Bullion: On Display - last updated from the United States Federal Reserve on March of 2025.

View the total value of the assets of all Federal Reserve Banks as reported in the weekly balance sheet.

FOMC Projection: PCE Inflation: Median: Year 3 (Y3) data was reported at 2.000 % in Dec 2024. This stayed constant from the previous number of 2.000 % for Sep 2024. FOMC Projection: PCE Inflation: Median: Year 3 (Y3) data is updated quarterly, averaging 2.000 % from Sep 2015 (Median) to Dec 2024, with 20 observations. The data reached an all-time high of 2.100 % in Dec 2022 and a record low of 2.000 % in Dec 2024. FOMC Projection: PCE Inflation: Median: Year 3 (Y3) data remains active status in CEIC and is reported by Federal Reserve Board. The data is categorized under Global Database’s United States – Table US.I036: PCE Price Index: Summary of Economic Projections: Federal Reserve Board.

These tables will be updated monthly. Data were previously published in the Supplement to the Federal Reserve Bulletin, which ceased publication in December 2008.

The benchmark interest rate in the United States was last recorded at 4.50 percent. This dataset provides the latest reported value for - United States Fed Funds Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news.

The Federal Reserve System : an encyclopedia is a book. It was written by Rik W. Hafer and published by Greenwood in 2005.